| 1. Kranz PG, Amrhein TJ. Imaging Approach to Myelopathy: Acute, Subacute, and Chronic. [Review]. Radiol Clin North Am. 57(2):257-279, 2019 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the imaging approach to Myelopathy. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 2. Tettenborn B, Hagele-Link S. Spinal Cord Disorders. [Review]. Eur Neurol. 74(3-4):141-6, 2015. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the review which focusses on myelopathy, specifically, on the acute and subacute clinical presentations and the inflammatory and vascular etiology of this widespread disorder. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 3. Bhattacharyya S.. Spinal Cord Disorders: Myelopathy. [Review]. Am J Med. 131(11):1293-1297, 2018 Nov. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
N/A |
To discuss spinal cord disorders related to Myelopathy. |
4 |
| 4. Candy S, Chang G, Andronikou S. Acute myelopathy or cauda equina syndrome in HIV-positive adults in a tuberculosis endemic setting: MRI, clinical, and pathologic findings. Ajnr: American Journal of Neuroradiology. 35(8):1634-41, 2014 Aug. |
Review/Other-Dx |
127 patients |
To highlight the importance and to describe the MR imaging features of tuberculosis in acute myelopathy and cauda equina syndrome in HIV-positive adults. |
Fifty-eight percent (127) of subjects were female. The mean age was 37 years. The median CD4 count was 185 cells/µL. Twenty-five percent (54) of patients were on antiretroviral therapy. MR imaging showed spondylitis in 30% (65). The median CD4 count in these patients was significantly higher than in the remainder. Disk destruction was common and 10% had synchronous spondylitis elsewhere in the spinal column. Thirty percent (64) had features of myelitis/arachnoiditis. Twenty-five percent (55) had no MR imaging abnormality. In 123 (57%) of cases with a definitive etiology on CSF culture or biopsy, 84 (68%) were attributable to tuberculosis including all spondylitis cases and 40% of nonspondylitis cases. Twelve (10%) were due to nontuberculous infection and 12 (10%) had HIV-associated tumors including 2 rare Epstein-Barr-related tumors. |
4 |
| 5. El Mekabaty A, Pardo CA, Gailloud P. The yield of initial conventional MRI in 115 cases of angiographically confirmed spinal vascular malformations. J Neurol. 264(4):733-739, 2017 Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
115 patients |
To analyze the yield of initial MRI in a cohort of patients with angiographically confirmed vascular malformations. |
MRI obtained at symptom onset was available in 115 patients with either high-flow (29 cases) or low-flow (86 cases) vascular malformations. MRI was classified as "positive" when the report mentioned a vascular malformation or "negative" when considered normal or when another diagnosis was suggested. Initial MRI was positive in 61 patients (53.0%), correctly identifying 28 high-flow (96.6%) but only 33 low-flow (38.4%) lesions. Flow voids were noted in 96.6% of the high-flow lesions and 38.4% of the low-flow ones. T2-signal anomalies (77.4%) and parenchymal enhancement (54.5%) were also common in low-flow anomalies. Patients with negative MRI had an average delay of 111 days before angiography and 239 days before therapy; these intervals were 27 and 76 days for those with positive MRIs. In summary, MRI shows a high yield for high-flow vascular malformations, i.e., characterized by prominent flow voids on T2-weighted images, but misdiagnosed over 60% of low-flow lesions. The percentage of correctly identified anomalies matched the percentage of observed flow voids in both groups, indicating over-reliance on this sign for the diagnosis of slow-flow lesions. MRI findings in slow-flow vascular malformation overlap with other conditions, notably transverse myelitis, which was initially misattributed to 40% of the slow-flow lesions in our cohort. |
4 |
| 6. Oh JK, Lee DY, Kim TY, et al. Thoracolumbar extradural arachnoid cysts: a study of 14 consecutive cases. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2012;154(2):341-348; discussion 348. |
Review/Other-Dx |
14 patients |
A retrospective review of medical records and imaging studies was performed to investigate characteristic clinical and radiological features of extradural arachnoid cysts in the thoracolumbar region. |
Progressive motor weakness was the predominant symptom in all patients. 9 patients had radicular leg pain and back pain in the thoracolumbar area. On MRI, the cyst compressed the dural sac and spinal cord posteriorly typically with bilateral foraminal extensions. On radiological study, a communication point with the subarachnoid was hardly observed. The surgical treatment of extradural arachnoid cysts included complete resection of the walls and closing the communicating point with the subarachnoid space. All patients showed excellent outcomes according to Odom's criteria without recurrence. One CSF leakage and 1 postoperative hematoma were noted. |
4 |
| 7. Papadopoulos A, Gouliamos A, Trakadas S, et al. MRI in the investigation of patients with myelopathy thought to be due to multiple sclerosis. Neuroradiology. 1995;37(5):384-387. |
Review/Other-Dx |
65 patients |
To investigate the role of cerebral and spinal cord MRI. |
Cerebral MRI demonstrated lesions compatible with demyelination in 80% and spinal cord MRI in 68.6%. In 28.5% of patients brain lesions were present with normal spinal cord images, but in 17%, spinal cord lesions were depicted with a normal brain MRI. The combination of the 2 examinations demonstrated lesions in 97% of the patients. The frequency of coexistent cerebral lesions in patients with spinal cord lesions was over 85% in patients with chronic disease but only 28.5% in patients with acute myelitis. |
4 |
| 8. Pinto WB, de Souza PV, de Albuquerque MV, Dutra LA, Pedroso JL, Barsottini OG. Clinical and epidemiological profiles of non-traumatic myelopathies. Arq Neuropsiquiatr. 74(2):161-5, 2016 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
166 patients |
To describe clinical characteristics of a non-traumatic myelopathy cohort. |
The most prevalent diagnosis was subacute combined degeneration (11.4%), followed by cervical spondylotic myelopathy (9.6%), demyelinating disease (9%), tropical spastic paraparesis (8.4%) and hereditary spastic paraparesis (8.4%). Up to 20% of the patients presented non-traumatic myelopathy of undetermined etiology, despite the broad clinical, neuroimaging and laboratorial investigations. |
4 |
| 9. Watts J, Box GA, Galvin A, Van Tonder F, Trost N, Sutherland T. Magnetic resonance imaging of intramedullary spinal cord lesions: a pictorial review. [Review]. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 58(5):569-81, 2014 Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the clinical features and MRI appearance of a number of intramedullary conditions, which can be broadly categorised as congenital, demyelinating, vascular, neoplastic or infectious, and highlights their differentiating features. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 10. Young WB. The clinical diagnosis of myelopathy. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 1994;15(3):250-254. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
A clinical review of myelopathy. |
General examination may point to systemic disease associated with myelopathy. Neurological examination excludes cerebral disease. Motor and sensory examination may define the level of the lesion. Physical examination localizes not only the level of the spinal cord lesion but the anatomic distribution of the lesion within a given level. When tumor or paraspinal infections are diagnostic possibilities, emergent imaging of the spine is required. |
4 |
| 11. Takenaka S, Kaito T, Hosono N, et al. Neurological manifestations of thoracic myelopathy. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 134(7):903-12, 2014 Jul. |
Review/Other-Dx |
205 patients |
To identify symptoms specific to anatomical pathology or compressed segments in thoracic myelopathy through investigation of preoperative manifestations. |
The multivariate analyses revealed relationships between lower limb muscle weakness and T10/11 anterior compression; lower limb pain and T11/12 anterior compression; low back pain and T11/12 compression; and hyporeflexia in the patellar tendon reflex/foot drop and T12/L1 anterior compression. |
4 |
| 12. Mariano R, Flanagan EP, Weinshenker BG, Palace J. A practical approach to the diagnosis of spinal cord lesions. [Review]. Pract. neurol.. 18(3):187-200, 2018 Jun. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To focus on improving the diagnosis of adult non-traumatic, non-compressive spinal cord disorders. It is structured to start with the clinical presentation in order to be of practical use to the clinician |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 13. Karnaze MG, Gado MH, Sartor KJ, Hodges FJ, 3rd. Comparison of MR and CT myelography in imaging the cervical and thoracic spine. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;150(2):397-403. |
Review/Other-Dx |
38 patients |
To compare MRI and CT myelography in a retrospective study. |
MR was equal or superior to CT myelography in depicting cases of cord enlargement, cord compression, and cord atrophy, providing better tissue characterization, no shoulder artifact, and no limitation caused by CSF block. CT myelography was superior to MR in depicting cases of spondylosis and arachnoiditis. It showed superior spatial resolution, which was most pronounced when comparing axial images and hence particularly superior in detecting the lateral extent of disk herniation. Use of surface coils and thin imaging sections is essential for accurate and complete MR evaluation of the cervical and thoracic spine. |
4 |
| 14. Song KJ, Choi BW, Kim GH, Kim JR. Clinical usefulness of CT-myelogram comparing with the MRI in degenerative cervical spinal disorders: is CTM still useful for primary diagnostic tool?. J Spinal Disord Tech. 22(5):353-7, 2009 Jul. |
Observational-Dx |
50 patients (29 radiculopathy and 21 myelopathy) |
To compare the accuracy between MRI and CTM in degenerative cervical spine disease by assessing the degree of interobserver and intraobserver agreement. |
Intraclass correlation coefficiency statistical analysis showed moderate intraobserver agreement (Cronbach's alpha=0.63) and interobserver agreement (0.52). There was no significant difference in intraobserver, interobserver agreement between MRI (0.58) and CTM (0.57). Compared between MRI and CTM, disc abnormality and nerve root compression on MRI and foraminal stenosis and bony lesion on CTM showed better agreement. |
3 |
| 15. Grams AE, Gempt J, Forschler A. Comparison of spinal anatomy between 3-Tesla MRI and CT-myelography under healthy and pathological conditions. Surg Radiol Anat. 32(6):581-5, 2010 Jul. |
Observational-Dx |
n/a |
To compare spinal physiological and pathological anatomy between 3-Tesla MRI and CT-myelography and to review current imaging standards. |
The spinal canal was found to be 10% tighter with the utilized MRI sequences, in comparison to CT-M and foraminal diameters were found to be 19.7% tighter in MRI. This was more pronounced in narrowed than in healthy segments. Spinal cord size and size of disc protrusions displayed no significant difference between MRI and CT-myelography. |
2 |
| 16. Beckmann NM, West OC, Nunez D, Jr., et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Suspected Spine Trauma. J Am Coll Radiol 2019;16:S264-S85. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for suspected spine trauma. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 17. Tan Z, Zhou Y, Li X, et al. Brain magnetic resonance imaging, cerebrospinal fluid, and autoantibody profile in 118 patients with neuropsychiatric lupus. Clin Rheumatol. 37(1):227-233, 2018 Jan. |
Observational-Dx |
118 patients |
To analyze clinical manifestations, features of imaging, and laboratory assessment of patients with neuropsychiatric SLE (NPSLE) for better diagnosis and outcome prediction. |
The abnormal changes in MRI were correlated with antiphospholipid antibody (APL) and C3 (P = 0.026 and 0.040, respectively). The most common clinical manifestation of NPSLE is headache, followed by seizures and cerebrovascular accident. The test of cerebrospinal fluid and MRI plays an important role in the assessment of NPSLE. The abnormal intracranial lesions were correlated with the level of anti-cardiolipin antibodies (ACL) and C3. |
2 |
| 18. Ahmadli U, Ulrich NH, Yuqiang Y, Nanz D, Sarnthein J, Kollias SS. Early detection of cervical spondylotic myelopathy using diffusion tensor imaging: Experiences in 1.5-tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Neuroradiol. j.. 28(5):508-14, 2015 Oct. |
Observational-Dx |
18 patients |
To investigate the usefulness of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) for early detection of pathological alterations in the myelon in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) without T2-weighted imaging (T2W) signal abnormalities but with a narrowed spinal canal with corresponding clinical correlation. |
Axial DTI at 1.5T together with routine magnetic resonance imaging was performed on 18 patients fulfilling above mentioned criteria. Quantitative fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) maps were generated. Values at the narrowest cervical levels were compared to pre- and poststenotic levels and the interindividual means were tested for statistically significant differences by means of paired t-tests. The correlation between the grade and width of canal stenosis in the axial plane was measured. FA was significantly reduced at the stenotic level, compared to prestenotic level, whereas no significant differences were found when compared to poststenotic level. No significant differences between ADC values at stenotic level versus both adjacent non-stenotic levels were found, suggesting very early stage of degeneration. ADC values correlated significantly with the width of the spinal canal at the prestenotic level, but not at the poststenotic level.Findings indicate sufficient robustness of routine implementation of DTI at 1.5T to detect abnormalities in the spinal cord of CSM patients, before apparent T2W signal abnormalities and marked clinical deterioration. Therefore, larger and long-term studies should be conducted to establish the DTI scalar metrics that would indicate early intervention for a better clinical outcome in patients with clinical signs of CSM. |
2 |
| 19. Ellingson BM, Salamon N, Hardy AJ, Holly LT. Prediction of Neurological Impairment in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy using a Combination of Diffusion MRI and Proton MR Spectroscopy. PLoS ONE [Electronic Resource]. 10(10):e0139451, 2015. |
Observational-Dx |
27 patients |
To investigate a combination of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopic (MRS) biomarkers in order to predict neurological impairment in patients with cervical spondylosis. |
Significant correlations were observed between the Torg-Pavlov ratio and FA (R2 = 0.2021, P = 0.019); DTI fiber tract density and FA, MD, Cho/NAA (R2 = 0.3412, P = 0.0014; R2 = 0.2112, P = 0.016; and R2 = 0.2352, P = 0.010 respectively); along with FA and Cho/NAA (R2 = 0.1695, P = 0.033). DTI fiber tract density, MD and FA at the site of compression, along with Cho/NAA at C2, were significantly correlated with mJOA score (R2 = 0.05939, P < 0.0001; R2 = 0.4739, P < 0.0001; R2 = 0.7034, P < 0.0001; R2 = 0.4649, P < 0.0001). A combination biomarker consisting of DTI fiber tract density, MD, and Cho/NAA showed the best prediction of mJOA (R2 = 0.8274, P<0.0001), with post-hoc tests suggesting fiber tract density, MD, and Cho/NAA were all significant contributors to predicting mJOA (P = 0.00053, P = 0.00085, and P = 0.0019, respectively). |
2 |
| 20. Guan X, Fan G, Wu X, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging studies of cervical spondylotic myelopathy: a systemic review and meta-analysis. [Review]. PLoS ONE. 10(2):e0117707, 2015. |
Meta-analysis |
14 studies |
To assess alterations in measures of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) in the patients of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), exploring the potential role of DTI as a diagnosis biomarker. |
A systematic search of all related studies written in English was conducted using PubMed, Web of Science, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Cochrane comparing CSM patients with healthy controls. Key details for each study regarding participants, imaging techniques, and results were extracted. DTI measurements, such as fractional anisotropy (FA), apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), and mean diffusivity (MD) were pooled to calculate the effect size (ES) by fixed or random effects meta-analysis. 14 studies involving 479 CSM patients and 278 controls were identified. Meta-analysis of the most compressed levels (MCL) of CSM patients demonstrated that FA was significantly reduced (ES -1.52, 95% CI -1.87 to -1.16, P < 0.001) and ADC was significantly increased (ES 1.09, 95% CI 0.89 to 1.28, P < 0.001). In addition, a notable ES was found for lowered FA at C2-C3 for CSM vs. controls (ES -0.83, 95% CI -1.09 to -0.570, P < 0.001). Meta-regression analysis revealed that male ratio of CSM patients had a significant effect on reduction of FA at MCL (P = 0.03). The meta-analysis of DTI studies of CSM patients clearly demonstrated a significant FA reduction and ADC increase compared with healthy subjects. This result supports the use of DTI parameters in differentiating CSM patients from health subjects. Future researches are required to investigate the diagnosis performance of DTI in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. |
Not Assessed |
| 21. Shen C, Xu H, Xu B, et al. Value of conventional MRI and diffusion tensor imaging parameters in predicting surgical outcome in patients with degenerative cervical myelopathy. J Back Musculoskeletal Rehabil. 31(3):525-532, 2018. |
Observational-Dx |
142 patients |
To assess the efficacy of cMRI and DTI parameters in prediction of surgical outcome in DCM patients. |
By ROC curve analyses of imaging parameters, the largest area under the ROC curve (AUC) was for FA (0.750), followed by ADC (0.719), TA (0.716), SIR (0.673), and CR (0.591). The cut-off values with the best compromise between sensitivity and specificity were set at 0.390 for FA, 1.344 × 10-3 mm2/s for ADC, 46.02 mm2 for TA, 1.556 for SIR, and 26.56% for CR. Multivariate logistic regression model revealed that JOA score ? 8 points, TA ? 46.02 mm2, and FA ? 0.390 were independently associated with poor surgical outcome. The AUC value for the three-predictor model was 0.871, indicating strong predictive discrimination, and was significantly higher than the AUC value for the model containing only the JOA score (0.763; P= 0.003). |
2 |
| 22. American College of Radiology. American College of Radiology. ACR– ASNR– SPR Practice Parameter for the Performance of Myelography and Cisternography. Available at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/PracticeParameters/myelog-cisternog.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Guidance document to promote the safe and effective use of diagnostic and therapeutic radiology by describing specific training, skills and techniques. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 23. Shah LM, Jennings JW, Kirsch CFE, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria R Management of Vertebral Compression Fractures. Journal of the American College of Radiology. 15(11S):S347-S364, 2018 Nov. |
Review/Other-Dx |
|
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for management of vertebral compression fractures. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 24. Domenicucci M, Mancarella C, Santoro G, et al. Spinal epidural hematomas: personal experience and literature review of more than 1000 cases. J Neurosurg Spine 2017;27:198-208. |
Observational-Dx |
15 patients |
To identify factors that contribute to the formation of acute spinal epidural hematoma (SEH) by correlating etiology, age, site, clinical status, and treatment with immediate results and long-term outcomes. |
The mean patient age was 47.97 years (range 0-91 years), and a significant proportion of patients were male (60%, p < 0.001). A bimodal distribution has been reported for age at onset with peaks in the 2nd and 6th decades of life. The cause of the SEH was not reported in 42% of cases. The etiology concerned mainly iatrogenic factors (18%), such as coagulopathy or spinal puncture, rather than noniatrogenic factors (29%), such as genetic or metabolic coagulopathy, trauma, and pregnancy. The etiology was multifactorial in 11.1% of cases. The most common sites for SEH were C-6 (n = 293, 31%) and T-12 (n = 208, 22%), with maximum extension of 6 vertebral bodies in 720 cases (75%). At admission, 806 (84%) cases had moderate neurological impairment (NG 2 or 3), and only lumbar hematoma was associated with a good initial clinical neurological status (NG 0 or 1). Surgery was performed in 767 (80%) cases. Mortality was greater in patients older than 40 years of age (9%; p < 0.01). Sex did not influence any of these data (p > 0.05). |
2 |
| 25. Jain NK, Dao K, Ortiz AO. Radiologic evaluation and management of postoperative spine paraspinal fluid collections. [Review]. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 24(2):375-89, 2014 May. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the reviews those collections that are most frequently encountered and suggests management strategies that may assist in the evaluation and management of the patient. |
No results stated in the abstract |
4 |
| 26. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®: Follow-up of Malignant or Aggressive Musculoskeletal Tumors. Available at: https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69428/Narrative/. |
Review/Other-Dx |
|
American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®: Follow-up of Malignant or Aggressive Musculoskeletal Tumors. Available at: https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69428/Narrative/. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 27. Vargas MI, Gariani J, Sztajzel R, et al. Spinal cord ischemia: practical imaging tips, pearls, and pitfalls. [Review]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(5):825-30, 2015 May. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To illustrate the principal causes in children and adults, clinical presentation, different techniques for the diagnosis by MR imaging (diffusion, spinal MR angiography, and 1.5 versus 3T), pathophysiology, and differential diagnosis. We will discuss current knowledge, perspectives, and pitfalls. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 28. Zalewski NL, Rabinstein AA, Krecke KN, et al. Spinal cord infarction: Clinical and imaging insights from the periprocedural setting. J Neurol Sci. 388:162-167, 2018 05 15. |
Review/Other-Dx |
75 patients |
To describe the range of procedures associated with spinal cord infarction (SCI) as a complication of a medical/surgical procedure and define clinical and imaging characteristics that could be applied to help diagnose spontaneous SCI, where the diagnosis is often less secure. |
Seventy-five patients were identified with SCI related to an invasive or non-invasive surgery including: aortic aneurysm repair (49%); other aortic surgery (15%); and a variety of other procedures (e.g., cardiac surgery, spinal decompression, epidural injection, angiography, nerve block, embolization, other vascular surgery, thoracic surgery) (36%). Deficits were severe (66% para/quadriplegia) and maximal at first post-procedural evaluation in 61 patients (81%). Impaired dorsal column function was common on initial examination. Imaging features included classic findings of owl eyes or anterior pencil sign on MRI (70%), but several other T2-hyperintensity patterns were also seen. Gadolinium enhancement of the SCI and/or cauda equina was also common when assessed. Six patients (10%) had an initial normal MRI despite a severe deficit. |
4 |
| 29. Donauer E, Aguilar Perez M, Jangid N, Tomandl B, Ganslandt O, Henkes H. Spontaneous Cervical Intramedullary and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage due to a Sulco-Commissural Artery Aneurysm. Clin Neuroradiol. 29(4):777-781, 2019 Dec. |
Review/Other-Dx |
1 patient |
To discuss the case of an otherwise healthy woman with a spontaneous hemorrhage into the spinal cord and the subarachnoid space. |
No results state din the abstract. |
4 |
| 30. Matsui T, Taniguchi T, Saitoh T, et al. Hematomyelia caused by ruptured intramedullary spinal artery aneurysm associated with extramedullary spinal arteriovenous fistula--case report. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo). 47(5):233-6, 2007 May. |
Review/Other-Dx |
1 patient |
To discuss the case report of woman with a ruptured intramedullary aneurysmal dilatation fed by the anterior spinal artery associated with an arteriovenous malformation located in the ventral cervical spinal cord. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 31. AbdelRazek MA, Mowla A, Farooq S, Silvestri N, Sawyer R, Wolfe G. Fibrocartilaginous embolism: a comprehensive review of an under-studied cause of spinal cord infarction and proposed diagnostic criteria. J Spinal Cord Med 2016;39:146-54. |
Review/Other-Dx |
55 patients |
To describe the clinical anatomy, patho-physiologic mechanisms, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of FCE, along with the conflicting opinions on its incidence and relevance after reviewing all of the related literature. |
Fifty-five case articles were reviewed, ten of which were translated from foreign languages. A total of 67 cases of FCE were found, 41 tissue-confirmed and 26 clinically suspected. A comprehensive summary of the clinical anatomy, patho-physiologic mechanisms, epidemiology, diagnosis and treatment of FCE is described, along with the conflicting opinions on its incidence and relevance after reviewing all of the related literature. The 41 tissue proven cases are summarized and a schematic approach to the clinical diagnosis of FCE, deducted from their clinical findings, is presented. |
4 |
| 32. Tessitore E, Broc N, Mekideche A, et al. A modern multidisciplinary approach to patients suffering from cervical spondylotic myelopathy. J Neurosurg Sci. 63(1):19-29, 2019 Feb. |
Observational-Dx |
11 patients |
To present a modern approach to patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), that is comprehensive of clinical, electrophysiological and radiological findings, and that has been developed by a multidisciplinary team of experts (neurosurgeons, neurologists, neuroradiologists). |
The mean preoperative mJOA was 12.79 (range 3-17), while the mean mJOA at 3 and 12 months was, respectively, 14.71 and 13.43. However, only the improvement at 3 months was statistically significant, while improvements from the preoperative assessment to 12 months and from 3 to 12 months were not significant. The mean preoperative NDI was 33.57%, while it was 32.43% and 24.36% at 3 and 12 months, respectively. None of these improvements was significant. Concerning response to surgery, we observed 7/11 (63.3%) good responders according to the Hirabayashi Recovery Ratio, and 6/11 (54.5%) good responders according to NDI results. |
2 |
| 33. Abdulhadi MA, Perno JR, Melhem ER, Nucifora PG. Characteristics of spondylotic myelopathy on 3D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo and 2D fast spin echo magnetic resonance imaging: a retrospective cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE. 9(7):e100964, 2014. |
Review/Other-Dx |
30 patients |
To investigate the hypothesis that in patients with spinal stenosis and spondylotic myelopathy, 3D driven-equilibrium fast spin echo sequences can characterize cord lesions equally well as 2D fast spin echo sequences. |
No results was stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 34. Ellingson BM, Salamon N, Holly LT. Advances in MR imaging for cervical spondylotic myelopathy. [Review]. Eur Spine J. 24 Suppl 2:197-208, 2015 Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To outline the pathogenesis of cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM), the correlative abnormalities observed on standard magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the biological implications and current status of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), and MR spectroscopy (MRS) as clinical tools, and future directions of MR technology in the management of CSM patients. |
CSM is caused by progressive, degenerative, vertebral column abnormalities that result in spinal cord damage related to both primary mechanical and secondary biological injuries. The T2 signal change on conventional MRI is most commonly associated with neurological deficits, but tends not to be a sensitive predictor of recovery of function. DTI and MRS show altered microstructure and biochemistry that reflect patient-specific pathogenesis. |
4 |
| 35. Kovalova I, Kerkovsky M, Kadanka Z, et al. Prevalence and Imaging Characteristics of Nonmyelopathic and Myelopathic Spondylotic Cervical Cord Compression. Spine. 41(24):1908-1916, 2016 Dec 15. |
Observational-Dx |
183 patients |
To estimate the prevalence of nonmyelopathic spondylotic cervical cord compression (NMSCCC) and cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) in a population older than 40 years and to evaluate the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) characteristics of these conditions. |
MRI signs of cervical cord compression were found in 108 individuals (59.0%; 95% CI: 51.5%-66.2%); their numbers increased with age from 31.6% in the fifth decade to 66.8% in the eighth. Clinical signs of symptomatic CSM were found in two cases (1.1%), and 75 cases (41.0%) were without compression. An anteroposterior cervical canal diameter at the level of intervertebral disc (CDdisc) of less than 9.9 mm was associated with the highest probability of NMSCCC-odds ratio (OR)?=?32.5, followed by a compression ratio of =0.5: OR?=?11.1. |
2 |
| 36. Puzzilli F, Mastronardi L, Ruggeri A, Lunardi P. Intramedullary increased MR signal intensity and its relation to clinical features in cervical myelopathy. J Neurosurg Sci. 1999;43(2):135-139; discussion 139. |
Observational-Dx |
100 patients |
To evaluate intramedullary increased MR signal intensity and its relation to clinical features in cervical myelopathy. |
Statistical analysis demonstrated that intramedullary hyperintensity is most frequently associated with severe impairment of deambulation, muscular hypotonus-hypotrophy and hypoesthesias of the upper limbs. These radiological findings probably correspond to various types of lesions which, when irreversible, may influence postoperative neurological recovery. |
3 |
| 37. Avadhani A, Rajasekaran S, Shetty AP. Comparison of prognostic value of different MRI classifications of signal intensity change in cervical spondylotic myelopathy. Spine J. 2010;10(6):475-485. |
Observational-Dx |
35 patients |
To determine the MRI classification of signal intensity changes in patients with cervical spondylotic myelopathy that is useful for prognostication of surgical outcome. |
Preoperative MRI studies demonstrated the following: Grade 0=1, Grade 1=13, Grade 2=13; focal=18, multisegmental=16; Group A=1; Group B=29; and Group C=5. Resolution of signal changes in T2-weighted images was seen in most patients; however, 4 patients developed low signal intensity in T1-weighted images in the postoperative MRI. There was no significant difference in the recovery rates of patients with different grades in the T2-weighted images or with focal or multisegmental signal intensity changes (P=.47 and .28, respectively). In contrast, patients with low signal intensity changes in T1-weighted images were associated with a poor surgical outcome (P<.001). The linear regression model performed using low-intensity signal changes as a dependent variable and the recovery rate as an independent variable confirmed the significance (P<.001) of low signal intensity changes on T1-weighted images as a predictor for surgical outcome. |
3 |
| 38. Nouri A, Martin AR, Kato S, Reihani-Kermani H, Riehm LE, Fehlings MG. The Relationship Between MRI Signal Intensity Changes, Clinical Presentation, and Surgical Outcome in Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy: Analysis of a Global Cohort. Spine. 42(24):1851-1858, 2017 Dec 15. |
Review/Other-Dx |
419 patients |
To assess the relationship between MRI signal intensity changes, clinical presentation, and surgical outcome in degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM). |
MRIs were categorized by T1WI and T2WI signal change: no signal change (28.9%), T2WI hyperintensity-only (T2WI-only, 51.8%), and T2WI-hyperintensity and T1WI-hypointensity (T1WI+T2WI, 19.3%). T2WI-hyperintensity was present at multiple levels in 27% of patients overall. Baseline severity increased from no signal change to T2WI-only to T2WI+T1WI (P?<?0.0001), and there was an incremental increase in the frequency of signs/symptoms. There were no differences in outcomes between no signal change and T2WI-only groups. The presence of T1WI-hypointensity correlated with reduced recovery ratio (P?=?0.03) and likelihood of an optimal surgical outcome (P?=?0.005), adjusting for baseline mJOA. A greater number of T2WI-hyperintensity levels was also associated with worse baseline severity (P?<?0.0001) and recovery ratio (P?=?0.001). |
4 |
| 39. Salem HM, Salem KM, Burget F, Bommireddy R, Klezl Z. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy: the prediction of outcome following surgical intervention in 93 patients using T1- and T2-weighted MRI scans. Eur Spine J. 24(12):2930-5, 2015 Dec. |
Observational-Dx |
93 patients |
To determine the outcome of surgical decompression for CSM and investigate pre-operative predictors of outcome. |
Data on 93 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for CSM were reviewed. Median age was 62 (23-94) years and 59% were male. The median follow-up was 37 (17-88) months. The approach was anterior in 38 (42%) patients, posterior in 55 (58%); improvement was not significantly different when the two groups were compared. The number of levels decompressed increased with age (p value <0.0001). The group with a pre-operatively high signal on T1-weighted MRI images [n = 28 (30%)] was associated with less neurological recovery post-operatively compared to the patients with a normal T1 cord signal. None of the patients deteriorated neurologically post-operatively, while 66% improved by at least one NMG. |
2 |
| 40. Seki S, Kawaguchi Y, Nakano M, et al. Clinical significance of high intramedullary signal on T2-weighted cervical flexion-extension magnetic resonance imaging in cervical myelopathy. J Orthop Sci. 20(6):973-7, 2015 Nov. |
Observational-Dx |
121 patients |
To evaluate whether preoperative flexion-extension MRI may be used to predict surgical outcomes in patients with cervical myelopathy. |
Patients with a high intramedullary signal on the extension MRI had significantly better neurological recovery than those with a high signal on the flexion MRI (p < 0.000005). There was no significant difference in neurological recovery between patients with and without a high intramedullary signal on extension MRI. |
2 |
| 41. Uchida K, Nakajima H, Takeura N, et al. Prognostic value of changes in spinal cord signal intensity on magnetic resonance imaging in patients with cervical compressive myelopathy. Spine J. 14(8):1601-10, 2014 Aug 01. |
Review/Other-Dx |
250 patients |
To quantify signal intensity and to correlate intramedullary signal changes on MRI T1- and T2-weighted images (WIs) with clinical outcome and prognosis. |
SIR on T1-WIs, but not SIR on T2-WIs, correlated with postoperative neurologic improvement. The disease duration correlated negatively with SIR on T1-WIs and JOA improvement rate but not with SIR on T2-WIs. SIR on T2-WIs of "cystic type" was significantly greater than of "diffuse type," but SIR on T1-WI and JOA improvement rate were not different in the two types. Stepwise multivariate regression analysis indicated that SIR on T1-WIs and long disease duration were significant predictors of postoperative neurologic outcome. SIR on follow-up T1-WI and changes in SIR on T1-WI after surgery correlated positively with postoperative improvement rate. SIR on follow-up T2-WI and changes on T2-WI correlated negatively with postoperative neurologic improvement. |
4 |
| 42. Flanagan EP, Krecke KN, Marsh RW, Giannini C, Keegan BM, Weinshenker BG. Specific pattern of gadolinium enhancement in spondylotic myelopathy. Ann Neurol. 76(1):54-65, 2014 Jul. |
Review/Other-Dx |
56 patients |
To highlight a specific under-recognized radiological feature of spondylotic myelopathy often resulting in misdiagnosis. |
Fifty-six patients (70% men) whose median age was 53.5 years (range = 24-80) were included. Spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging (cervical in 52; thoracic in 4) revealed longitudinal spindle-shaped T2-signal hyperintensity (100%) and cord enlargement (79%) accompanied by a characteristic pancakelike transverse band of gadolinium enhancement in 41 (73%), typically immediately caudal to the site of maximal spinal stenosis. Forty (71%) patients were initially diagnosed with neoplastic or inflammatory myelopathies, and decompressive surgery was delayed by a median of 11 months (range = 1-64). Spinal cord biopsy in 6 did not reveal any alternative diagnosis. Ninety-five percent were stable or improved. Gadolinium enhancement persisted in 75% at 12 months, raising concern about the accuracy of the initial diagnosis. Twenty patients required a gait aid (36%) at last follow-up (median = 60 months, range = 10-172). The need for a gait aid preoperatively (p = 0.005), but not delay of surgery, predicted the need for gait aid at final follow-up. |
4 |
| 43. Ozawa H, Sato T, Hyodo H, et al. Clinical significance of intramedullary Gd-DTPA enhancement in cervical myelopathy. Spinal Cord. 48(5):415-22, 2010 May. |
Observational-Dx |
683 patients |
To clarify the significance of intramedullary Gd-DTPA enhancement in cervical myelopathy, the prevalence, morphologic features, clinical relevance and postoperative change were investigated. |
Intramedullary enhancement was observed in 50 cases (7.3%). The enhancements were observed between the most severely compressed disc and the cranial half of the lower vertebral body. On axial images, they were observed at the posterior or posterolateral periphery of the spinal cord. Enhancement areas were observed within T2 high-intensity areas and smaller than them. The preoperative Japanese Orthopedic Association (JOA) score was 9.8+/-2.8 points in the enhancement group and 9.8+/-3.3 points in the non-enhancement group (NS). The postoperative JOA score was 12.7+/-2.9 points in the enhancement group and 14.2+/-2.4 in the non-enhancement group (P=0.006). Intramedullary enhancement disappeared in 60% of the patients 1 year after surgery. |
3 |
| 44. Hayashi D, Roemer FW, Mian A, Gharaibeh M, Muller B, Guermazi A. Imaging features of postoperative complications after spinal surgery and instrumentation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 199(1):W123-9, 2012 Jul. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To illustrate common postoperative complications and their imaging appearances after spinal surgery, including stabilization, fusion, and disk replacement with various techniques and devices. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 45. Kister I, Johnson E, Raz E, Babb J, Loh J, Shepherd TM. Specific MRI findings help distinguish acute transverse myelitis of Neuromyelitis Optica from spinal cord infarction. Mult Scler Relat Disord. 9:62-7, 2016 Sep. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To identify MRI features at initial presentation that may help to differentiate NMO acute myelitis from SCI. |
CI was more common in men and Caucasians, while NMO was more common in non-Caucasian women (P<0.05). MRI features associated with NMO acute myelitis (P<0.05) included location within 7-cm of cervicomedullary junction; lesion extending to pial surface; 'bright spotty lesions' on axial T2 MRI; and gadolinium enhancement. Patient's age, lesion length and cross-sectional area, cord expansion, and the "owl's eyes" sign did not differ between the two groups (P>0.05). |
4 |
| 46. Nogueira RG, Ferreira R, Grant PE, et al. Restricted diffusion in spinal cord infarction demonstrated by magnetic resonance line scan diffusion imaging. Stroke. 43(2):532-5, 2012 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
19 patients |
To report on the use of line scan diffusion magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of spinal cord infarctions. |
Restricted diffusion was found in all 19 patients. Absolute ADC values in the ischemic area ranged between 395.4 and 575.8 × 10(-6) mm(2)/s, with ADC ratios ranging between 39.4% and 57.4%. |
4 |
| 47. Zecca C, Cereda C, Wetzel S, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging in acute demyelinating myelopathy. Neuroradiology. 54(6):573-8, 2012 Jun. |
Review/Other-Dx |
6 patients |
To describe DWI characteristics of acute, spinal demyelinating lesions. |
All spinal lesions showed a restricted diffusion pattern (DWI+/ADC-) with a 24% median ADC signal decrease. A good correlation between clinical presentation and lesion site was observed. |
4 |
| 48. Vuong SM, Jeong WJ, Morales H, Abruzzo TA. Vascular Diseases of the Spinal Cord: Infarction, Hemorrhage, and Venous Congestive Myelopathy. [Review]. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 37(5):466-81, 2016 Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To present clinical and imaging approaches to the diagnosis and management of spinal vascular conditions most commonly encountered in clinical practice. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 49. Gass A, Back T, Behrens S, Maras A. MRI of spinal cord infarction. Neurology. 54(11):2195, 2000 Jun 13. |
Review/Other-Tx |
1 patient |
To discuss the lower pain of an old man who developed a flaccid paraplegia, sphincter paresis, and dissociated sensory loss distally to the level of L1. |
No results stated in the abstract |
4 |
| 50. Thurnher MM, Bammer R. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) in spinal cord ischemia. Neuroradiology. 48(11):795-801, 2006 Nov. |
Review/Other-Tx |
6 patients |
To analyze the imaging findings from conventional MR sequences and diffusion-weighted MR sequences in six patients with spinal cord infarction, compared the findings with those in published series, and discuss the value of DWI in spinal cord ischemia based on current experience |
In all patients, high signal was observed on isotropic DWI images with low ADC values (0.23 and 0.86x10(-3) cm(2)/s), indicative of restricted diffusion. |
4 |
| 51. Andre JB, Bammer R. Advanced diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging techniques of the human spinal cord. [Review]. Top Magn Reson Imaging. 21(6):367-78, 2010 Dec. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the synopsis of the many recent advances in DWI of the human spinal cord, as well as some of the more common clinical uses for these techniques, including DTI and tractography. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 52. Chee CG, Park KS, Lee JW, et al. MRI Features of Aquaporin-4 Antibody-Positive Longitudinally Extensive Transverse Myelitis: Insights into the Diagnosis of Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 39(4):782-787, 2018 Apr. |
Observational-Dx |
43 patients |
To evaluate the MR imaging features of aquaporin-4 antibody-positive longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis, which is strongly associated with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders. |
We evaluated cervicomedullary junction involvement, cord expansion ratios, bright spotty lesions, the number of involved segments, skipped lesions, enhancement patterns, and axial distribution patterns using spinal MR imaging of 41 patients with longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis who underwent aquaporin-4 antibody testing. Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with aquaporin-4 antibody seropositivity, which were then used to develop a scoring system for diagnosing aquaporin-4 antibody-positive longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Interrater reliability for cord expansion ratio measurement and bright spotty lesions was determined using intraclass correlation coefficients and ? values, respectively. |
2 |
| 53. Costallat BL, Ferreira DM, Costallat LT, Appenzeller S. Myelopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical, laboratory, radiological and progression findings in a cohort of 1,193 patients. Rev Bras Reumatol (Rio J). 56(3):240-51, 2016 May-Jun. |
Review/Other-Dx |
14 patients |
To describe clinical, laboratory, radiological and progression characteristics of myelopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). |
We identified 14 (1.2%) patients with myelopathy. All were women with a mean age of 30±11.5 years. Myelopathy occurred at the diagnosis of SLE in four (28%) patients; and nine (64%) patients had another type of neuropsychiatric manifestation associated. Neurological recurrence was observed in one (7%) patient. Disease activity was observed in 2 (14%) patients. Cerebrospinal fluid presented pleocytosis on 7 (53%) patients; antiphospholipid antibodies were positive in 5 (45%). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed T2 hyperintensity with a predominance of longitudinal involvement in 6 (86%) patients. Most were treated with intravenous corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide. No patient had full recovery and four (36%) had high EDSS scores. Three (21%) patients died from sepsis early in the course of their myelopathy, during or after immunosuppressive therapy. |
4 |
| 54. Durel CA, Marignier R, Maucort-Boulch D, et al. Clinical features and prognostic factors of spinal cord sarcoidosis: a multicenter observational study of 20 BIOPSY-PROVEN patients. Journal of Neurology. 263(5):981-990, 2016 May. |
Review/Other-Dx |
20 patients |
To describe the features of spinal cord sarcoidosis (SCS) and identify prognostic markers. We analyzed 20 patients over a 20-year period in 8 French hospitals. |
There were 12 men (60 %), mostly Caucasian (75 %). The median ages at diagnosis of sarcoidosis and myelitis were 34.5 and 37 years, respectively. SCS revealed sarcoidosis in 12 patients (60 %). Eleven patients presented with motor deficit (55 %) and 9 had sphincter dysfunction (45 %). The median initial Edmus Grading Scale (EGS) score was 2.5. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) showed elevated protein level (median: 1.00 g/L, interquartile range (IQR) 0.72-1.97), low glucose level (median 2.84 mmol/L, IQR 1.42-3.45), and elevated white cell count (median 22/mm(3), IQR 6-45). The cervical and thoracic cords were most often affected (90 %). All patients received steroids and an immunosuppressive drug was added in 10 cases (50 %). After a mean follow-up of 52.1 months (range 8-43), 18 patients had partial response (90 %), 7 displayed functional impairment (35 %), and the median final EGS score was 1. Six patients experienced relapse (30 %). There was an association between the initial and the final EGS scores (p = 0.006). High CSF protein level showed a trend toward an association with relapse (p = 0.076). The spinal cord lesion was often the presenting feature of sarcoidosis. Most patients experienced clinical improvement with corticosteroids and/or immunosuppressive treatment. The long-term functional prognosis was correlated with the initial severity. |
4 |
| 55. Flanagan EP, Kaufmann TJ, Krecke KN, et al. Discriminating long myelitis of neuromyelitis optica from sarcoidosis. Annals of Neurology. 79(3):437-47, 2016 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
71 patients |
To compare longitudinally extensive myelitis in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and spinal cord sarcoidosis (SCS). |
We studied 71 patients (NMOSD, 37; SCS, 34). Sixteen (47%) SCS cases were initially diagnosed as NMOSD or idiopathic transverse myelitis. Median delay to diagnosis was longer for SCS than NMOSD (5 vs 1.5 months, p < 0.01). NMOSD myelitis patients were more commonly women, had concurrent or prior optic neuritis or intractable vomiting episodes more frequently, had shorter time to maximum deficit, and had systemic autoimmunity more often than SCS (p < 0.05). SCS patients had constitutional symptoms, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pleocytosis, and hilar adenopathy more frequently than NMOSD (p < 0.05); CSF hypoglycorrhachia (11%, p = 0.25) and elevated angiotensin-converting enzyme (18%, p = 0.30) were exclusive to SCS. Dorsal cord subpial gadolinium enhancement extending =2 vertebral segments and persistent enhancement >2 months favored SCS, and ringlike enhancement favored NMOSD (p < 0.05). Maximum disability was similar in both disorders. |
4 |
| 56. Isoda H, Ramsey RG. MR imaging of acute transverse myelitis (myelopathy). Radiat Med. 1998;16(3):179-186. |
Review/Other-Dx |
26 patients |
To retrospectively review the MRI characteristics of ATM. |
MRI in 8/16 lesions in 9 subjects with preexisting MS showed multiple areas of ISI on T2-weighted sagittal images, and 11 lesions had no cord swelling. 12/16 lesions showed heterogeneous enhancement. MRI in 10/13 lesions in 12 subjects with preexisting HTLV-1 infection, mycoplasma pneumonia infection, hepatitis B vaccinations, and uncertain etiologies revealed fusiform ISI areas on T2-weighted sagittal images and cord swelling. 7/11 lesions in the patients who underwent injection of contrast medium showed heterogeneous enhancement, whereas others showed no enhancement. MRI is recommended for the evaluation of ATM. |
4 |
| 57. Mok CC, Lau CS, Chan EY, Wong RW. Acute transverse myelopathy in systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical presentation, treatment, and outcome. J Rheumatol. 1998;25(3):467-473. |
Observational-Dx |
315 total systemic lupus erythematosus patients studied; 10 cases of ATM |
The clinical presentation, autoantibody profile, treatment, and outcome of cases of ATM in our local systemic lupus erythematosus population were retrospectively analyzed and compared with systemic lupus erythematosus controls. |
CSF abnormalities were present in 63% of the patients, while MRI of the spinal cord revealed abnormal T2 signals in 56%. ATM was not associated with antiribosomal P, anti-extractable nuclear antigen, or antiphospholipid antibodies. Systemic complement activation was not evident in most patients during the acute phase of myelitis. Early aggressive therapy using a combination of corticosteroid and cytotoxic agents is associated with a satisfactory outcome. Further prospective study is needed to delineate the best treatment and its efficacy in the prevention of relapses. |
3 |
| 58. Quintanilla-Gonzalez L, Atisha-Fregoso Y, Llorente L, Fragoso-Loyo H. Myelitis in systemic lupus erythematosus: clinical characteristics and effect in accrual damage. A single-center experience. Lupus. 26(3):248-254, 2017 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
15 patients |
To describe the clinical characteristics of acute transverse myelitis, including the time of their presentation, and to evaluate their effect on accrual damage in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). |
Demographics and SLE characteristics, including age at SLE diagnosis and time since SLE diagnosis to hospitalization, were comparable in patients with myelitis and controls. At hospitalization, disease activity and cumulative damage were similar in both groups. Patients with myelitis received more aggressive treatment than controls. One year after hospitalization, two of the 15 patients who completed follow-up had symptom improvement without neurologic sequelae, and 13 of them had some improvement of symptoms with neurologic sequelae. Four patients died in the myelitis group, three of them of infectious diseases, and one of alveolar hemorrhage. No patient died because of myelopathy and in the control group no patient died, although three were lost during the follow-up. Disease activity and treatment did not differ between both groups. However, cumulative damage was higher among the patients with myelitis than controls (1.9?±?0.9 vs 0.75?±?0.9; p?=?0.003). |
4 |
| 59. Uygunoglu U, Zeydan B, Ozguler Y, et al. Myelopathy in Behcet's disease: The Bagel Sign. Ann Neurol. 82(2):288-298, 2017 Aug. |
Review/Other-Dx |
11 patients |
To describe the clinical and distinctive imaging features of myelopathy associated with Behçet's disease (BD). |
In 11 patients (9 men, 2 women), we studied 14 MRIs during distinct myelopathy episodes and nine follow-up MRIs. Two distinct MRI patterns of spinal cord involvement were described according to T2-weighted (T2W) axial images: (1) "Bagel Sign" pattern: a central lesion with hypointense core and hyperintense rim with or without contrast enhancement; and (2) "Motor Neuron" pattern: a symmetric involvement of the anterior horn cells. Bagel Sign was present in 13 of 14 myelopathy episodes whereas Motor Neuron pattern was observed in 1 of 14 MRIs. Of the 13 MRIs with Bagel Sign long myelopathy (n?=?9), both long and short myelopathy (n?=?2) and short myelopathy (n?=?2) was observed. All patterns cleared with some residual lesions after steroid use and immunomodulation with associated clinical recovery in patients. |
4 |
| 60. Wendebourg MJ, Nagy S, Derfuss T, Parmar K, Schlaeger R. Magnetic resonance imaging in immune-mediated myelopathies. [Review]. J Neurol. 2019 Jan 29. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide an overview of recent advances in magnetic resonance imaging of immune-mediated myelopathies and its role in the differential diagnosis and monitoring of this heterogeneous group of disorders. |
No results stated din the abstract. |
4 |
| 61. Dobson R, Giovannoni G. Multiple sclerosis - a review. [Review]. Eur J Neurol. 26(1):27-40, 2019 01. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss Multiple sclerosis (MS) epidemiology, potential aetiological factors and pathology. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 62. Kearney H, Miller DH, Ciccarelli O. Spinal cord MRI in multiple sclerosis--diagnostic, prognostic and clinical value. [Review]. Nat Rev Neurol. 11(6):327-38, 2015 Jun. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the of the most recent MS spinal cord imaging studies and discuss the new insights they have provided into the mechanisms of neurological impairment |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 63. Filippi M, Rocca MA, Ciccarelli O, et al. MRI criteria for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: MAGNIMS consensus guidelines. [Review]. Lancet neurol.. 15(3):292-303, 2016 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide consensus guidelines for the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) criteria in the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 64. Jurynczyk M, Craner M, Palace J. Overlapping CNS inflammatory diseases: differentiating features of NMO and MS. [Review]. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry. 86(1):20-5, 2015 Jan.J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 86(1):20-5, 2015 Jan. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the distinct features of AQP4-positive euromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis, which might then be useful in the diagnosis of antibody-negative overlap syndromes. |
No results stated in the abstract |
4 |
| 65. Kim HJ, Paul F, Lana-Peixoto MA, et al. MRI characteristics of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder: an international update. [Review]. Neurology. 84(11):1165-73, 2015 Mar 17.Neurology. 84(11):1165-73, 2015 Mar 17. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the brain, optic nerve, and spinal cord MRI findings of NMO and its spectrum disorder (NMOSD). |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 66. Matthews L, Marasco R, Jenkinson M, et al. Distinction of seropositive NMO spectrum disorder and MS brain lesion distribution. Neurology. 80(14):1330-7, 2013 Apr 02. |
Review/Other-Dx |
94 patients |
To identify differences in MRI brain lesion distribution between aquaporin-4 antibody-positive NMOSD and RRMS, and to test their diagnostic potential |
Sixty-three percent of patients with NMOSD had brain lesions and of these 27% were diagnostic of multiple sclerosis. Patients with RRMS were significantly more likely to have lesions adjacent to the body of the lateral ventricle than patients with NMOSD. Direct comparison of the probability distributions and the morphologic attributes of the lesions in each group identified criteria of "at least 1 lesion adjacent to the body of the lateral ventricle and in the inferior temporal lobe; or the presence of a subcortical U-fiber lesion; or a Dawson's finger-type lesion," which could distinguish patients with multiple sclerosis from those with NMOSD with 92% sensitivity, 96% specificity, 98% positive predictive value, and 86% negative predictive value. |
4 |
| 67. Hemond CC, Bakshi R. Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis. [Review]. Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine:. 8(5), 2018 05 01.Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 8(5), 2018 05 01. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To summarize the current status and future prospects regarding the role of MRI in the characterization of MS-related brain and spinal cord involvement. |
No results stated in the abstract |
4 |
| 68. Thompson AJ, Banwell BL, Barkhof F, et al. Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis: 2017 revisions of the McDonald criteria. [Review]. Lancet neurol.. 17(2):162-173, 2018 02. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the 2010 McDonald criteria and the recommended revisions for the diagnosis of multiple sclerosis which is widely used in research and clinical practice. |
No results state din the abstract |
4 |
| 69. Arevalo O, Riascos R, Rabiei P, Kamali A, Nelson F. Standardizing Magnetic Resonance Imaging Protocols, Requisitions, and Reports in Multiple Sclerosis: An Update for Radiologist Based on 2017 Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Multiple Sclerosis and 2018 Consortium of Multiple Sclerosis Centers Consensus Guidelines. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 43(1):1-12, 2019 Jan/Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the relevant landmarks related to imaging findings, diagnostic criteria, indications to obtain a magnetic resonance, scan protocols and sequence options for patients with MS |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 70. Traboulsee A, Simon JH, Stone L, et al. Revised Recommendations of the Consortium of MS Centers Task Force for a Standardized MRI Protocol and Clinical Guidelines for the Diagnosis and Follow-Up of Multiple Sclerosis. Ajnr: American Journal of Neuroradiology. 37(3):394-401, 2016 Mar.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 37(3):394-401, 2016 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the revised guidelines for standardized brain and spinal cord MR imaging for the diagnosis and follow-up of MS |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 71. Pierce JL, Donahue JH, Nacey NC, et al. Spinal Hematomas: What a Radiologist Needs to Know. [Review]. Radiographics. 38(5):1516-1535, 2018 Sep-Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss what a radiologist need to know to determine early detection and accurate localization of spinal hematomas. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 72. Lee SY, Hur JW, Ryu KS, Kim JS, Chung HJ, Song MS. The Clinical Usefulness of Preoperative Imaging Studies to Select Pathologic Level in Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy: Comparative Analysis of Three-Position MRI and Post-Myelographic CT. TURK. NEUROSURG.. 29(1):127-133, 2019. |
Review/Other-Dx |
136 patients |
To compare the accuracy of determining pathologic segment between three-position MRI (3P-MRI) and post-myelographic CT (PMCT) in cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) by assessing the degree of inter-observer and intra-observer agreement. |
Spinal canal width and foraminal diameter was found to be significantly smaller in 3P-MRI compared to PMCT. No significant differences of cervical cord diameter and the size of disc protrusion measured in 3P-MRI compared to PMCT were observed. Comparing between 3P-MRI and PMCT, disc abnormality and nerve root compression showed better agreement on 3P-MRI, whereas foraminal stenosis and bony lesion showed better agreement on PMCT. |
4 |
| 73. Penning L, Wilmink JT, van Woerden HH, Knol E. CT myelographic findings in degenerative disorders of the cervical spine: clinical significance. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1986;146(4):793-801. |
Review/Other-Dx |
80 patients |
To evaluate CT myelopathy signs vs clinical signs. |
Concentric compression of the cord in a narrow (stenotic) canal (group 2) proved to produce long tract signs only after the cross-sectional area of the cord had been reduced by about 30% to a value of about 60 mm2 or less. In most cases, nerve-root swelling (group 3) coincided with the side of nerve-root symptoms. A 100% correlation was found between the side of disk herniation with occlusion of the corresponding foramen (group 4) and the side of nerve-root symptoms. In 24 patients, cord and nerve roots showed no abnormalities (group 5). If stenosis of the spinal canal, nerve root swelling, and disk herniation are considered specific CT myelographic signs in nerve-root symptomatology, a specific diagnosis could be made in about 40% of the cases. |
4 |
| 74. Kitya D, Punchak M, Bajunirwe F. Role of Conventional Myelography in Diagnosis and Treatment of Degenerative Spine Disease in Low-Income Communities: Prospective Study. World Neurosurg. 104:161-166, 2017 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
51 patients |
To reexamine the diagnostic reliability, effectiveness for surgical decision making, and safety of conventional myelography. |
Fifty-one patients underwent diagnostic myelography and 39 of them (77.8%) were positive. Lesions at levels L4/5 were the most common, occurring in 23 patients (59%). Of those with cervical lesions, 11 of them (73.3%) had a positive myelography compared with 28 patients (77.8%) with lumbosacral lesions. Patients presenting with claudication were more likely to have a positive myelography, compared with those with other symptoms. There were 16 patients (41%) with partial spinal canal block, 6 patients (15.4%) with total block, and 17 patients (43.6%) with recess compression. Thirty-eight (38) patients had surgery, and recess decompression was the most common procedure (n = 24, 63.2%). Following surgery, symptoms due to degenerative spine disease improved in the majority of patients. |
3 |
| 75. An HS, Seldomridge JA. Spinal infections: diagnostic tests and imaging studies. [Review] [33 refs]. Clin Orthop. 444:27-33, 2006 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the diagnostic tests and studies for spinal infections. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 76. Grelat M, Madkouri R, Tremlet J, Thouant P, Beaurain J, Mourier KL. Aim and indications of spinal angiography for spine and spinal cord surgery: Based on a retrospective series of 70 cases. Neurochirurgie. 62(1):38-45, 2016 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
70 patients |
To discuss the the role and indications of spinal angiograms (SA) in spinal surgery. |
SAs were performed with different goals: (i) localization of RMA when a surgical approach between T4 and L2 involved the intervertebral foramen, or when an anterior approach was considered in order to avoid severe ischaemic complications (40% of the degenerative disc patients and 33% of the extramedullary tumour patients in this series); (ii) preoperative embolisation in cases of extramedullary tumours probably considered hypervascular (51% of the cases in the series) or in cases of arteriovenous shunt lesions (7 of 13 patients were treated by embolisation); (iii) as a diagnostic tool, SA is indispensable when MRI can reveal vascular abnormalities; it also provides information about the vascularisation as well as the endovascular possibilities in extramedullary tumours. In contrast, SA was not useful for intramedullary tumours because the RMA preoperative localisation is not mandatory (posterior approach), and embolisation seemed ineffective. SA was also not useful for the diagnosis of myelopathy with normal MRI. In the future, angiograms and MR angiography of the spinal cord may be useful in order to avoid general anaesthesia for a diagnostic procedure, but not practical to obtain access for endovascular treatment. |
4 |
| 77. Hardacker JW, Shuford RF, Capicotto PN, Pryor PW. Radiographic standing cervical segmental alignment in adult volunteers without neck symptoms. Spine. 22(13):1472-80; discussion 1480, 1997 Jul 01. |
Observational-Dx |
100 patients |
To document and define cervical standing lateral alignment and balance in a volunteer population without cervical problems. |
Data were categorized into two age- and sex-matched groups. Group 1 had no cervical or lumbar symptoms. Group 2 had no cervical symptoms, but had lumbar symptoms. Mean total and segmental cervical alignment distributions were not statistically different between groups. Mean total cervical lordosis in stance for the entire group was -40.0 +/- 9.7 degrees. Thoracic and lumbar alignment were within previously reported measures and not statistically different between groups. Plumb line markers at C7 and sacral reference points were not statistically different between groups. Pearson correlations revealed that cervical sagittal plane alignment vaired inversely with thoracic alignment. Independent orthopedists noted cervical osteoarthritis was present in 17% of each group of volunteers with substantial kappa agreement (0.73) between observers. Intraobserver and interobserver reliability of sagittal alignment measures of 30 randomly remeasured radiographs revealed strong correlation between observations. |
2 |
| 78. Boruah DK, Prakash A, Gogoi BB, Yadav RR, Dhingani DD, Sarma B. The Importance of Flexion MRI in Hirayama Disease with Special Reference to Laminodural Space Measurements. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2018;39:974-80. |
Observational-Dx |
45 patients |
To study the utility of MR imaging in young patients presenting with weakness and wasting of the distal upper extremity and to evaluate the importance of the laminodural space during flexion cervical MR imaging. |
The mean age at recruitment was 22.8 ± 5.5 years. Forty patients (88.9%) had unilateral and 5 (11.1%) had bilateral upper extremity involvement. Cervical cord T2-weighted hyperintensities were demonstrated in 16 patients (35.6%), of which 15 (33.3%) had anterior horn cell hyperintensities. Flexion MR imaging showed loss of the posterior dural attachment, forward shifting of the posterior dural sac with postcontrast enhancement, and prominent posterior epidural venous plexus in all patients. The laminodural space at maximum forward shifting of the posterior dural sac ranged from 3 to 9.8 mm, with a mean distance of 5.99 mm (95% confidence interval, 5.42-6.57 mm). |
2 |
| 79. Reardon MA, Raghavan P, Carpenter-Bailey K, et al. Dorsal thoracic arachnoid web and the "scalpel sign": a distinct clinical-radiologic entity. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013;34:1104-10. |
Review/Other-Dx |
14 patients |
To describe the imaging studies of patients which demonstrated the scalpel sign. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 80. Schultz R, Jr., Steven A, Wessell A, et al. Differentiation of idiopathic spinal cord herniation from dorsal arachnoid webs on MRI and CT myelography. J Neurosurg Spine 2017;26:754-59. |
Review/Other-Dx |
11 patients |
To discuss the the differences between Dorsal arachnoid webs (DAWs) and idiopathic spinal cord herniation (SCH) on MRI and CT myelography to improve diagnostic confidence prior to surgery. |
The scalpel sign was positive in all patients with DAW. The dorsal indentation was C-shaped in 5 of 6 patients with SCH. The ventral subarachnoid space was preserved in all patients with DAW and interrupted in cases of SCH. In no patient was a web or a dural defect identified. CONCLUSIONS DAW and SCH can be reliably distinguished on imaging by scrutinizing the nature of the dorsal indentation and the integrity of the ventral subarachnoid space at the level of the cord deformity. |
4 |
| 81. Chen H, Pan J, Nisar M, et al. The value of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging in predicting postoperative recovery in patients with cervical spondylosis myelopathy: a meta-analysis. [Review]. Clinics (Sao Paulo, Brazil). 71(3):179-84, 2016 Mar. |
Meta-analysis |
10 studies (650 patients) |
To elucidate whether preoperative signal intensity changes could predict the surgical outcomes of patients with cervical spondylosis myelopathy on the basis of T1-weighted and T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging images. |
In total, 650 cervical spondylosis myelopathy patients with (+) or without (-) intramedullary signal changes on their T2-weighted images were examined. Weighted mean differences and 95% confidence intervals were used to summarize the data. Patients with focal and faint border changes in the intramedullary signal on T2 magnetic resonance imaging had similar Japanese Orthopaedic Association recovery ratios as those with no signal changes on the magnetic resonance imaging images of the spinal cord did. The surgical outcomes were poorer in the patients with both T2 intramedullary signal changes, especially when the signal changes were multisegmental and had a well-defined border and T1 intramedullary signal changes compared with those without intramedullary signal changes. Preoperative magnetic resonance imaging including T1 and T2 imaging can thus be used to predict postoperative recovery in cervical spondylosis myelopathy patients. |
Good |
| 82. Gbadamosi H, Mensah YB, Asiamah S. MRI features in the non-traumatic spinal cord injury patients presenting at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital, Accra. Ghana Med J. 52(3):127-132, 2018 Sep. |
Review/Other-Dx |
141 patients |
A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at the Korle Bu Teaching Hospital (KBTH), Accra, Ghana. |
Out of a total of 141 MRI's evaluated 60.3% were males and 39.7% female. The majority of the respondents 85.1% had paraparesis/paraplegia, 13.5% had quadriparesis/quadriplegia, 1.4% had weakness in one upper limb and both lower limbs. The commonest MRI features of NTSCI recorded was due to degenerative disease of the spine 75.9%, spinal metastases 5.7%, Pott's /pyogenic spondylitis 3.5%, demyelinating disease 2.8% and primary spinal tumours 2.8%. |
4 |
| 83. Keddie S, Adams A, Kelso ARC, et al. No laughing matter: subacute degeneration of the spinal cord due to nitrous oxide inhalation. J Neurol. 265(5):1089-1095, 2018 May. |
Review/Other-Dx |
10 patients |
To raise awareness of subacute degeneration of the spinal cord arising from recreational N2O use so that formal surveillance programs and public health interventions can be designed. |
Sensory disturbance in the lower (± upper) limbs was the commonest presenting feature, along with gait abnormalities and sensory ataxia. MRI imaging of the spine showed the characteristic features of dorsal column hyperintensity on T2 weighted sequences. Serum B12 levels may be normal because subacute degeneration of the spinal cord in this situation is triggered by functional rather than absolute B12 deficiency. |
4 |
| 84. Xiao CP, Ren CP, Cheng JL, et al. Conventional MRI for diagnosis of subacute combined degeneration (SCD) of the spinal cord due to vitamin B-12 deficiency. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr. 25(1):34-8, 2016. |
Review/Other-Dx |
36 patients |
To evaluate the use of conventional magnetic resonance examination in diagnosing spinal cord (SCD). |
Thirty-six patients were clinically confirmed and retrospectively analyzed; conventional spine MRIs were available for all patients and eight of them had contrast enhancement MRIs. 19 out of 36 patients showed abnormal signal intensity on T2 weighted images with a sensitivity of 52.8%, among which 18 in the posterior aspect of the spinal cord and 1 in the anterior horn of the thoracic spinal cord The spinal cord abnormalities were seen at the cervical spine in 12 patients (33.3%) and at the thoracic spine in the other 7 patients (19.4%). Axial T2-weighted images showed symmetric linear T2-hyperintensity as an "inverted V" at the cervical spinal cord in 5 patients, which has been reported as a typical sign of SCD. For patients with thoracic spinal cord abnormalities, the bilateral paired nodular T2-hyperintensity looked like "binoculars" at the thoracic spinal cord. Only one out of the eight patients showed slight enhancement after injection with contrast agent. All the 36 patients reported clinical improvement after appropriate vitamin B-12 treatment. The two follow-up spine MRIs showed a decreased extent of the lesion. Therefore, conventional MRI is useful in the diagnosis and management of SCD caused by vitamin B-12 deficiency. |
4 |
| 85. Khan M, Ambady P, Kimbrough D, et al. Radiation-Induced Myelitis: Initial and Follow-Up MRI and Clinical Features in Patients at a Single Tertiary Care Institution during 20 Years. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 39(8):1576-1581, 2018 08. |
Review/Other-Dx |
11 patients |
To review the clinical records and serial imaging was performed to identify subjects with documented myelitis and a history of prior radiation. |
Eleven patients fulfilled the inclusion criteria. All patients had longitudinally extensive cord involvement with homogeneous precontrast T1 hyperintense signal in the adjacent vertebrae, corresponding to the radiation field. T2 signal abnormalities involving the central two-thirds of the cord were seen in 6/11 patients (55%). The degree of cord expansion and contrast enhancement was variable but was seen in 6 (54%) and 5 (45%) patients, respectively. On follow-up, 2 patients developed cord atrophy, while complete resolution was noted in 1. Clinical improvement was noted in 5 patients, with symptom progression in 2 patients. Our results suggest that radiation myelitis is neither universally progressive nor permanent, and some radiographic and clinical improvement may occur. |
4 |
| 86. Dalmau J, Graus F. Antibody-Mediated Encephalitis. [Review]. N Engl J Med. 378(9):840-851, 2018 03 01. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To identify the antibody mediated encephalitis and how the disorders can be successfully treated. |
No results stated in the abstract |
4 |
| 87. Flanagan EP, Keegan BM. Paraneoplastic myelopathy. [Review]. Neurol Clin. 31(1):307-18, 2013 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
1 patient |
To discuss paraneoplastic myelopathy, |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 88. Krings T, Geibprasert S. Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(4):639-648. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the epidemiology, etiology, clinical and imaging features, and therapeutic approaches of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. |
Spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas are a rare but treatable cause of otherwise progressive paraplegia. The neuroradiologist plays a major role in the detection of these lesions and in their treatment, which should be aimed at occluding the proximal portion of the vein together with the distal arterial segment. Neurologic symptoms are unspecific; however, the MR imaging trias of cord edema, perimedullary vessels, and contrast enhancement of the cord in elderly men should lead to the diagnosis, which should be confirmed by selective DSA, preferably following guidance toward the fistula localization by contrast-enhanced MRA. |
4 |
| 89. Kralik SF, Murph D, Mehta P, O'Neill DP. Diagnosis of spinal dural arteriovenous fistula using 3D T2-weighted imaging. Neuroradiology. 59(10):997-1002, 2017 Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
21 patients |
To evaluate spinal MRIs without and with 3D T2W imaging among patients without and with spinal dural arteriovenous fistula (SDAVF) confirmed by spinal digital subtraction angiography (DSA). |
The 2D group consisted of 21 patients and the 3D group consisted of 16 patients. For both radiologists, the 2D group demonstrated a sensitivity of 100% and specificity of 100%. Interobserver agreement in the 2D group was perfect (k = 1.0). For both radiologists, the 3D group demonstrated sensitivity of 100.0% and specificity of 92.3%. Interobserver agreement in the 3D group was perfect (k = 1.0). While flow voids were considered more conspicuous, spinal cord signal abnormality was considered less conspicuous with 3D T2W SPACE compared with conventional 2D STIR sequence. |
4 |
| 90. Suh DC, Song Y, Park D, et al. New grading system for the clinical evaluation of patients with spinal vascular lesions. Neuroradiology. 60(10):1035-1041, 2018 Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
43 patients |
To discuss the new grading system fo rthe clinical evaluations of patients with spinal vascular lesions. |
Compared with other grading system, the PSMS system was more sensitively correlated with patient status and the results were easy to compare with previous clinical statuses during follow-up. The PSMS system also measured pain, which is commonly associated with spinal dural arteriovenous fistula and not precisely evaluated by other grading system. |
4 |
| 91. Zhou G, Li MH, Lu C, et al. Dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography for the localization of spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas at 3T. J Neuroradiol. 44(1):17-23, 2017 Feb. |
Observational-Dx |
15 patients |
To evaluate the accuracy of dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (DCE-MRA) in the precise location and demonstration of fistulous points in spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs). |
All 15 patients underwent DCE-MRA and DSA. DSA was unsuccessful in two patients due to technical difficulties. All cases were explored surgically, guided by the DCE-MRA. Surgery confirmed that 14 AVF sites were located in the thoracic spine, 5 in the lumbar spine, and 1 in the cervical spine. The origin of the fistulas and feeding arteries was accurately shown by DCE-MRA in 11 of the 15 patients. DCE-MRA also detected dilated perimedullary veins in all 15 patients. Overall, DCE-MRA facilitated DSA catheterization in 10 cases. In six patients, the artery of Adamkiewicz could be observed. In 15 out of 20 fistulas (75%), both readers agreed on the location on DCE-MRA images, and the ? coefficient of the interobserver agreement was 0.67 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.16-0.87). In 13 of 16 shunts (75%), the DCE-MRA consensus findings and DSA findings coincided. The intermodality agreement was 0.77 (95% CI: 0.35-0.92). |
2 |
| 92. Abul-Kasim K, Thurnher MM, McKeever P, Sundgren PC. Intradural spinal tumors: current classification and MRI features. [Review] [60 refs]. Neuroradiology. 50(4):301-14, 2008 Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the current classification, clinical symptoms, and MRI features of the more common intradural extramedullary and intramedullary neoplastic lesions. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 93. Arima H, Hasegawa T, Togawa D, et al. Feasibility of a novel diagnostic chart of intramedullary spinal cord tumors in magnetic resonance imaging. Spinal Cord 2014;52:769-73. |
Review/Other-Dx |
28 patients |
To investigate the accuracy of preoperative IMSCT diagnosis using our diagnostic chart of tumor-specific MR imaging findings. |
The accuracy of preoperative diagnosis was 89% (25/28 cases). Correct diagnoses were made in 100% of hemangioblastomas (12/12 cases), 90% of ependymomas (9/11 cases) and 100% of astrocytomas (4/4 cases). |
4 |
| 94. Kalayci M, Cagavi F, Gul S, Yenidunya S, Acikgoz B. Intramedullary spinal cord metastases: diagnosis and treatment - an illustrated review. [Review] [50 refs]. Acta Neurochirurgica. 146(12):1347-54; discussion 1354, 2004 Dec. |
Review/Other-Dx |
284 patients |
To review the previous reports and experience of a patient with an Intramedullary spinal cord metastases (ISCM) from a large cell lung cancer. |
We found 284 patients who had an Intramedullary spinal cord metastasis reported in English literature up to February 2004. 32 had been treated surgically. The mean survival in these patients was two times longer than in those treated by a conservative approach. Improvement and prolonged survival occurred in patient we treated by microsurgical dissection of the metastasis. |
4 |
| 95. Payer S, Mende KC, Westphal M, Eicker SO. Intramedullary spinal cord metastases: an increasingly common diagnosis. Neurosurgical Focus. 39(2):E15, 2015 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
22 patients |
To retrospectively analyze the experiences of 22 patients who were surgically treated for Intramedullary spinal cord metastases (ISCM) over a 22-year period. |
The most frequent histology was metastasis of lung cancer, followed by brain and breast cancers. The time span from primary cancer diagnosis to the development of symptomatic spinal metastases ranged from 0 to 285 months, with a mean interval of 38 months. The leading presenting sign was dysesthesia (77% of the population), followed by paresis (68%). Only 5 patients (23%) showed urinary retention. Initial performance status represented by the McCormick Scale was on average 2.47. Total or near-total removal was achieved in 87% of cases. Compared with the clinical status 1-2 days after surgery, there was an improvement in the McCormick Scale grade at the last follow-up from 2.47 to 2.12 (p = 0.009). Likewise, an improvement was detected when comparing the preoperative status with the last follow-up (from 2.45 to 2.12; p = 0.029). The mean survival time after surgery was 11.6 months. |
3 |
| 96. Samartzis D, Gillis CC, Shih P, O'Toole JE, Fessler RG. Intramedullary Spinal Cord Tumors: Part I-Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, and Diagnosis. [Review]. Global Spine Journal. 5(5):425-35, 2015 Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss Intramedullary spinal cord tumors (IMSCT) with regards to their epidemiology, histology, pathophysiology, imaging characteristics, and clinical manifestations. |
Numerous IMSCT exist with varying epidemiology. Each IMSCT has its own hallmark characteristics and may vary with regards to how aggressively they invade the spinal cord. These lesions are often difficult to detect and are often misdiagnosed. Furthermore, radiographically and clinically, these lesions may be difficult to distinguish from one another. |
4 |
| 97. Graber JJ, Nolan CP. Myelopathies in patients with cancer. [Review] [81 refs]. Archives of Neurology. 67(3):298-304, 2010 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the pathophysiology, clinical findings, diagnosis, and treatment of only some of the myelopathies that affect patients with cancer |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 98. Fujiwara Y, Manabe H, Harada T, Izumi B, Adachi N. Extraordinary positional cervical spinal cord compression in extension position as a rare cause of postoperative progressive myelopathy after cervical posterior laminoplasty detected using the extension/flexion positional CT myelography: one case after laminectomy following failure of a single-door laminoplasty/one case after double-door laminoplasty without interlaminar spacers. Eur Spine J 2017;26:170-77. |
Review/Other-Dx |
2 patients |
To report two cases in which symptomatic extraordinary positional spinal cord compression occurred after laminoplasties in this paper. |
The MRIs showed mild cord compression in the neutral position in both cases. However, the patients could not extend their necks, because it triggered severe neck pain and numbness. Therefore, the positional CT myelography (CTM) was taken in the flexion and extension positions, and it showed severe spinal cord compression only in the extension position. Posterior instrumented fusions were performed for both patients, which improved their symptoms. |
4 |
| 99. Kiyosue H, Matsumaru Y, Niimi Y, et al. Angiographic and Clinical Characteristics of Thoracolumbar Spinal Epidural and Dural Arteriovenous Fistulas. Stroke. 48(12):3215-3222, 2017 12. |
Review/Other-Dx |
168 patients |
To compare the angiographic and clinical characteristics of spinal epidural arteriovenous fistulas (SEAVFs) and spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs) of the thoracolumbar spine. |
The consensus diagnoses by the 6 readers were SDAVFs in 108 cases, SEAVFs in 59 cases, and paravertebral arteriovenous fistulas in 1 case. Twenty-nine of 59 cases (49%) of SEAVFs were incorrectly diagnosed as SDAVFs at the individual centers. The thoracic spine was involved in SDAVFs (87%) more often than SEAVFs (17%). Both types of arteriovenous fistulas were predominant in men (82% and 73%) and frequently showed progressive myelopathy (97% and 92%). A history of spinal injury/surgery was more frequently found in SEAVFs (36%) than in SDAVFs (12%; P=0.001). The shunt points of SDAVFs were medial to the medial interpedicle line in 77%, suggesting that SDAVFs commonly shunt to the bridging vein. All SEAVFs formed an epidural shunted pouch, which was frequently located in the ventral epidural space (88%) and drained into the perimedullary vein (75%), the paravertebral veins (10%), or both (15%). |
4 |
| 100. Yamaguchi S, Takemoto K, Takeda M, et al. The Position and Role of Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography Angiography in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Spinal Arteriovenous Fistulas. World Neurosurg. 103:611-619, 2017 Jul. |
Review/Other-Dx |
10 patients |
To discuss Imaging findings of 4D-CTA and digital subtraction angiography to validate the usefulness of 4D-CTA. |
In 9 of 10 cases, 4D-CTA accurately localized the AVF. The scan visualized direction of flow in the perimedullary veins in all cases. Regarding perimedullary AVFs, 4D-CTA showed dynamic images of feeding arteries, AVF, and perimedullary drainage. Information provided by 4D-CTA was beneficial as a reference in subsequent DSA. |
4 |
| 101. Sakai Y, Matsuyama Y, Imagama S, Ito Z, Wakao N, Ishiguro N. Clinical utility of multidetector row computed tomography for diagnosing spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas undiagnosed by magnetic resonance imaging. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2010;10:255-63. |
Review/Other-Dx |
2 patients |
To report patients who were not presented on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). |
No results state din the abstract. |
4 |
| 102. Yamaguchi S, Nagayama T, Eguchi K, Takeda M, Arita K, Kurisu K. Accuracy and pitfalls of multidetector-row computed tomography in detecting spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas. J Neurosurg Spine 2010;12:243-8. |
Observational-Dx |
10 patients |
To evaluate the accuracy of multidetector-row CT angiography (MDCTA) in demonstrating spinal dural arteriovenous fistulas (SDAVFs). |
Digital subtraction angiography confirmed that the AVFs were located in the thoracic spine in 4 patients and in the lumbar spine in 6 patients, and MDCTA detected dilated perimedullary veins in all 10 patients. In 8 patients, there was focal enhancement of the nerve root. The radicular vein that drains the AVF into the perimedullary veins was found in 8 cases. In 8 cases, the MDCTA-derived level and side of the AVF and its feeder corresponded with those shown by DSA. In 2 patients, however, the MDCTA-derived side of the feeder was on the side contralateral to the feeding artery confirmed by DSA. These lesions were interpreted as spinal epidural AVFs with perimedullary drainage. In 2 cases, MDCTA could not detect the multiplicity of their feeders. |
2 |
| 103. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction. Available at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Appropriateness-Criteria/RadiationDoseAssessmentIntro.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide evidence-based guidelines on exposure of patients to ionizing radiation. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
