| 1. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2018. CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 68(1):7-30, 2018 01. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States and compiles the most recent data. |
Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths that will occur in the United States and compiles the most recent data on cancer incidence, mortality, and survival. Incidence data, available through 2014, were collected by the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program; the National Program of Cancer Registries; and the North American Association of Central Cancer Registries. Mortality data, available through 2015, were collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. In 2018, 1,735,350 new cancer cases and 609,640 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Over the past decade of data, the cancer incidence rate (2005-2014) was stable in women and declined by approximately 2% annually in men, while the cancer death rate (2006-2015) declined by about 1.5% annually in both men and women. The combined cancer death rate dropped continuously from 1991 to 2015 by a total of 26%, translating to approximately 2,378,600 fewer cancer deaths than would have been expected if death rates had remained at their peak. Of the 10 leading causes of death, only cancer declined from 2014 to 2015. In 2015, the cancer death rate was 14% higher in non-Hispanic blacks (NHBs) than non-Hispanic whites (NHWs) overall (death rate ratio [DRR], 1.14; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.13-1.15), but the racial disparity was much larger for individuals aged <65 years (DRR, 1.31; 95% CI, 1.29-1.32) compared with those aged >/=65 years (DRR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.06-1.09) and varied substantially by state. For example, the cancer death rate was lower in NHBs than NHWs in Massachusetts for all ages and in New York for individuals aged >/=65 years, whereas for those aged <65 years, it was 3 times higher in NHBs in the District of Columbia (DRR, 2.89; 95% CI, 2.16-3.91) and about 50% higher in Wisconsin (DRR, 1.78; 95% CI, 1.56-2.02), Kansas (DRR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.25-1.81), Louisiana (DRR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.38-1.60), Illinois (DRR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.39-1.57), and California (DRR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.38-1.54). Larger racial inequalities in young and middle-aged adults probably partly reflect less access to high-quality health care. |
4 |
| 2. Berry DA, Cronin KA, Plevritis SK, et al. Effect of screening and adjuvant therapy on mortality from breast cancer. N Engl J Med. 2005;353(17):1784-1792. |
Review/Other-Tx |
7 groups |
To choose 7 groups to model the effect of screening and treatment on trends in the incidence of and rate of death from breast cancer. |
The proportion of the total reduction in the rate of death from breast cancer attributed to screening varied in the 7 models from 28% to 65% (median, 46%), with adjuvant treatment contributing the rest. The variability across models in the absolute contribution of screening was larger than it was for treatment, reflecting the greater uncertainty associated with estimating the benefit of screening. |
4 |
| 3. Onitilo AA, Engel JM, Liang H, et al. Mammography utilization: patient characteristics and breast cancer stage at diagnosis. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 201(5):1057-63, 2013 Nov. |
Observational-Dx |
1428 patients |
To identify patient characteristics associated with missed mammograms and to examine the association between missed mammograms and breast cancer stage at diagnosis. |
Regardless of age (median, 62.7 years), 1428 women who underwent mammography were more likely to have early-stage (stage 0–II) breast cancer at diagnosis than were those who did not undergo mammography (p < 0.001). Similarly, the number of mammographic examinations in the 5 years before diagnosis was inversely related to stage: 57.3% (94/164) of late-stage cancers were diagnosed in women missing their last five annual mammograms. In a multivariate analysis, family history of breast cancer was most predictive of undergoing mammography (odds ratio, 3.492; 95% CI, 2.616–4.662; p < 0.0001) followed by number of medical encounters (odds ratio, 1.022; 95% CI, 1.017–1.027; p < 0.0001). Time to travel to the nearest mammography center was also predictive of missing mammograms: Each additional minute of travel time decreased the odds of undergoing at least one mammographic examination in the 5 years before cancer diagnosis (odds ratio, 0.990; 95% CI, 0.986–0.993; p < 0.0001). |
3 |
| 4. Giuliano AE, Connolly JL, Edge SB, et al. Breast Cancer-Major changes in the American Joint Committee on Cancer eighth edition cancer staging manual. CA: a Cancer Journal for Clinicians. 67(4):290-303, 2017 07 08. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To summarize major changes in the guidelines for the staging of breast cancer and describe clinical implications for treatment decision making based on the eighth edition of the American Joint Committee on Cancer guidelines. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 5. Keating NL, Landrum MB, Guadagnoli E, Winer EP, Ayanian JZ. Surveillance testing among survivors of early-stage breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(9):1074-1081. |
Review/Other-Dx |
44,511 women |
To describe follow-up care for breast cancer survivors, examine how surveillance testing varies by the types of physicians seen, and assess changes in testing rates over time. |
Nearly half of breast cancer survivors saw a medical oncologist in surveillance year 1, but only 27% saw a medical oncologist annually for 3 years. In adjusted analyses, women seeing medical oncologists had more bone scans, tumor antigen testing, chest x-rays, and chest/abdominal imaging than other women (all P<.001). Nevertheless, rates of testing decreased over time (all P<.001). Rates of tumor antigen testing and chest x-rays decreased faster and chest/abdominal imaging increased slower among women seeing medical oncologists than among other women (all P<.05). |
4 |
| 6. Bychkovsky BL, Lin NU. Imaging in the evaluation and follow-up of early and advanced breast cancer: When, why, and how often?. [Review]. BREAST. 31:318-324, 2017 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss: 1) the optimal use of staging imaging in both early (Stage 0-II) and locally advanced (Stage III) breast cancer, 2) the role of surveillance imaging to detect recurrent disease in Stage 0-III breast cancer and 3) how patients with metastatic breast cancer should be followed with advanced imaging. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 7. Senkus E, Kyriakides S, Ohno S, et al. Primary breast cancer: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up. Annals of Oncology. 26 Suppl 5:v8-30, 2015 Sep. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
No abstract available. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 8. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Breast Cancer. Version 1.2018. Available at: http://www.nccn.org/professionals/physician_gls/pdf/breast.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
No abstract available. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 9. ABIM/ASCO Choosing Wisely. Imaging and tumor marker tests for breast cancer. When you need them—and when you don’t. Available at: http://www.choosingwisely.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Imaging-And-Tumor-Marker-Tests-ASCO.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
A fact sheet to explain when cancer experts recommend imaging tests and tumor marker tests- and when they do not. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 10. Lin NU, Thomssen C, Cardoso F, et al. International guidelines for management of metastatic breast cancer (MBC) from the European School of Oncology (ESO)-MBC Task Force: Surveillance, staging, and evaluation of patients with early-stage and metastatic breast cancer. BREAST. 22(3):203-10, 2013 Jun. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To summarize the final consensus of the European School of Oncology (ESO)- metastatic breast cancer (MBC) Task Force, update the available data, and discuss opportunities for further research. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 11. Ciatto S, Pacini P, Azzini V, et al. Preoperative staging of primary breast cancer. A multicentric study. Cancer. 1988;61(5):1038-1040. |
Observational-Dx |
3,627 patients stage I = 1,038 |
To assess the cost-effectiveness of preoperative imaging to detect distant metastases in breast cancer with chest radiographs (all 3,627), bone scans (2,450), bone radiographs (1,708), liver sonography (836), and liver scintigraphy (435). |
The detection rate of preclinical asymptomatic distant metastases depended on the T and N category (TNM classification system), and was very low (chest radiograph: 0.30%, bone radiograph: 0.64%, bone scintigraphy: 0.90%, liver sonography: 0.24%, liver scintigraphy: 0.23%). The sensitivity, determined after a 6-month follow-up, was below 0.50% for all tests. The highest value (0.48%) was recorded for bone scintigraphy, which also had the lowest specificity (0.95%). Study does not recommend preoperative staging, especially for stage I cases. |
4 |
| 12. Puglisi F, Follador A, Minisini AM, et al. Baseline staging tests after a new diagnosis of breast cancer: further evidence of their limited indications. Ann Oncol. 2005;16(2):263-266. |
Observational-Dx |
516 patients, stage I =236 of 412, bone scan; stage I=232 of 412 liver US; stage I=234 of 428 chest radiograph |
To determine the usefulness of bone scan, liver US, and chest radiograph in the staging of asymptomatic women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. Reviewed results for 516 consecutive patients. |
At baseline, BS was carried out in 412 patients, LUS in 412 patients and CXR in 428 patients. Thirty-three patients were correctly diagnosed by the initial staging investigations as having metastatic disease (true positive cases). BS detected skeletal metastases in 6.31% of patients, LUS detected liver metastases in 0.72% of patients and CXR detected lung metastases in 0.93% of patients. Before imaging tests, all patients with either LUS or CXR evidence of metastases were previously classified as having stage III disease. On the other hand, only 26.9% of bone metastases were detected in patients with stage III. Accordingly, the detection rate in stage III patients was 14%, 5.6% and 7.2%, respectively for BS, LUS and CXR. |
3 |
| 13. Morris PG, Lynch C, Feeney JN, et al. Integrated positron emission tomography/computed tomography may render bone scintigraphy unnecessary to investigate suspected metastatic breast cancer. J Clin Oncol. 28(19):3154-9, 2010 Jul 01. |
Observational-Dx |
163 patients |
Retrospective, single-institution study to compare the diagnostic performance of integrated PET/CT and bone scintigraphy in women with suspected metastatic breast cancer. |
Overall, PET/CT and bone scintigraphy were highly concordant for reporting osseous metastases with 132 paired studies (81%); 32 (20%) were positive, and 100 (61%) were negative. 31 occurrences (19%) were discordant. 12 of these (39%) had pathology confirming osseous metastases: 9/18 were PET/CT positive and bone scintigraphy negative; 1/3 was PET/CT positive and bone scintigraphy equivocal; and 2/2 were PET/CT equivocal and bone scintigraphy negative. This study supports the use of PET/CT in detecting osseous metastases for suspected metastatic breast cancer. Whether PET/CT may supplant bone scintigraphy in this setting is unknown. |
3 |
| 14. Hahn S, Heusner T, Kummel S, et al. Comparison of FDG-PET/CT and bone scintigraphy for detection of bone metastases in breast cancer. Acta Radiol. 52(9):1009-14, 2011 Nov 01. |
Observational-Dx |
29 women |
To compare whole-body FDG-PET/CT and bone scintigraphy for the detection of bone metastases on a lesion basis in breast cancer patients. |
A total of 132 lesions were detected on bone scintigraphy, FDG-PET/CT or both. According to the reference standard, 70/132 lesions (53%) were bone metastases, 59/132 lesions (45%) were benign, and three lesions (2%) remained unclear. The sensitivity of bone scintigraphy was 76% (53/70) compared to 96% (67/70) for FDG-PET/CT. The specificity of bone scintigraphy and FDG-PET/CT was 95% (56/59) and 92% (54/59), respectively. According to the reference standard bone metastases were present in eight out of the 29 patients (28%), whereas 20 patients (69%) were free of bone metastases. One (3%) patient had inconclusive readings on both modalities as well as on MRI and follow-up studies. Bone scintigraphy and FDG-PET/CT correctly identified 7/8 patients with bone metastases and 20/20 patients free of metastases. |
3 |
| 15. Withofs N, Grayet B, Tancredi T, et al. 18F-fluoride PET/CT for assessing bone involvement in prostate and breast cancers. Nucl Med Commun. 32(3):168-76, 2011 Mar. |
Observational-Dx |
34 patients |
To evaluate the accuracy of PET/CT to detect bone metastases in a breast and prostate cancer population, using MRI or thin-slice CT as a gold standard. |
Out of the 386 foci detected by PET/CT, 219 (56.7%) could be verified by CT or MRI. 86 additional foci were detected by bone scan (n = 46) or seen only by CT (n = 9), MRI (n = 23), or both CT and MRI (n = 8). The total number of verified lesions was therefore 274 (58.1%), including 119 (43.4%) benign and 155 (56.6%) bone metastases. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of PET/CT were 76%, 84.2%%, and 80%, respectively. For bone scan, they were 44.8%, 79.2%, and 60%, respectively. Sensitivity significantly decreased for the lytic lesions. The accuracy of PET/CT was significantly superior to bone scan for pelvic and lumbar lesions. PET/CT provided a correct diagnosis (M+/M0) in 32/33 patients (one false positive) compared with 28/33 with bone scan (4 false positive, 1 false positive). |
2 |
| 16. Caresia Aroztegui AP, Garcia Vicente AM, Alvarez Ruiz S, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT in breast cancer: Evidence-based recommendations in initial staging. [Review]. Tumour Biology. 39(10):1010428317728285, 2017 Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To summarize the evidence about the role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in breast cancer staging and the therapeutic and prognostic impact accumulated in the last decade. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 17. Brar HS, Sisley JF, Johnson RH, Jr. Value of preoperative bone and liver scans and alkaline phosphatase in the evaluation of breast cancer patients. Am J Surg. 1993;165(2):221-223; discussion 224. |
Observational-Dx |
133 bone scans, 63 liver scans, stage I = 21 |
Review results of 133 bone scans, 63 liver scans (CT, liver spleen radionuclide scan, or US) for preoperative staging of breast cancer (TNM classification) by assessing medical records at Medical College of Georgia, 1984-1990. |
Only 4/133 patients (3%) had positive bone scan that correlated with results of radiographs. Stage I = 0 positive. Only 1/63 patients had liver scan suggestive of possible metastases. In 103 with normal bone scans the majority (54%) had elevated alkaline phosphate levels; 9/30 patients (30%) with abnormal scans had normal alkaline phosphatase levels. 51/63 with elevated alkaline phoshatase levels had normal liver scans. Cost of scans=$74,000. |
3 |
| 18. Coleman RE, Rubens RD, Fogelman I. Reappraisal of the baseline bone scan in breast cancer. J Nucl Med. 1988; 29(6):1045-1049. |
Observational-Dx |
1,267 consecutive patients |
To assess the utility of bone scintigraphy in the staging of patients with breast carcinoma. |
In patients with tumors <2 cm, bone scintigraphy should not be acquired routinely. Bone scintigraphy is recommended as a baseline in all patients with stage 2, 3, or 4. |
3 |
| 19. Khansur T, Haick A, Patel B, Balducci L, Vance R, Thigpen T. Evaluation of bone scan as a screening work-up in primary and local-regional recurrence of breast cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 1987;10(2):167-170. |
Review/Other-Dx |
265 patients |
Review scans to determine usefulness of bone scans in staging patients with primary (265) and local-regional recurrence (39) of breast cancer. |
Zero of 92 stage I cases had positive bone scans. Suggests limiting scans to the highest risk groups (positive nodes). |
4 |
| 20. Kunkler IH, Merrick MV, Rodger A. Bone scintigraphy in breast cancer: a nine-year follow-up. Clin Radiol. 1985;36(3):279-282. |
Review/Other-Dx |
465 patients |
To determine value of bone scintigraphy in women with histologically confirmed breast carcinoma by stage in patients followed at least 2 years and up to 9 years. |
The incidence of significant scintigraphic abnormalities ranged from 1.5% in patients with T0 and T1 node negative tumours to 20.3% in T4 node positive tumours. Patients with scintigraphic evidence of metastases had a significantly shorter survival than those without; 13.6% of the patients with an abnormality considered to be significant on the criteria employed in this study failed to develop confirmatory evidence of skeletal metastases during the period of follow-up. |
4 |
| 21. McNeil BJ, Pace PD, Gray EB, Adelstein SJ, Wilson RE. Preoperative and follow-up bone scans in patients with primary carcinoma of the breast. Surg Gynecol Obstet. 1978;147(5):745-748. |
Observational-Dx |
153 patients stage I=37 |
To evaluate the role of preoperative and postoperative bone scans in patients with localized carcinoma of the breast. |
Median follow-up of patients was 18 months. No abnormal scans found in the patients with stage I disease (lesions <2 cm with negative nodes). Greater yield for higher stages. 7% with stage I disease converted to positive scans over time (compared to 25% for stage II and 58% for stage III). False positives are also a significant problem in these patients. |
3 |
| 22. Rosselli Del Turco M, Palli D, Cariddi A, Ciatto S, Pacini P, Distante V. Intensive diagnostic follow-up after treatment of primary breast cancer. A randomized trial. National Research Council Project on Breast Cancer follow-up. JAMA. 1994;271(20):1593-1597. |
Experimental-Dx |
1,243, stage I=56% |
To determine whether early detection of intrathoracic and bone metastases were effective in reducing breast cancer mortality. Clinical follow-up group (included physical examination and mammography) was compared with intensive follow-up group (added chest radiography and bone scan every 6 months). |
640 (52%) node negative. In total, 393 recurrences (104 local and 289 distant) occurred. Increased detection of intrathoracic and bone metastases was evident in intensive follow-up group. However, there was no difference in overall 5-year survival rates. Periodic intensive follow-up with chest radiography and bone scan not recommended as routine policy. |
1 |
| 23. Loprinzi CL. It is now the age to define the appropriate follow-up of primary breast cancer patients. J Clin Oncol. 1994;12(5):881-883. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Editorial to define the appropriate follow-up for patients with primary breast cancer. |
Recommends follow-up guidelines for stage I and II breast cancer patients. History and physical examination should be basis of follow-up. |
4 |
| 24. Ravaioli A, Pasini G, Polselli A, et al. Staging of breast cancer: new recommended standard procedure. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2002;72(1):53-60. |
Observational-Dx |
1,218 patients, stage I = 497 |
Review data from cases of breast cancer to determine value of preoperative bone scan, chest radiograph, liver US. |
True positive, false positive, and false negative for bone scan 4 (0.8%), 13 (2.6%), 0; for chest radiograph 0, 3 (0.6%), 0; for liver US 0, 2 (0.4%), 1 (0.2%). Conclude that only laboratory analysis indicated for initial staging. |
3 |
| 25. Vestergaard A, Herrstedt J, Thomsen HS, Dombernowsky P, Zedeler K. The value of yearly chest X-ray in patients with stage I breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol. 1989;25(4):687-689. |
Review/Other-Dx |
263 patients |
To determine the value of yearly chest radiograph in patients with stage 1 breast cancer. |
For 1,599 examinations performed, unsuspected malignant changes were observed in only 0.25% (4 patients). Study concludes that repeated chest radiographs in patients with stage I breast cancer are not necessary. |
4 |
| 26. Impact of follow-up testing on survival and health-related quality of life in breast cancer patients. A multicenter randomized controlled trial. The GIVIO Investigators. JAMA. 1994;271(20):1587-1592. |
Experimental-Dx |
1,320 women |
To determine effectiveness of intensive follow-up testing for breast cancer metastases. Multicenter study at 26 hospitals randomized women to “intensive surveillance” (annual bone scan, annual liver echography, biannual chest radiograph and lab tests) at predetermined intervals and “control regimen” (patients seen by physicians at same frequency but only clinically indicated tests performed). Also evaluated quality of life issues. |
Of the women in this study, 739 (56%) were node negative, equally randomized to the 2 groups. No significant differences were found in distant metastasis-free survival between the 2 groups; early detection group started treatment only 1-month earlier on the average. No evidence of benefit from intensive surveillance emerged within subsets of patients grouped by nodal status. Concluded no benefit from frequent diagnostic tests added to routine medical surveillance. Results of quality of life assessment indicate that type of follow-up does not affect various dimensions of quality of life: perception, emotional well-being, body image, social functioning, symptoms or satisfaction with care. On the other hand, this study did not show that frequent testing increased stress. |
1 |
| 27. Kim H, Han W, Moon HG, et al. The value of preoperative staging chest computed tomography to detect asymptomatic lung and liver metastasis in patients with primary breast carcinoma. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 126(3):637-41, 2011 Apr. |
Observational-Dx |
1,703 patients |
To investigate the clinical value of preoperative chest CT in detecting lung and liver metastases. |
Abnormal CT findings, including suspected metastases and indeterminate nodules in the lung or liver, were found in 266 patients (15.6%). Among these, 26 patients (1.5% of all patients and 9.8% of patients with abnormal CT findings) had true metastases, including 17 in the lungs, 3 in the liver, and 6 in both. True metastases were detected in 1 (0.2%), 0 (0%), and 24 (6.0%) patients with stage I, II, and III disease, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of chest CT were 100, 89.1, and 11.3%, respectively, for lung metastasis and 100, 97.6, and 18.4%, respectively, for liver metastasis. All true metastatic lung lesions were all small-sized nodules, ranging from 0.2 to 1.5 cm in largest diameter, and could not be detected on chest X-rays. In conclusion, our results demonstrate the lack of usefulness of routine preoperative chest CT in detecting asymptomatic liver and lung metastasis in patients with early breast cancer. Chest CT, however, upstaged 6.0% of stage III patients to stage IV. |
3 |
| 28. Patanaphan V, Salazar OM, Risco R. Breast cancer: metastatic patterns and their prognosis. South Med J. 1988;81(9):1109-1112. |
Review/Other-Dx |
145 patients |
To examine metastatic patterns and prognosis of breast cancer. |
Most common first site of distant spread was bone (51%), lung (17%), brain (16%), and liver (6%). The remaining 10% of patients had multiple metastatic sites. No correlation between time until relapse and survival after metastasis. Patients in whom distant metastases developed relatively soon after the initial diagnosis had the same post-metastatic prognosis as patients whose disease metastasized later. No correlation was found between age at initial diagnosis and metastasis-free interval or survival after metastasis. |
4 |
| 29. Ferrucci JT. Leo J. Rigler lecture. MR imaging of the liver. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 147(6):1103-16, 1986 Dec. |
Review/Other-Dx |
142 patients, 3 observers |
Review technical and clinical advances of MRI of the liver. Also, performed a blinded retrospective study to compare MRI with CT in 42 patients. |
MRI discovered 14% more individual metastases and 3% more patients with liver cancer than CT. MRI also showed greater specificity (98%) than CT (91%) in distinguishing patients without liver metastases. Study suggest MRI can be appropriate as a primary screening method for detecting liver neoplasms if optimal pulse sequences are used. |
4 |
| 30. Friedman ML, Esposito FS. Comparison of CT scanning and radionuclide imaging in liver disease. Crit Rev Diagn Imaging. 1980;14(2):143-189. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Review comparing CT scanning with radionuclide imaging in liver disease. |
For jaundiced patient, CT provides more specific information about the liver than radionuclide liver scan. For mass lesions of the liver, radionuclide scan is more sensitive than CT but less specific. |
4 |
| 31. Yeh HC, Rabinowitz JG. Ultrasonography and computed tomography of the liver. Radiol Clin North Am. 1980;18(2):321-338. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To compare US and CT in the evaluation of the liver. |
CT and US are recommended for the evaluation of the liver. CT and US have different physical principles, and therefore differences in techniques used and information provided. |
4 |
| 32. Myers RE, Johnston M, Pritchard K, Levine M, Oliver T. Baseline staging tests in primary breast cancer: a practice guideline. CMAJ. 2001;164(10):1439-1444. |
Review/Other-Dx |
5,407 bone scan patients; 1,625 liver US patients; 3,884 chest radiograph patients |
Review studies using bone scan, liver US, and chest radiograph for baseline staging in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer. |
9 studies performed between 1985 and 1995 of 5,407 women undergoing bone scan detected skeletal metastasis in 7/1,419 women with stage I disease (0.5%). Liver US and chest radiograph detected metastatic disease in 0% and 0.1% of women, respectively. Study does not recommend routine use of bone scan, liver US, or chest radiograph as part of baseline staging. |
4 |
| 33. Russell EJ, Geremia GK, Johnson CE, et al. Multiple cerebral metastases: detectability with Gd-DTPA-enhanced MR imaging. Radiology. 1987;165(3):609-617. |
Observational-Dx |
16 patients, 2 observers |
To determine if Gd-DTPA-enhanced MRI improves detection of multiple cerebral metastases. |
6/7 (86%) patients with multiple metastases, had at least one tumor nodule depicted by post-infusion MRI that was missed by one or both observers on review of pre-infusion images alone. Authors believe contrast enhancement improves detection of metastatic foci with MRI and that the findings indicate broader implications for the detection of multiple lesions from other causes. |
2 |
| 34. Weisberg LA. The computed tomographic findings in intracranial metastases due to breast carcinoma. Comput Radiol. 1986;10(6):297-306. |
Review/Other-Dx |
17 |
To review CT findings in intracranial metastases due to breast carcinoma. |
16 patients showed neurological abnormalities on examination; 1 patient had no abnormalities. CT showed evidence of basal parasellar lesions (3 cases), orbital lesions (2 cases), or cerebral hemispheric (intracerebral or subdural) lesions (11 cases). CT showed evidence of bone lesions in 8 cases and there were accompanying parasellar (3 cases), orbital (2 cases), and subdural lesions (3 cases). |
4 |
| 35. Khansur T, Haick A, Patel B, Balducci L, Vance R, Thigpen JT. Preoperative evaluation with radionuclide brain scanning and computerized axial tomography of the brain in patients with breast cancer. Am J Surg. 1988;155(2):232-234. |
Review/Other-Dx |
226 patients with breast cancer, 34 patients with loco regional recurrence 131 scans; stage I = 52 patients |
Review clinical and radiological findings to determine value of radionuclide brain scanning and CT of brain in the pretreatment evaluation of patients with primary and loco regional recurrence of breast cancer. |
For primary breast cancer, 4/131 radionuclide scans suggested calvarial metastasis, and the findings were confirmed with bone scans and skull radiographs. One of 95 CT scans of brain showed brain metastasis. For locoregional recurrence, the results of 2/23 radionuclide scans and 1/11 CT scans were positive. CT brain scans only useful in the presence of neurological signs. Not one case of brain metastases was found in the absence of neurological signs and symptoms. |
4 |
| 36. Tomasevic ZI, Rakocevic Z, Tomasevic ZM, et al. Incidence of brain metastases in early stage HER2 3+ breast cancer patients; is there a role for brain CT in asymptomatic patients?. J. Balk. Union Oncol.. 17(2):249-53, 2012 Apr-Jun. |
Review/Other-Dx |
258 patients |
To prospectively explore the incidence of BM during and after adjuvant trastuzumab administration in HER2 3+ early-breast carcinoma patients. |
85 patients (33%) underwent brain CT in the absence of central nervous system symptoms. The median number of trastuzumab cycles at the time of brain CT was 9 (range 4-18). There were no brain metastases detected by brain CT in these 85 asymptomatic patients. However, during a median follow up of 18 months 5/258 patients (1.93%) developed brain metastases, but only 2 (0.77%) while still receiving adjuvant trastuzumab. The median time from breast cancer diagnosis to brain metastases was 24 months (range 14-43). |
4 |
| 37. Brant-Zawadzki M. MR imaging of the brain. Radiology. 1988;166(1 Pt 1):1-10. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review clinical applications of MRI in the diagnosis of brain disorders. |
The greater sensitivity of MRI to pathologic alteration of cerebral tissues assures its replacement of CT as the first-line diagnostic imaging study for most patients with neurologic manifestations. |
4 |
| 38. Davis PC, Hudgins PA, Peterman SB, Hoffman JC, Jr. Diagnosis of cerebral metastases: double-dose delayed CT vs contrast-enhanced MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1991;12(2):293-300. |
Review/Other-Dx |
23 patients |
To compare double-dose delayed CT with contrast-enhanced MRI in the diagnosis of cerebral metastases. |
Contrast-enhanced MRI was better than double-dose delayed CT for lesion detection, anatomic localization of lesions, and differentiation of solitary vs multiple lesions. |
4 |
| 39. Khatcheressian JL, Wolff AC, Smith TJ, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology 2006 update of the breast cancer follow-up and management guidelines in the adjuvant setting. J Clin Oncol. 2006;24(31):5091-5097. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To update the 1999 American Society of Clinical Oncology guideline on breast cancer follow-up and management in the adjuvant setting. |
The evidence supports regular history, physical examination, and mammography as the cornerstone of appropriate breast cancer follow-up. All patients should have a careful history and physical examination performed by a physician experienced in the surveillance of cancer patients and in breast examination. Examinations should be performed every 3 to 6 months for the first 3 years, every 6 to 12 months for years 4 and 5, and annually thereafter. For those who have undergone breast-conserving surgery, a post-treatment mammogram should be obtained 1 year after the initial mammogram and at least 6 months after completion of radiation therapy. Thereafter, unless otherwise indicated, a yearly mammographic evaluation should be performed. Patients at high risk for familial breast cancer syndromes should be referred for genetic counseling. The use of CBCs, chemistry panels, bone scans, chest radiographs, liver US, CT scans, FDG-PET scanning, MRI, or tumor markers (carcinoembryonic antigen, CA 15-3, and CA 27.29) is not recommended for routine breast cancer follow-up in an otherwise asymptomatic patient with no specific findings on clinical examination. |
4 |
| 40. Rojas MP, Telaro E, Russo A, et al. Follow-up strategies for women treated for early breast cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005(1):CD001768. |
Review/Other-Dx |
3,055 patients, 2 observers |
Collate 4 randomized controlled trials to determine the effectiveness of different policies for follow-up for distant metastasis on mortality, morbidity, and quality of life for women with stage I, II, and III breast cancer. |
No difference in survival for women with intensive screening compared with those who had only clinical examination and mammography. Patient satisfaction was higher for women with follow-up by general practitioner. |
4 |
| 41. Muss HB, Tell GS, Case LD, Robertson P, Atwell BM. Perceptions of follow-up care in women with breast cancer. Am J Clin Oncol. 1991;14(1):55-59. |
Review/Other-Dx |
101 with breast cancer (48-localized 53-metastatic) |
To examine the perceptions of patients regarding follow-up examinations in women with breast cancer. |
Only a third of the patients recognized the value of history in detecting recurrence, and two-thirds felt the physical examination was helpful. Study recommends greater emphasis on history and physical examination. |
4 |
| 42. Loomer L, Brockschmidt JK, Muss HB, Saylor G. Postoperative follow-up of patients with early breast cancer. Patterns of care among clinical oncologists and a review of the literature. Cancer. 1991;67(1):55-60. |
Review/Other-Dx |
80 oncologists |
Review literature and conduct a survey among oncologists to determine strategies for follow-up care after primary treatment of early-stage breast cancer. |
Yearly mammograms were recommended by more than 95% of respondents. History and physical examination are cost-effective in detecting recurrence during follow-up. |
4 |
| 43. Grunfeld E, Hodgson DC, Del Giudice ME, Moineddin R. Population-based longitudinal study of follow-up care for breast cancer survivors. J Oncol Pract. 2010;6(4):174-181. |
Observational-Dx |
11,219 patients |
To describe the patterns of follow-up care provided to a population-based cohort of breast cancer survivors, and to assess factors associated with adherence to guidelines on follow-up care. |
Most women saw both oncologists and PCPs in each follow-up year. Approximately two thirds had surveillance mammograms in each follow-up year. Overall, two thirds had either fewer or greater than recommended oncology visits, one quarter had fewer than recommended surveillance mammograms, and half had greater than recommended surveillance imaging for metastatic disease. |
4 |
| 44. Carlson RW. Chapter 70: Surveillance of Patients Following Primary Therapy. In: Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK, eds. Disease of the Breast. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Book chapter. |
Book chapter. |
4 |
| 45. Buchholz TA, Hunt KK. Chapter 37: Breast-Conserving Therapy: Conventional Whole Breast Irradiation. In: Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK, eds. Disease of the Breast. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Book chapter. |
Book chapter. |
4 |
| 46. Clarke M, Collins R, Darby S, et al. Effects of radiotherapy and of differences in the extent of surgery for early breast cancer on local recurrence and 15-year survival: an overview of the randomised trials. Lancet. 2005;366(9503):2087-2106. |
Meta-analysis |
42,000 patients in 78 randomized studies |
To determine the variations in local treatment that affects the risk of LRR through a meta-analysis of previous studies. |
About three-quarters of the eventual LR risk occurred during the first 5-years. In the comparisons that involved little (<10%) difference in 5-year LR risk there was little difference in 15-year breast cancer mortality. Among the 25,000 women in the comparisons that involved substantial (>10%) differences, however, 5-year LR risks were 7% active vs 26% control (absolute reduction 19%), and 15-year breast cancer mortality risks were 44.6% vs 49.5%. Improved local control may lead to decrease in breast cancer-specific mortality. Avoidance of a LR in a conserved breast (after BCT and radiation) and avoidance of a LR elsewhere (ie, the chest wall or regional nodes) after mastectomy are of comparable relevance to 15 year breast cancer mortality. |
Good |
| 47. Golshan M. Chapter 36: Mastectomy. In: Harris JR, Lippman ME, Morrow M, Osborne CK, eds. Disease of the Breast. 4th ed. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2010. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Book chapter. |
Book chapter. |
4 |
| 48. Weinstein SP, Orel SG, Pinnamaneni N, et al. Mammographic appearance of recurrent breast cancer after breast conservation therapy. Acad Radiol. 15(2):240-4, 2008 Feb. |
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| 49. Arasu VA, Joe BN, Lvoff NM, et al. Benefit of semiannual ipsilateral mammographic surveillance following breast conservation therapy. Radiology. 264(2):371-7, 2012 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
2329 patients |
To compare cancer recurrence outcomes on the basis of compliant semiannual versus noncompliant annual ipsilateral mammographic surveillance following breast conservation therapy (BCT). |
Initially, a total of 10 750 post-BCT examinations among 2329 asymptomatic patients were identified. Excluding initial mammographic follow-up, there were 8234 examinations. Of these, 7169 examinations were semiannual with 94 recurrences detected and 1065 examinations were annual with 15 recurrences detected. There were no differences in demographic risk factors or biopsy rates. Recurrences identified at semiannual intervals were significantly less advanced than those identified at annual intervals (stage I vs stage II, P = .04; stage 0 + stage I vs stage II, P = .03). Nonsignificant findings associated with semiannual versus annual intervals included smaller tumor size (mean, 11.7 vs 15.3 mm; P = .15) and node negativity (98% vs 91%, P = .28). |
3 |
| 50. Lash TL, Fox MP, Buist DS, et al. Mammography surveillance and mortality in older breast cancer survivors. J Clin Oncol. 2007;25(21):3001-3006. |
Observational-Dx |
1,846 patients |
To estimate the effectiveness of surveillance mammography in a cohort of breast cancer survivors with complete ascertainment of surveillance mammograms and negligible losses to follow-up. |
178 women died of breast cancer during 5 years of follow-up. Each additional surveillance mammogram was associated with a 0.69-fold decrease in the odds of breast cancer mortality (95% CI, 0.52 to 0.92). The protective association was strongest among women with stage I disease, those who received mastectomy, and those in the oldest age group. |
4 |
| 51. Lash TL, Fox MP, Silliman RA. Reduced mortality rate associated with annual mammograms after breast cancer therapy. Breast J. 2006;12(1):2-6. |
Observational-Dx |
865 stage I or II breast cancer patients |
To assess the impact of annual mammography on all-cause mortality in breast cancer survivors by conducting a case-control analysis. |
The exposure variable was the number of mammograms received after completing primary therapy. Cases were decedents and we used risk-set sampling to match 8 controls to each case on follow-up time. The mortality rate declined with an increasing number of mammograms (P for trend=0.007). The age- and therapy-adjusted OR associating receipt of an additional mammogram, compared with receipt of no mammogram, equaled 0.77 (95% CI, 0.53–1.1). |
4 |
| 52. Paszat L, Sutradhar R, Grunfeld E, et al. Outcomes of surveillance mammography after treatment of primary breast cancer: a population-based case series. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2009;114(1):169-178. |
Review/Other-Dx |
12,279 women |
To ascertain outcomes of surveillance mammography following treatment of early stage unilateral primary breast cancer in a population based case series. |
Eligible women comprising 591/1,200 and 310/400 produced a combined case series of 901/1,600 (56.3%). Women with =1 episode(s) of surveillance mammography numbered 721/901 (80.0%). We confirmed 84 cancer recurrences within the ipsilateral conserved breast events among 584 women initially treated by lumpectomy (14.4%), and 49 contralateral primary breast cancer events among all 901 women in the study population (5.4%). Among women having =1 episode(s), the 25th percentile of observed follow-up was 1,631 days, the 50th, 4,287 days, and the 75th 5,011 days. Among women without any surveillance mammography, the 25th percentile of observed follow-up was 440 days, the 50th, 891 days, and the 75th, 1,849 days. HR for death due to breast cancer associated with =1 episode of surveillance mammography was 0.28 (95% CI, 0.22–0.37), adjusted for age, stage, type of surgery, adjuvant chemotherapy, and tamoxifen. Among 84/584 women with cancer recurrence within the ipsilateral conserved breast, unadjusted HR = 0.36 (95% CI, 0.13, 1.00) and among 49/901 women with contralateral primary breast cancer, unadjusted HR = 0.86 (0.20–3.77). |
4 |
| 53. Bernardi D, Ciatto S, Pellegrini M, et al. Application of breast tomosynthesis in screening: incremental effect on mammography acquisition and reading time. Br J Radiol. 2012;85(1020):e1174-1178. |
Observational-Dx |
10 cancers and 90 negative controls |
To supplement the paucity of information available on logistical aspects of the application of three-dimensional (3D) mammography in breast screening. |
Average acquisition time (measured from start of first-view breast positioning to compression release at completion of last view) for seven radiographers, based on 20 screening examinations, was longer for 2D+3D (4 min 3 s; range 3 min 53 s-4 min 18 s) than 2D mammography (3 min 13 s; range 3 min 0 s-3 min 26 s; p<0.01). Average radiologists' reading time per screening examination (three radiologists reading case-mix of 100 screens: 10 cancers, 90 controls) was longer for 2D+3D (77 s; range 60-90 s) than for 2D mammography (33 s; range 25-46 s; p<0.01). 2D+3D screen-reading was associated with detection of more cancers and with substantially fewer recalls than 2D mammography alone. |
2 |
| 54. Dang PA, Freer PE, Humphrey KL, Halpern EF, Rafferty EA. Addition of tomosynthesis to conventional digital mammography: effect on image interpretation time of screening examinations. Radiology. 2014;270(1):49-56. |
Observational-Dx |
3665 examinations (1502 combined and 2163 digital mammography) |
To determine the effect of implementing a screening tomosynthesis program on real-world clinical performance by quantifying differences between interpretation times for conventional screening mammography and combined tomosynthesis and mammography for multiple participating radiologists with a wide range of experience in a large academic center. |
The mean number of studies interpreted in hour was 23.8 +/- 0.55 (standard deviation) (range, 14.4-40.4) for combined tomosynthesis and mammography and 34.0 +/- 0.55 (range, 20.4-54.3) for digital mammography alone. A mean of 10.2 fewer studies were interpreted per hour during combined tomosynthesis and mammography compared with digital mammography sessions (P < .0001). The mean interpretation time was 2.8 minutes +/- 0.9 (range, 1.5-4.2 minutes) for combined tomosynthesis and mammography and 1.9 minutes +/- 0.6 (range, 1.1-3.0) for digital mammography; interpretation time with combined tomosynthesis and mammography was 0.9 minute longer (47% longer) compared with digital mammography alone (P < .0001). With the increase in years of breast imaging experience, the overall additional time required to read images from combined tomosynthesis and mammography examinations decreased (R(2) = 0.52, P = .03). |
2 |
| 55. Skaane P, Bandos AI, Eben EB, et al. Two-view digital breast tomosynthesis screening with synthetically reconstructed projection images: comparison with digital breast tomosynthesis with full-field digital mammographic images. Radiology. 271(3):655-63, 2014 Jun. |
Experimental-Tx |
24,901 examinations |
To compare the performance of two versions of reconstructed two-dimensional (2D) images in combination with digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) versus the performance of standard full-field digital mammography (FFDM) plus DBT. |
Cancer detection rates were 8.0, 7.4, 7.8, and 7.7 per 1000 screening examinations for FFDM plus DBT in period 1, initial reconstructed 2D images plus DBT in period 1, FFDM plus DBT in period 2, and current reconstructed 2D images plus DBT in period 2, respectively. False-positive scores were 5.3%, 4.6%, 4.6%, and 4.5%, respectively. Corresponding reader-adjusted paired comparisons of false-positive scores revealed significant differences for period 1 (P = .012) but not for period 2 (ratio = 0.99; 95% confidence interval: 0.88, 1.11; P = .85) |
1 |
| 56. Zuley ML, Guo B, Catullo VJ, et al. Comparison of two-dimensional synthesized mammograms versus original digital mammograms alone and in combination with tomosynthesis images. Radiology 2014;271:664-71. |
Observational-Dx |
123 patients |
To assess interpretation performance and radiation dose when two-dimensional synthesized mammography (SM) images versus standard full-field digital mammography (FFDM) images are used alone or in combination with digital breast tomosynthesis images. |
Probability of malignancy-based mean AUCs for SM and FFDM images alone was 0.894 and 0.889, respectively (difference, -0.005; 95% confidence interval [CI]: -0.062, 0.054; P = .85). Mean AUC for SM with tomosynthesis and FFDM with tomosynthesis was 0.916 and 0.939, respectively (difference, 0.023; 95% CI: -0.011, 0.057; P = .19). In terms of the reader-specific AUCs, five readers performed better with SM alone versus FFDM alone, and all eight readers performed better with combined FFDM and tomosynthesis (absolute differences from 0.003 to 0.052). Similar results were obtained by using a nonparametric analysis of forced BI-RADS ratings |
3 |
| 57. Brandt KR, Craig DA, Hoskins TL, et al. Can digital breast tomosynthesis replace conventional diagnostic mammography views for screening recalls without calcifications? A comparison study in a simulated clinical setting. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013;200:291-8. |
Observational-Dx |
146 women |
To evaluate digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) as an alternative to conventional diagnostic mammography in the workup of noncalcified findings recalled from screening mammography in a simulated clinical setting that incorporated comparison mammograms and breast ultrasound results. |
Agreement between DBT and diagnostic mammography BI-RADS categories was excellent for readers 1 and 2 (kappa = 0.91 and kappa = 0.84) and good for reader 3 (kappa = 0.68). For readers 1, 2, and 3, sensitivity and specificity of DBT for breast abnormalities were 100%, 100%, and 88% and 94%, 93%, and 89%, respectively. The clinical workup averaged three diagnostic views per abnormality and ultrasound was requested in 49% of the cases. DBT was adequate mammographic evaluation for 93-99% of the findings and ultrasound was requested in 33-55% of the cases. |
2 |
| 58. Gennaro G, Hendrick RE, Toledano A, et al. Combination of one-view digital breast tomosynthesis with one-view digital mammography versus standard two-view digital mammography: per lesion analysis. Eur Radiol. 2013;23(8):2087-2094. |
Observational-Dx |
463 breasts of 250 patients |
To evaluate the clinical value of combining one-view mammography (cranio-caudal, CC) with the complementary view tomosynthesis (mediolateral-oblique, MLO) in comparison to standard two-view mammography (MX) in terms of both lesion detection and characterization. |
The 463 cases (breasts) reviewed included 258 with one to three lesions each, and 205 with no lesions. The 258 cases with lesions included 77 cancers in 68 breasts and 271 benign lesions to give a total of 348 proven lesions. The combination, DBT(MLO)+MX(CC), was superior to MX (CC+MLO) in both lesion detection (LDF) and lesion characterization (LCF) overall and for benign lesions. DBT(MLO)+MX(CC) was non-inferior to two-view MX for malignant lesions. |
2 |
| 59. Waldherr C, Cerny P, Altermatt HJ, et al. Value of one-view breast tomosynthesis versus two-view mammography in diagnostic workup of women with clinical signs and symptoms and in women recalled from screening. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013;200:226-31. |
Observational-Dx |
144 women |
To compare the diagnostic value of one-view digital breast tomosynthesis versus two-view full-field digital mammography (FFDM) alone, and versus a combined reading of both modalities. |
Eighty-six of the 144 patients were found to have breast cancer. The BI-RADS categories for one-view digital breast tomosynthesis were significantly better than those for two-view FFDM (p < 0.001) and were equal to those of the combined reading in both women admitted for diagnostic workup and women recalled from screening. The sensitivity and negative predictive values of digital breast tomosynthesis were superior to those of FFDM in fatty and dense breasts overall and in women admitted for diagnostic workup and in women recalled from screening. Only 11% of digital breast tomosynthesis examinations required additional imaging, compared with 23% of FFDMs. |
3 |
| 60. Yang TL, Liang HL, Chou CP, Huang JS, Pan HB. The adjunctive digital breast tomosynthesis in diagnosis of breast cancer. Biomed Res Int. 2013;2013:597253. |
Observational-Dx |
59 breasts of 57 patients. |
To compare the diagnostic performance of digital breast tomosynthesis (DBT) and digital mammography (DM) for breast cancers. |
A total of 59 breast cancers were reviewed, including 17 (28.8%) mass lesions, 12 (20.3%) focal asymmetry/density, 6 (10.2%) architecture distortion, 23 (39.0%) calcifications, and 1 (1.7%) intracystic tumor. Combo DBT was perceived to be more informative in 58.8% mass lesions, 83.3% density, 94.4% architecture distortion, and only 11.6% calcifications. As to the forced BIRADS score, 84.4% BIRADS 0 on DM was upgraded to BIRADS 4 or 5 on DBT, whereas only 27.3% BIRADS 4A on DM was upgraded on DBT, as BIRADS 4A lesions were mostly calcifications. A significant P value (<0.001) between the BIRADS category and index lesions was noted |
3 |
| 61. Parmar AD, Sheffield KM, Vargas GM, Han Y, Chao C, Riall TS. Quality of post-treatment surveillance of early stage breast cancer in Texas. Surgery. 154(2):214-25, 2013 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
8598 patients |
To assess current adherence to evidence-based guidelines for post-treatment surveillance in older women following curative-intent treatment of breast cancer |
We identified 8,598 patients with resected DCIS (37.3%) or invasive ductal cancer (62.7%). Breast-conserving therapy (BCT) was performed in 58.7%. Only 55.3% saw a physician twice a year for two years and underwent annual mammography for two consecutive years in the surveillance period. Mammography use decreased from 81.0% in 2001 to 75.2% in 2007 (p<0.0001), and breast MRI use rose from 0.5% to 7.0% (p<0.0001). For asymptomatic patients, the use of CT/MRI of the abdomen, chest, and head was 26.5%, 22.9%, and 22.0%, and this slightly increased during the study period. There was a significant increase in PET/PET CT use, from 1.9% in 2001 to 8.9% in 2007 (p<0.0001). There was a concomitant decrease in bone scan use from 20.8% in 2001 to 13.0% in 2007 (p<0.0001). |
3 |
| 62. Quinn EM, Coveney AP, Redmond HP. Use of magnetic resonance imaging in detection of breast cancer recurrence: a systematic review. [Review]. Annals of Surgical Oncology. 19(9):3035-41, 2012 Sep. |
Review/Other-Dx |
10 studies |
To perform systematic review on use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in investigation of suspected breast cancer recurrence. |
In total 494 patients were assessed across 10 studies; all were case series. Sensitivity of MRI for detection of recurrence ranged 75-100 %, while specificity ranged 66.6-100 %. Both sensitivity and specificity increased when MRI was performed after a longer time interval from the original surgery, although the longest follow-up reported was only 36 months. A negative MRI can avoid the need for further biopsy. |
4 |
| 63. Saslow D, Boetes C, Burke W, et al. American Cancer Society guidelines for breast screening with MRI as an adjunct to mammography. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57(2):75-89. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide new evidence on breast MRI screening guidelines for the early detection of breast cancer in women. |
A guideline panel has reviewed this evidence and developed new recommendations for women at different defined levels of risk. Screening MRI is recommended for women with an approximately 20%–25% or greater lifetime risk of breast cancer, including women with a strong family history of breast or ovarian cancer and women who were treated for Hodgkin disease. There are several risk subgroups for which the available data are insufficient to recommend for or against screening, including women with a personal history of breast cancer, carcinoma in situ, atypical hyperplasia, and extremely dense breasts on mammography. |
4 |
| 64. Brennan S, Liberman L, Dershaw DD, Morris E. Breast MRI screening of women with a personal history of breast cancer. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;195(2):510-516. |
Observational-Dx |
144 women |
To determine the cancer detection and biopsy rate among women who have breast MRI screening solely on the basis of a personal history of breast cancer. |
Of 144 women, 44 (31% [95% CI, 15%–29%]) underwent biopsies prompted by MRI examination. Biopsies revealed malignancies in 17 women (12% [95% CI, 7%–18%]) and benign findings only in 27 women (19% [95% CI, 13%–26%]). Of the 17 women in whom cancer was detected, 7 also had benign biopsy results. In total, 18 malignancies were found. One woman had 2 metachronous cancers. MRI screening resulted in a total of 61 biopsies, with a positive predictive value of 39% (95% CI, 27%–53%). The malignancies found included 17 carcinomas and 1 myxoid liposarcoma. Of the 17 cancers, 12 (71%) were invasive, 5 (29%) were DCIS, and 10 (59%) were minimal breast cancers. Of 17 cancers, 10 were detected by MRI only. The 10 cancers detected by MRI only, vs 7 cancers later found by other means, were more likely to be DCIS (4/10 [40%] vs 1/7 [14%]; P=0.25) or minimal breast cancers (7/10 [70%] vs 3/7 [43%]; P=0.26). |
3 |
| 65. Cho N, Han W, Han BK, et al. Breast Cancer Screening With Mammography Plus Ultrasonography or Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Women 50 Years or Younger at Diagnosis and Treated With Breast Conservation Therapy. JAMA Oncol. 3(11):1495-1502, 2017 Nov 01. |
Observational-Dx |
754 women 50 years or younger at initial diagnosis and who had undergone breast conservation therapy for breast cancer |
To prospectively determine the cancer yield and tumor characteristics of combined mammography with MRI or ultrasonography screening in women who underwent breast conservation therapy for breast cancers and who were 50 years or younger at initial diagnosis. |
A total of 754 women underwent 2065 mammograms, ultrasonography, and MRI screenings. Seventeen cancers were diagnosed, and most of the detected cancers (13 of 17 [76%]) were stage 0 or stage 1. Overall cancer detection rate (8.2 vs 4.4 per 1000; P = .003) or sensitivity (100% vs 53%; P = .01) of mammography with MRI was higher than that of mammography alone. After the addition of ultrasonography, the cancer detection rate was higher than that by mammography alone (6.8 vs 4.4 per 1000; P = .03). The specificity of mammography with MRI or ultrasonography was lower than that by mammography alone (87% or 88% vs 96%; P < .001). No interval cancer was found. |
3 |
| 66. Monticciolo DL, Newell MS, Moy L, Niell B, Monsees B, Sickles EA. Breast Cancer Screening in Women at Higher-Than-Average Risk: Recommendations From the ACR. Journal of the American College of Radiology. 15(3 Pt A):408-414, 2018 03. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide recommendations for breast cancer screening in women at higher-than-average-risk. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 67. Mainiero MB, Moy L, Baron P, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Breast Cancer Screening. J Am Coll Radiol 2017;14:S383-S90. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for breast cancer screening. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 68. Berg WA, Blume JD, Cormack JB, et al. Combined screening with ultrasound and mammography vs mammography alone in women at elevated risk of breast cancer. JAMA. 2008;299(18):2151-2163. |
Experimental-Dx |
2725 women |
Prospective, multicenter trial to compare the diagnostic yield, defined as the proportion of women with positive screen test results and positive reference standard, and performance of screening with US plus mammography vs mammography alone in women at elevated risk of breast cancer. |
40 participants (41 breasts) were diagnosed with cancer: 8 suspicious on both US and mammography, 12 on US alone, 12 on mammography alone, and 8 participants (9 breasts) on neither. The diagnostic yield for mammography was 7.6 per 1000 women screened (20 of 2637) and increased to 11.8 per 1000 (31 of 2637) for combined mammography plus US; the supplemental yield was 4.2 per 1000 women screened (95% CI, 1.1-7.2 per 1000; P = .003 that supplemental yield is 0). The diagnostic accuracy for mammography was 0.78 (95% CI, 0.67-0.87) and increased to 0.91 (95% CI, 0.84-0.96) for mammography plus ultrasound (P = .003 that difference is 0). Of 12 supplemental cancers detected by ultrasound alone, 11 (92%) were invasive with a median size of 10 mm (range, 5-40 mm; mean [SE], 12.6 [3.0] mm) and 8 of the 9 lesions (89%) reported had negative nodes. The positive predictive value of biopsy recommendation after full diagnostic workup was 19 of 84 for mammography (22.6%; 95% CI, 14.2%-33%), 21 of 235 for ultrasound (8.9%, 95% CI, 5.6%-13.3%), and 31 of 276 for combined mammography plus ultrasound (11.2%; 95% CI. 7.8%-15.6%). Adding a single screening US to mammography will yield an additional 1.1 to 7.2 cancers per 1000 high-risk women, but it will also substantially increase the number of false positives. |
1 |
| 69. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction. Available at: https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/americancoldf5f-acrorgf92a-productioncb02-3650/media/ACR/Files/Clinical/Appropriateness-Criteria/ACR-Appropriateness-Criteria-Radiation-Dose-Assessment-Introduction.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide evidence-based guidelines on exposure of patients to ionizing radiation. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
