| 1. Angeles Fernandez-Gil M, Palacios-Bote R, Leo-Barahona M, Mora-Encinas JP. Anatomy of the brainstem: a gaze into the stem of life. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2010;31:196-219. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To fulfill the need for a succinct but comprehensible overall perspective ofclinically relevant neuroanatomy of the brainstem by provid-ing the necessary details to approach clinical situations inneurology. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 2. Soldatos T, Batra K, Blitz AM, Chhabra A. Lower cranial nerves. [Review]. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 24(1):35-47, 2014 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide clinical, anatomic, and radiological information on lower (7th to 12th) cranial nerves, along with high-resolution magnetic resonance images as a guide for optimal imaging technique, so as to improve the diagnosis of cranial neuropathy. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 3. Joo W, Yoshioka F, Funaki T, Mizokami K, Rhoton AL, Jr. Microsurgical anatomy of the trigeminal nerve. Clin Anat 2014;27:61-88. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review surgical anatomy of the trigeminal nerve. We also demonstrate some pictures involving the trigeminal nerve and its surrounding connective and neurovascular structures. Ten adult cadaveric heads were studied, using a magnification ranging from 3× to 40×, after perfusion of the arteries and veins with colored latex |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 4. Lopez-Elizalde R, Campero A, Sanchez-Delgadillo T, Lemus-Rodriguez Y, Lopez-Gonzalez MI, Godinez-Rubi M. Anatomy of the olfactory nerve: A comprehensive review with cadaveric dissection. Clin Anat 2018;31:109-17. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe the functional and microsurgical anatomy of the olfactory nerves, illustrated with pictures of simulations based on cadaveric dissections and original illustrations of the central connections of the olfactory pathway. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 5. Blitz AM, Choudhri AF, Chonka ZD, et al. Anatomic considerations, nomenclature, and advanced cross-sectional imaging techniques for visualization of the cranial nerve segments by MR imaging. [Review]. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 24(1):1-15, 2014 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To propose a segmental classification and corresponding nomenclature for imaging evaluation of the cranial nerves and reviews technical considerations and applicable literature |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 6. Rhoton AL, Jr. Jugular foramen. Neurosurgery 2000;47:S267-85. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the jugular foramen. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 7. El-Khouly H, Fernandez-Miranda J, Rhoton AL, Jr. Blood supply of the facial nerve in the middle fossa: the petrosal artery. Neurosurgery 2008;62:ONS297-303; discussion ONS03-4. |
Review/Other-Dx |
25 patients |
To define the arterial supply to the facial nerve that crosses the floor of the middle cranial fossa. |
The petrosal branch of the middle meningeal artery is the sole source of supply that crossed the floor of the middle fossa to irrigate the facial nerve. The petrosal artery usually arises from the first 10-mm segment of the middle meningeal artery after it passes through the foramen spinosum, but it can arise within or just below the foramen spinosum. The petrosal artery is commonly partially or completely hidden in the bone below the middle fossa floor. It most commonly reaches the facial nerve by passing through the bone enclosing the geniculate ganglion and tympanic segment of the nerve and less commonly by passing through the hiatus of the greater petrosal nerve. The petrosal artery frequently gives rise to a branch to the trigeminal nerve. The middle meningeal artery was absent in one of the 25 middle fossae, and a petrosal artery could not be identified in four middle fossae. The petrosal arteries were divided into three types based on their pattern of supply to the facial nerve. |
4 |
| 8. Campero A, Campero AA, Martins C, Yasuda A, Rhoton AL, Jr. Surgical anatomy of the dural walls of the cavernous sinus. J Clin Neurosci 2010;17:746-50. |
Observational-Dx |
42 adults |
To describe the anatomy of the dural walls of the CS. We studied 42 adult cadaveric heads, fixed with formalin and injected with coloured silicon. |
The main findings were: (i) the lateral wall of the CS has two layers - the external, which is thick and pearly grey, and the internal, which is semi-transparent and containing the cranial nerves (CNs); (ii) the medial wall of the CS has two areas - sellar and sphenoidal, both made up of one dural layer only; and (iii) the superior wall of the CS is formed by three triangles - oculomotor, clinoid and carotid - CN III may be found in a cisternal space of the oculomotor triangle; and (iv) the posterior wall of the CS is made up of two dural layers - meningeal dura and periostic dura - and this wall is close to the vertical segment of CN VI. |
4 |
| 9. Joo W, Funaki T, Yoshioka F, Rhoton AL, Jr. Microsurgical anatomy of the infratemporal fossa. Clin Anat 2013;26:455-69. |
Observational-Dx |
20 infratemporal fossa |
To clearly and precisely describe the topography and contents of the infratemporal fossa. Ten formalin-fixed, adult cadaveric specimens were studied. |
No results stated in the abstract |
4 |
| 10. Takemura Y, Inoue T, Morishita T, Rhoton AL, Jr. Comparison of microscopic and endoscopic approaches to the cerebellopontine angle. World Neurosurg 2014;82:427-41. |
Review/Other-Dx |
11 patients |
To examine the efficacy of the endoscope as an adjunct to the operating microscope in defining the surgical anatomy of the cerebellopontine angle (CPA). |
The microscope provided satisfactory views of the posterior surface of the neural and vascular structures in the central part of the CPA cistern. The endoscope provided superior views of the nerves' junction with the brainstem, their dural exit, and their vascular relationships. The endoscope also provided superior views of the individual segments of the cerebellar arteries. |
4 |
| 11. Yagmurlu K, Rhoton AL, Jr., Tanriover N, Bennett JA. Three-dimensional microsurgical anatomy and the safe entry zones of the brainstem. Neurosurgery 2014;10 Suppl 4:602-19; discussion 19-20. |
Observational-Dx |
15 formalin and alcohol-fixed human brainstems |
To examine the 3-D internal architecture and relationships of the proposed safe entry zones into the midbrain, pons, and medulla. |
The safest approach for lesions located below the surface is usually the shortest and most direct route. Previous studies have often focused on surface structures. In this study, the deeper structures that may be at risk in each of the proposed safe entry zones plus the borders of each entry zone were defined. This study includes an examination of the relationships of the cerebellar peduncles, long tracts, intra-axial segments of the cranial nerves, and important nuclei of the brainstem to the proposed safe entry zones. |
4 |
| 12. Eduardo Corrales C, Mudry A, Jackler RK. Perpetuation of errors in illustrations of cranial nerve anatomy. J Neurosurg 2017;127:192-98. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the perpetuation of errors in illustrations of cranial nerve anatomy. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 13. Iwanaga J, Fisahn C, Alonso F, et al. Microsurgical Anatomy of the Hypoglossal and C1 Nerves: Description of a Previously Undescribed Branch to the Atlanto-Occipital Joint. World Neurosurg 2017;100:590-93. |
Review/Other-Dx |
6 patients |
To investigate these small branches of the hypoglossal and first cervical nerves by anatomic dissection. |
A small branch was found to always arise from the dorsal aspect of the hypoglossal nerve at the level of the transverse process of the atlas and joined small branches from the first and second cervical nerves. The hypoglossal and C1 nerves formed a nerve plexus, which gave rise to branches to the rectus capitis anterior and rectus capitis lateralis muscles and the atlanto-occipital joint. |
4 |
| 14. FIPAT. Terminologia Anatomica. 2nd ed. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada: Federative International Programme for Anatomical Terminology; 2019. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the anatomical terminologies |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 15. Casselman J, Mermuys K, Delanote J, Ghekiere J, Coenegrachts K. MRI of the cranial nerves--more than meets the eye: technical considerations and advanced anatomy. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2008; 18(2):197-231, preceding x. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Review MRI of the CN with emphasis on less known or more advanced extra-axial anatomy illustrated with high-resolution MRI. |
MRI is the recommended modality for cranial neuropathy. Nerves can be visualized in detail on MR. |
4 |
| 16. Kennedy TA, Corey AS, Policeni B, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Orbits Vision and Visual Loss. J Am Coll Radiol 2018;15:S116-S31. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for orbits, vision and visual loss. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 17. Sharma A, Kirsch CFE, Aulino JM, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Hearing Loss and/or Vertigo. J Am Coll Radiol 2018;15:S321-S31. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for hearing loss and/or vertigo. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 18. Carroll CG, Campbell WW. Multiple cranial neuropathies. Semin Neurol 2009;29:53-65. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide the reader with an overview of those extramedullary conditions that have a predilection for causing multiple cranial nerve palsies. |
The patient presenting with multiple cranial nerve palsies remains a formidable challenge to any physician evaluating this clinical presentation. The differential diagnosis is extensive and the workup can be daunting with expensive and invasive tests. The stakes can be very high with progressive accumulation of significant neurologic disability. The evaluation requires a systematic yet targeted approach guided by clinical history and examination. Although many of the causes have specific therapies, the evaluation often leads to a dead end requiring individual clinical discretion to decide on the best possible empiric therapy. |
4 |
| 19. Chu J, Zhou Z, Hong G, et al. High-resolution MRI of the intraparotid facial nerve based on a microsurface coil and a 3D reversed fast imaging with steady-state precession DWI sequence at 3T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2013;34:1643-8. |
Observational-Dx |
21 patients |
To explore the clinical value of using a surface coil combined with a 3D-PSIF-DWI sequence in intraparotid facial nerve imaging. |
The display rates of the main trunk, divisions (cervicofacial, temporofacial), and secondary branches of the intraparotid facial nerve were 100%, 97.6%, and 51.4% by head coil and 100%, 100%, and 83.8% by surface coil, respectively. The display rate of secondary branches of the intraparotid facial nerve by these 2 methods was significantly different (P < .05). The SIRs of the intraparotid facial nerve/parotid gland in these 2 methods were significantly different (P < .05) at 1.37 ± 1.06 and 1.89 ± 0.87, respectively. |
2 |
| 20. Zhao Y, Yang B. Value of Visualization of the Intraparotid Facial Nerve and Parotid Duct Using a Micro Surface Coil and Three-Dimensional Reversed Fast Imaging With Steady-State Precession and Diffusion-Weighted Imaging Sequence. J Craniofac Surg. 29(8):e754-e757, 2018 Nov. |
Observational-Dx |
24 patients |
To explore the value of micro surface coil combined with three-dimensional reversed fast imaging with steady-state precession and diffusion-weighted imaging (3D-PSIF-DWI) in displaying intraparotid facial nerves and parotid ducts. |
In total 24 volunteers successfully underwent MRI scan of parotid glands. On 3D-PSIF-DWI images, the parotid gland showed slightly low signal intensity, muscle tissues showed intermediate intensity, while the vessels showed slightly high or equal intensity; the parotid segment of facial nerves was displayed as a tortuous line-like high intensity, and the parotid duct showed curved high intensity, lymph nodes showed kidney-shaped, oval, or spindle-shaped high intensity. The subjective scores for head and neck coil and small coil images were (2.2 ± 0.7) and (1.5 ± 0.3) respectively, with significant difference (Z = -2.714, P = 0.007), and image quality of micro surface coils was better than that of head and neck coil. The SIRNs of head and neck coil and micro surface coil images were 1.6 ± 0.5 and 2.2 ± 1.1 respectively; the SIRDs were 2.0 ± 0.6 and 2.8 ± 1.4 respectively, which showed significant differences (t = 3.440, 3.639 respectively, P value was 0.001, 0.001 respectively). All facial nerve trunks could be displayed by head and neck coils and micro surface coils. On head and neck coil images, 46 sides of temporofacial division, 47 sides of cervicofacial division, 21 sides of temporal branches, 22 sides of zygomatic branches, 29 sides of buccal branches, 30 sides of marginal mandibular branches, 32 sides of cervical branches, and 28 sides of the parotid duct could be displayed. On micro coil images, 48 sides of temporofacial division, 48 sides of cervicofacial division, 37 sides of temporal branches, 39 sides of zygomatic branches, 42 sides of buccal branches, 35 sides of marginal mandibular branches, 46 sides of cervical branches, and 28 sides of the parotid duct could be displayed. The display number of first branches of the intraparotid facial nerve by these 2 methods had no significant difference, the number of the secondary branches and parotid duct had significant differences. |
2 |
| 21. Casselman JW, Kuhweide R, Deimling M, Ampe W, Dehaene I, Meeus L. Constructive interference in steady state-3DFT MR imaging of the inner ear and cerebellopontine angle. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 1993; 14(1):47-57. |
Observational-Dx |
60 patients; 50 normal and 10 pathologic inner ears |
Studied normal and pathologic inner ears to assess the value of a 3D Fourier transformation MR technique “CISS” in imaging the inner ear. |
CN VII and the cochlear, superior vestibular, and inferior vestibular branch of CN VIII were identified in 90%, 94%, 80%, and 88% of the cases, respectively. Detailed study of the normal and pathologic inner ear is possible with CISS. CISS may be very useful in the demonstration of the vascular loop. |
3 |
| 22. Yousry I, Camelio S, Schmid UD, et al. Visualization of cranial nerves I-XII: value of 3D CISS and T2-weighted FSE sequences. Eur Radiol 2000;10:1061-7. |
Observational-Dx |
20 patients |
To evaluate the sensitivity of the three-dimensional constructive interference of steady state (3D CISS) sequence (slice thickness 0.7 mm) and that of the T2-weighted fast spin echo (T2-weighted FSE) sequence (slice thickness 3 mm) for the visualization of all cranial nerves in their cisternal course |
The rates for successful visualization of each nerve for 3D CISS (and for T2-weighted FSE in parentheses) were as follows: NI, NII, NV, NVII, NVIII 40 of 40 (40 of 40), NIII 40 of 40 (18 of 40), NIV 19 of 40 (3 of 40), NVI 39 of 40 (5 of 40), NIX, X, XI 40 of 40 (29 of 40), and NXII 40 of 40 (4 of 40). Most of the cranial nerves can be reliably assessed when using the 3D CISS and the T2-weighted FSE sequences. Increasing the spatial resolution when using the 3D CISS sequence increases the reliability of the identification of the cranial nerves NIII-NXII. |
2 |
| 23. Blitz AM, Northcutt B, Shin J, et al. Contrast-Enhanced CISS Imaging for Evaluation of Neurovascular Compression in Trigeminal Neuralgia: Improved Correlation with Symptoms and Prediction of Surgical Outcomes. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 39(9):1724-1732, 2018 09. |
Observational-Dx |
81 patients |
To hypothesize that the addition of gadolinium-based contrast material to 3D-constructive interference in steady-state imaging would improve the characterization of trigeminal compression. |
Contrast-enhanced CISS more than doubled the prevalence of the highest grade of neurovascular conflict (14.8% versus 33.3%, P = .001) and yielded significantly lower cross-sectional area (P = 8.6 × 10-6) and greater degree of flattening (P = .02) for advanced-grade neurovascular conflict on the symptoms side compared with non-contrast-enhanced CISS. Patients with complete pain relief after microvascular decompression had significantly lower cross-sectional area on contrast-enhanced CISS compared with non-contrast-enhanced CISS on preoperative imaging (P = 2.0 × 10-7). Performance based on receiver operating curve analysis was significantly improved for contrast-enhanced CISS compared with non-contrast-enhanced CISS. |
2 |
| 24. Linn J, Peters F, Moriggl B, Naidich TP, Bruckmann H, Yousry I. The jugular foramen: imaging strategy and detailed anatomy at 3T. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009; 30(1):34-41. |
Observational-Dx |
25 patients; 2 readers |
To assess how well the anatomy of the jugular foramen could be displayed by 3T MRI by using a 3D contrast-enhanced fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition sequence and a 3D CE-MRA. The readers analyzed the images with the following objectives: to score the success with which these sequences depicted the glossopharyngeal (CNIX) and vagus (CNX) nerves, their ganglia, and the spinal root of the accessory nerve (spCNXI) within the jugular foramen, and to determine the value of anatomic landmarks for the in vivo identification of these structures. |
Contrast-enhanced fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition and CE-MRA displayed CNIX in 90% and 100% of cases, respectively, CNX in 94% and 100%, and spCNXI in 51% and 0% of cases. The superior ganglion of CNIX was discernible in 89.8% and 87.8%; the inferior ganglion of CNIX, in 73% and 100%; and the superior ganglion of CNX, in 98% and 100% of cases. Landmarks useful for identifying these structures were the inferior petrosal sinus and the external opening of the cochlear aqueduct. This study protocol is excellent for displaying the complex anatomy of the jugular foramen and related structures. It is expected to aid in detecting small pathologies affecting the jugular foramen and in planning the best surgical approach to lesions affecting the jugular foramen. |
3 |
| 25. Adachi M, Kabasawa H, Kawaguchi E. Depiction of the cranial nerves within the brain stem with use of PROPELLER multishot diffusion-weighted imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29:911-2. |
Review/Other-Dx |
8 patients |
To discuss the depiction of the cranial nerves within the brain stem with use of PROPELLER multishot diffusion-weighted imaging |
Diffusion-weighted images with MPG applied in the SI direction depicted 3 (18.8%) of 16 oculomotor nerves (Fig 1), 11 (68.8%) trigeminal nerves (Fig 2), and 7 (43.8%) vestibulocochlear nerves (Fig 3) as high-intensity linear areas. Diffusion-weighted images with MPG applied in the AP direction depicted only 2 (12.5%) vestibulocochlear nerves; however, on these images with MPG applied in the AP direction, the vestibulocochlear nerves were depicted unclearly in the tegmentum of the pons, which displayed high signal intensity. No cranial nerves were depicted in the brain stem on diffusion-weighted images with MPG applied in the RL direction or on STIR images. In addition, we could not identify any nucleus in the tegmentum of the brain stem on diffusion-weighted or on STIR images. |
4 |
| 26. Wenz H, Al-Zghloul M, Hart E, Kurth S, Groden C, Forster A. Track-Density Imaging of the Human Brainstem for Anatomic Localization of Fiber Tracts and Nerve Nuclei in Vivo: Initial Experience with 3-T Magnetic Resonance Imaging. World Neurosurg 2016;93:286-92. |
Observational-Dx |
18 patients |
To explore the potential of direction-encoded track-density imaging (TDI) for depicting the intricate anatomy of the brainstem |
All generated TDI images were evaluable without limitations. In the mesencephalon, delineation of the substantia nigra, crus cerebri, and red nucleus was rated as excellent, that of the medial lemniscus was rated as good, and that of the inferior colliculus was rated as poor. Delineation of all anatomic structures in the pons was rated as excellent. In the medulla oblongata, delineation of the pyramid was rated as excellent and that of the medial lemniscus as moderate, whereas delineation of the inferior olive was not possible. |
2 |
| 27. Chen RC, Khorsandi AS, Shatzkes DR, Holliday RA. The radiology of referred otalgia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(10):1817-1823. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To outline the various sensorineural pathways that dually innervate the ear and other sites within the head and neck, as well as discuss various disease processes that are known to result in referred otalgia. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 28. Lee RK, Burns J, Ajam AA, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Seizures and Epilepsy. J Am Coll Radiol 2020;17:S293-S304. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for seizures and epilepsy. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 29. Hoekman PK, Houlton JJ, Seiden AM. The utility of magnetic resonance imaging in the diagnostic evaluation of idiopathic olfactory loss. Laryngoscope. 124(2):365-8, 2014 Feb. |
Observational-Dx |
839 patients |
To report the utilization and cost effectiveness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the evaluation of patients with idiopathic olfactory loss. |
In a cohort of 839 patients with olfactory loss, idiopathic olfactory loss was most common, accounting for 247 patients-or 29% of this cohort. MRI was used in the evaluation of idiopathic olfactory loss 54.9% of the time, and abnormalities were identified in 4.6% of these patients. However, only 0.8% of these patients had olfactory loss attributable to imaging abnormalities. Therefore, the estimated cost per attributable abnormal finding was $325,000, given an average hospital charge of $2,500 per MRI. |
4 |
| 30. Hummel T, Landis BN, Huttenbrink KB. Smell and taste disorders. GMS Curr Top Otorhinolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2011;10:Doc04. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To examine patients with smell and taste disorders. |
No results state din the abstract. |
4 |
| 31. Alt JA, Mace JC, Buniel MC, Soler ZM, Smith TL. Predictors of olfactory dysfunction in rhinosinusitis using the brief smell identification test. Laryngoscope. 124(7):E259-66, 2014 Jul. |
Observational-Dx |
445 patients |
To evaluate and compare olfactory function between subgroups of patients with rhinosinusitis using the Brief Smell Identification Test (B-SIT). |
Patients with rhinosinusitis (n=445) were found to suffer olfactory dysfunction as measured by the B-SIT (28.3%). Subgroups of rhinosinusitis differed in the degree of olfactory dysfunction reported. Worse disease severity, measured by computed tomography and nasal endoscopy, correlated to worse olfaction. Olfactory scores did not consistently correlate with the Rhinosinusitis Disability Index or Sinonasal Outcome Test scores. Regression models demonstrated nasal polyposis was the strongest predictor of olfactory dysfunction. Recalcitrant disease and aspirin intolerance were strongly predictive of worse olfactory function. |
2 |
| 32. Patel RM, Pinto JM. Olfaction: anatomy, physiology, and disease. Clin Anat 2014;27:54-60. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the olfactory system of the human physiology. |
No results stated din the abstract. |
4 |
| 33. Koenigkam-Santos M, Santos AC, Versiani BR, Diniz PR, Junior JE, de Castro M. Quantitative magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of the olfactory system in Kallmann syndrome: correlation with a clinical smell test. Neuroendocrinology. 2011; 94(3):209-217. |
Observational-Dx |
21 patients with Kallmann syndrome and 16 healthy volunteers |
To measure olfactory bulbs and sulci using dedicated MRI sequences and specific measurement tools in Kallmann syndrome patients with a well-established genotype and phenotype, as well as correlate MRI findings with a clinical smell test. |
The Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), showed 14 patients with anosmia and 6 with moderate hyposmia. 18 patients (85%) presented altered rhinencephalon structures in the MRI. 16 patients (76%) presented olfactory bulb aplasia (14/16 bilaterally), and these patients presented a total of 16 aplastic sulci. There was moderate agreement between the MRI quantitative evaluation and the UPSIT (overall Kappa = 0.55), but when considering the presence of aplastic bulbs and anosmia, authors found almost perfect agreement (Kappa = 0.87). Three patients had normal rhinencephalon structures, including one with a KAL1 gene mutation. Olfactory bulb and sulcus aplasia were the most common findings in Kallmann syndrome patients. Findings help ascertain MRI accuracy in the diagnosis of Kallmann syndrome, differentiating patients with hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with an apparently normal or difficult to evaluate sense of smell. |
3 |
| 34. Zhang Z, Sun X, Wang C, Wang G, Zhao B. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Findings in Kallmann Syndrome: 14 Cases and Review of the Literature. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2016;40:39-42. |
Observational-Dx |
14 patients |
To characterize the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in patients with Kallmann syndrome (KS). |
Four of the 14 patients came from 1 family. Ten patients had low levels of GnRH and gonadal hormone, 11 had hyposmia, and 3 had anosmia. On MRI, the olfactory bulbs (OBs) and bundles were absent bilaterally in 8 patients. Two patients exhibited absence of the OBs and bundles on the left and hypoplasia on the right. Four patients displayed bilateral hypoplastic OBs and bundles. The olfactory sulci were absent in 5 and hypoplastic in 9 of these patients. The anterior pituitary was hypoplastic in 6 patients. |
4 |
| 35. Kesslak JP, Cotman CW, Chui HC, et al. Olfactory tests as possible probes for detecting and monitoring Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 1988;9:399-403. |
Observational-Dx |
64 patients |
To assess the olfactory function in subjects with Alzheimer's disease using a conventional Smell Identification Test and a simple three odor match-to-sample problem. |
The results of the Alzheimer's group are similar to recent animal studies that have shown lesions of the piriform-entorhinal cortex produce a variety of memory deficits that are particularly acute in tasks involving novel odors. |
2 |
| 36. Ponsen MM, Stoffers D, Booij J, van Eck-Smit BL, Wolters E, Berendse HW. Idiopathic hyposmia as a preclinical sign of Parkinson's disease. Ann Neurol 2004;56:173-81. |
Observational-Dx |
361 patients |
To determine whether otherwise unexplained (idiopathic) olfactory dysfunction is associated with an increased risk of developing Parkinson's disease (PD). |
A combination of olfactory detection, identification, and discrimination tasks was used to select groups of hyposmic (n = 40) and normosmic (n = 38) individuals for a 2-year clinical follow-up evaluation and sequential single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), using [123I]ß-CIT as a dopamine transporter ligand, to assess nigrostriatal dopaminergic function at baseline and 2 years from baseline. A validated questionnaire, sensitive to the presence of parkinsonism, was used in the follow-up of the remaining 283 relatives. Two years from baseline, 10% of the individuals with idiopathic hyposmia, who also had strongly reduced [123I]ß-CIT binding at baseline, had developed clinical PD as opposed to none of the other relatives in the cohort. In the remaining nonparkinsonian hyposmic relatives, the average rate of decline in dopamine transporter binding was significantly higher than in the normosmic relatives. These results indicate that idiopathic olfactory dysfunction is associated with an increased risk of developing PD of at least 10%. Ann Neurol 2004 |
2 |
| 37. Baba T, Kikuchi A, Hirayama K, et al. Severe olfactory dysfunction is a prodromal symptom of dementia associated with Parkinson's disease: a 3 year longitudinal study. Brain. 135(Pt 1):161-9, 2012 Jan. |
Observational-Dx |
44 patients |
To investigate the possible associations between olfactory dysfunction and the risk of developing dementia within a 3-year observation period. |
Forty-four patients with Parkinson's disease without dementia underwent the odour stick identification test for Japanese, memory and visuoperceptual assessments, (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography scans and magnetic resonance imaging scans at baseline and 3 years later. A subgroup of patients with Parkinson's disease who exhibited severe hyposmia at baseline showed more pronounced cognitive decline at the follow-up survey. By the end of the study, 10 of 44 patients with Parkinson's disease had developed dementia, all of whom had severe hyposmia at baseline. The multivariate logistic analysis identified severe hyposmia and visuoperceptual impairment as independent risk factors for subsequent dementia within 3 years. The patients with severe hyposmia had an 18.7-fold increase in their risk of dementia for each 1 SD (2.8) decrease in the score of odour stick identification test for Japanese. We also found an association between severe hyposmia and a characteristic distribution of cerebral metabolic decline, which was identical to that of dementia associated with Parkinson's disease. Furthermore, volumetric magnetic resonance imaging analyses demonstrated close relationships between olfactory dysfunction and the atrophy of focal brain structures, including the amygdala and other limbic structures. Together, our findings suggest that brain regions related to olfactory function are closely associated with cognitive decline and that severe hyposmia is a prominent clinical feature that predicts the subsequent development of Parkinson's disease dementia. |
2 |
| 38. Jung HJ, Shin IS, Lee JE. Olfactory function in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis. Laryngoscope 2019;129:362-69. |
Meta-analysis |
12 articles |
To investigate olfactory deficits in patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease(AD). |
Twelve articles (reporting 21 effects) examining 563 patients with MCI and 788 patients with AD, were included in the meta-analysis. Compared to MCI, AD had moderate to large heterogeneous effects on olfactory function (Cohen's d = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.50, 0.78). Olfactory identification tests demonstrated larger effects (d = 0.71, 95% CI: 0.51, 0.91) than did tests of other olfactory domains. |
Good |
| 39. Hummel T, Urbig A, Huart C, Duprez T, Rombaux P. Volume of olfactory bulb and depth of olfactory sulcus in 378 consecutive patients with olfactory loss. J Neurol. 262(4):1046-51, 2015. |
Observational-Dx |
378 patients |
To investigate the olfactory bulb (OB) and sulcus (OS) in a large group of patients who have been well-characterized in terms of olfactory function, with a specific focus on the comparison between patients with olfactory loss due to chronic rhinosinusitis, head trauma, or acute infections |
A retrospective study of 378 patients with olfactory loss was performed. Orthonasal olfactory function was assessed with the"Sniffin' Sticks" test kit, including tests for odor threshold, odor discrimination, and odor identification. Magnetic resonance imaging analyses were focused on OB volume and OS depth. Major results of the present study included the (1) demonstration of a correlation between olfactory function and OB volume across the various pathologies in a very large group of subjects; (2) the three functional tests exhibited a similar degree of correlation with OB volume. (3) The right, but not the left OS correlated with olfactory function; in addition, (4) OS was negatively correlated with age. In contrast to OS, (5) no side differences were found for the OB. Finally, (6) the three different causes of olfactory loss exhibited different patterns of results for the three olfactory tests. The present data suggest that the morphological assessment of the OB volume and OS depth produces useful clinical indicators of olfactory dysfunction. |
2 |
| 40. Saito T, Tsuzuki K, Yukitatsu Y, Sakagami M. Correlation between olfactory acuity and sinonasal radiological findings in adult patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Auris Nasus Larynx. 43(4):422-8, 2016 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
272 patients |
To clarify the correlation between olfactory disorder severity and radiological findings in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in the preoperative stage. |
In both groups, recognition threshold correlated significantly with CT score. Recognition threshold and CT score were significantly more severe in ECRS than in non-ECRS. CT score at OC showed the strongest correlation with recognition threshold. CT scores for total sinuses and OC in patients showing a positive response to the intravenous olfaction test (239 patients) were significantly milder than those in the negative group (29 patients), but ethmoid CT score was not. |
2 |
| 41. Chung MS, Choi WR, Jeong HY, Lee JH, Kim JH. MR Imaging-Based Evaluations of Olfactory Bulb Atrophy in Patients with Olfactory Dysfunction. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 39(3):532-537, 2018 Mar. |
Observational-Dx |
34 patients |
To evaluate the utility of visual olfactory bulb atrophy and neuropathy analyses using MR imaging in patients with olfactory dysfunction. |
The etiology of olfactory loss was chronic rhinosinusitis with/without nasal polyps in 15 (44.1%) patients, respiratory viral infection in 7 (20.6%), trauma in 2 (5.9%), and idiopathic in 10 (29.4%) patients. Although 10 (29.4%) of the 34 patients were normosmic according to the Sniffin' Sticks test, their scores on the other tests were like those of patients who were hyposmic/anosmic according to the Sniffin' Sticks test. However, the detection rate of olfactory bulb atrophy was significantly higher in patients with hyposmia/anosmia than it was in patients with normosmia (P = .002). No difference in olfactory bulb neuropathy was identified among patients with normosmia and hyposmia/anosmia (P = .395). |
2 |
| 42. Wang J, Eslinger PJ, Doty RL, et al. Olfactory deficit detected by fMRI in early Alzheimer's disease. Brain Res. 2010; 1357:184-194. |
Observational-Dx |
12 patients and 13 healthy controls |
To determine whether Alzheimer’s disease -related alterations in central olfactory system neural activity, as measured by fMRI, are detectable beyond those observed in healthy elderly. All participants were administered the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), the Mattis Dementia Rating Scale-2 (DRS-2), and the Clinical Dementia Rating Scale (CDR). |
The blood oxygen level-dependent signal at primary olfactory cortex was weaker in Alzheimer’s disease than in healthy control subjects. At the lowest odorant concentration, the blood oxygen level-dependent signals within primary olfactory cortex, hippocampus, and insula were significantly correlated with UPSIT, MMSE, DRS-2, and CDR scores. The blood oxygen level-dependent signal intensity and activation volume within the primary olfactory cortex increased significantly as a function of odorant concentration in the Alzheimer's disease group, but not in the control group. These findings demonstrate that olfactory fMRI is sensitive to the Alzheimer's disease -related olfactory and cognitive functional decline. |
3 |
| 43. Wang J, Sun X, Yang QX. Early Aging Effect on the Function of the Human Central Olfactory System. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 72(8):1007-1014, 2017 Aug 01. |
Observational-Dx |
43 patients |
To investigate the olfaction-related brain activity in the central olfactory structures of 43 healthy adult volunteers aged from 22 to 64 years. |
The participants' smell identification function was negatively correlated with age (r = -.32, p = .037). Significant negative correlation was observed between age and the olfaction-related activities in the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, left insular cortex, and left orbitofrontal cortex (p < .001, corrected with cluster size =28 voxels). There was no significant correlation observed between age and the activity in the primary olfactory cortex detected in this age group. These results suggest that age-related functional decline in the human brain is more prominent in the secondary and higher-order central olfactory structures than the primary olfactory cortex in the early aging process. |
2 |
| 44. Pellegrino R, Hahner A, Bojanowski V, Hummel C, Gerber J, Hummel T. Olfactory function in patients with hyposmia compared to healthy subjects - An fMRI study. Rhinology. 54(4):374-381, 2016 Dec 01. |
Observational-Dx |
23 patients |
To understand differences in olfaction processing between patients with hyposmia and healthy controls using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). |
The activations of the normosmic group were localized in typical olfactory areas (insula, orbitofrontal cortex [OFC], limbic system and amygdala). The hyposmic group showed similar regions of activation (insula, OFC, limbic system), however, less activation was found in the amygdala, left anterior cingulate and right OFC, but higher activation was shown in the right parahippocampal and both the left and right posterior cingulate gyrus which are assumed to play an important role in the processing and remembrance of memories. |
2 |
| 45. Vasavada MM, Martinez B, Wang J, et al. Central Olfactory Dysfunction in Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Functional MRI Study. J Alzheimers Dis. 59(1):359-368, 2017. |
Observational-Dx |
63 patients |
To sought to use olfactory functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to further demonstrate the involvement of the central olfactory system in olfactory deficits in MCI and AD. |
The CN subjects had significantly greater activated volume in the primary olfactory cortex during both the odor and no-odor conditions compared to either the MCI or AD groups (p < 0.05). No significant differences were observed between the odor and no-odor conditions within each group. No-odor condition activation in AD and MCI correlated with the cognitive and olfactory assessments. |
2 |
| 46. Meles SK, Vadasz D, Renken RJ, et al. FDG PET, dopamine transporter SPECT, and olfaction: Combining biomarkers in REM sleep behavior disorder. Mov Disord. 32(10):1482-1486, 2017 Oct. |
Observational-Dx |
21 patients |
To study the relationship between the PD-related pattern, dopamine transporter binding, and olfaction in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder |
PD-related pattern expression was higher in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder subjects compared with controls (P = 0.048), but lower compared with PD (P = 0.001) and dementia with Lewy bodies (P < 0.0001). PD-related pattern expression was higher in idiopathic REM sleep behavior disorder subjects with hyposmia and in subjects with an abnormal dopamine transporter scan (P < 0.05, uncorrected). |
2 |
| 47. Reichert JL, Postma EM, Smeets PAM, et al. Severity of olfactory deficits is reflected in functional brain networks-An fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp. 39(8):3166-3177, 2018 08. |
Observational-Dx |
48 patients |
To achieve a better understanding of how smell loss affects neural activation patterns and functional networks, we set out to investigate patients with olfactory dysfunction using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and olfactory stimulation. |
The results of the whole-brain one-sample t test showed an increased activation in the piriform cortex (Figure ?(Figure22 and Table ?Table2)2) for odor trials compared to the pure sniffing trials (blank trials), approaching significance at a whole-brain FWE-corrected peak threshold level (p FWE?=?.055). No significant relation emerged from the multiple regression analysis with TDI scores (p FWE?>?.1). ROI-based one-sample t tests indicated that there was piriform cortex activation for odors compared to blank trials in both subgroups |
2 |
| 48. Moon WJ, Park M, Hwang M, Kim JK. Functional MRI as an Objective Measure of Olfaction Deficit in Patients with Traumatic Anosmia. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 39(12):2320-2325, 2018 12. |
Observational-Dx |
16 patients |
To examine the utility of fMRI as an objective tool for diagnosing traumatic anosmia. |
Compared with healthy control subjects, patients with traumatic anosmia had reduced activation in the bilateral primary and secondary olfactory cortices and the limbic system in response to ß-mercaptoethanol stimulation, whereas reduced activation was observed only in the left frontal subgyral region in response to citral stimulation. |
1 |
| 49. Negoias S, Croy I, Gerber J, et al. Reduced olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sensitivity in patients with acute major depression. Neuroscience. 2010; 169(1):415-421. |
Observational-Dx |
21 patients; 21 healthy controls |
To assess olfactory function and olfactory bulb volume in patients with acute major depression in comparison to a normal population. |
Patients with acute major depressive disorder showed significantly lower olfactory sensitivity and smaller olfactory bulb volumes. Additionally, a significant negative correlation between olfactory bulb volume and depression scores was detected. |
3 |
| 50. Wang J, You H, Liu JF, Ni DF, Zhang ZX, Guan J. Association of olfactory bulb volume and olfactory sulcus depth with olfactory function in patients with Parkinson disease. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2011;32:677-81. |
Observational-Dx |
60 patients |
To report the association of OB volume and OS depth with olfactory function in patients with PD. |
The olfactory recognition thresholds were significantly higher in patients with PD than in healthy controls (3.82 ± 1.25 versus 0.45 ± 0.65, P < .001). Olfactory atrophy with reductions in the volume of the OB (37.30 ± 10.23 mm3 versus 44.87 ± 11.84 mm3, P < .05) and in the depth of OS (8.90 ± 1.42 mm versus 9.67 ± 1.24 mm, P < .05) was observed in patients with PD but not in controls. Positive correlations between olfactory performance and OB volumes were observed in both patients with PD (r = -0.45, P < .0001) and in controls (r = -0.42, P < .0001). In contrast, there was no significant correlation between the depth of OS and olfactory function in either cohort. |
2 |
| 51. Brodoehl S, Klingner C, Volk GF, Bitter T, Witte OW, Redecker C. Decreased olfactory bulb volume in idiopathic Parkinson's disease detected by 3.0-tesla magnetic resonance imaging. Mov Disord 2012;27:1019-25. |
Observational-Dx |
32 patients |
To demonstrate that the olfactory system is among the first brain regions affected in Parkinson's disease (PD) |
These findings correlate with pathophysiological and pathological data that show a loss in olfactory bulb (OB) volume in patients with PD. However, to date, MRI has not been a reliable method for the in vivo detection of this volumetric loss in PD. Using a 3.0-Tesla MRI constructive interference in the steady-state sequence, OB volume was evaluated in patients with PD (n = 16) and healthy control subjects (n = 16). A significant loss of OB volume was observed in patients with PD, compared to the healthy control group (91.2 ± 15.72 versus 131.4 ± 24.56 mm3, respectively). Specifically, decreased height of the left OB appears to be a reliable parameter that is adaptable to clinical practice and significantly correlates with OB volume loss in patients with idiopathic PD. Measuring both the volume and height of the OB by MRI may be a valuable method for the clinical investigation of PD |
2 |
| 52. Hummel T, Haehner A, Hummel C, Croy I, Iannilli E. Lateralized differences in olfactory bulb volume relate to lateralized differences in olfactory function. Neuroscience 2013;237:51-5. |
Observational-Dx |
164 Patients |
To investigate whether side differences in olfactory bulb (OB) volume correlate to respective differences in olfactory function |
In a total of 164 healthy volunteers volumetric measures of the OBs were performed plus lateralized measurements of odor thresholds and odor discrimination. Side differences were defined as 10% difference between the left and right OB. In 39 cases volumes on the right side were larger than on the left side, whereas in 29 cases it was the other way around. Subjects with larger right-sided OB volumes were found to be more sensitive to odorous stimulation of the right as compared to the left nostril in terms of odor thresholds and odor detection; higher sensitivity of the left nostrils (decreased odor threshold) was observed in individuals with larger OB volumes on the left side. These data appear to suggest that OB volume may be partly dependent on lateralized influences on the olfactory system, reflecting its lateralized organization. |
2 |
| 53. Croy I, Negoias S, Symmank A, Schellong J, Joraschky P, Hummel T. Reduced olfactory bulb volume in adults with a history of childhood maltreatment. Chem Senses 2013;38:679-84. |
Observational-Dx |
27 patients |
To study whether adults with a history of Childhood maltreatment (CM) exhibit reduced olfactory bulb (OB) volume. |
A significant reduced OB volume in the CM group was found for the best OB (Z = 2.2, P = 0.026, compare Figure 2) and the left OB (Z = 2.1, P = 0.033), but not for the right OB (Z = 1.4, P = 0.18). The effect remained significant for the best OB volume, after adjusting for depression (chi square = 6.24, P = 0.044). A significantly reduced olfactory threshold and odor identification were found in patients with CM compared with patients without CM (threshold Z = 3.4, P < 0.001, see Figure 3; identification Z = 2.5, P = 0.013). However, there was no significant difference in odor discrimination. A trend was found for the correlation between the olfactory threshold and the left OB volume (r = 0.41, P = 0.082), but not for the right or the best OB volume (OB volume right r = 0.22; OB best r = 0.34). There was no significant correlation between the OB volume and olfactory discrimination or identification (r = -0.02 – r = 0.17). |
2 |
| 54. Negoias S, Hummel T, Symmank A, Schellong J, Joraschky P, Croy I. Olfactory bulb volume predicts therapeutic outcome in major depression disorder. Brain imaging behav.. 10(2):367-72, 2016 06. |
Observational-Dx |
24 Patients |
To investigate whether reduced olfactory bulb (OB) volume is associated with response to therapy in major depressive disorder(MDD). |
Twenty-four inpatients (all women, age 21-49 years, mean 38 ± 10 years SD) with MDD and 36 healthy controls (all women, age 20-52 years, mean 36 ± 10 years SD) underwent structural MRI. OB volume was compared between responders (N = 13) and non-responders (N = 11) to psychotherapy. Retest of OB volume was performed about 6 months after the end of therapy in nine of the patients. Therapy responders exhibited no significant difference in OB volume compared to healthy controls. However, average OB volume of non-responders was 23 % smaller compared to responders (p = .0011). Furthermore, OB volume was correlated with the change of depression severity (r = .46, p = .024). Volume of the OB did not change in the course of therapy. OB volume may be a biological vulnerability factor for the occurrence and/or maintenance of depression, at least in women. |
2 |
| 55. Rottstaedt F, Weidner K, Straus T, et al. Size matters - The olfactory bulb as a marker for depression. J Affect Disord. 229:193-198, 2018 03 15. |
Observational-Dx |
84 patients |
To determine if the OB volume reduction is a specific biomarker for depression and whether its diagnostic accuracy allows its use as a valid biomarker to support its diagnosis. |
Patients exhibited a 13.5% reduced OB volume. Multiple regression analysis showed that the OB volume variation was best explained by depression (ß = -.19), sex (ß = -.31) and age (ß = -.29), but not by any other mental disorder. OB volume attained a diagnostic accuracy of 68.1% for depression. |
2 |
| 56. Kandemirli SG, Altundag A, Yildirim D, Tekcan Sanli DE, Saatci O. Olfactory Bulb MRI and Paranasal Sinus CT Findings in Persistent COVID-19 Anosmia. Academic Radiology. 28(1):28-35, 2021 01. |
Review/Other-Dx |
23 patients |
To discuss the case reports or series on olfactory bulb imaging in COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. |
All patients were anosmic at the time of imaging based on olfactory test results. On CT, Olfactory cleft opacification was seen in 73.9% of cases with a mid and posterior segment dominance. 43.5% of cases had below normal olfactory bulb volumes and 60.9% of cases had shallow olfactory sulci. Of all, 54.2% of cases had changes in normal inverted J shape of the bulb. 91.3% of cases had abnormality in olfactory bulb signal intensity in the forms of diffusely increased signal intensity, scattered hyperintense foci or microhemorrhages. Evident clumping of olfactory filia was seen in 34.8% of cases and thinning with scarcity of filia in 17.4%. Primary olfactory cortical signal abnormality was seen in 21.7% of cases. |
4 |
| 57. Van Abel KM, Starkman S, O'Reilly AG, Price DL. Craniofacial pain secondary to occult head and neck tumors. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 150(5):813-7, 2014 May. |
Review/Other-Dx |
38 patients |
To review the natural history of occult head and neck malignancy presenting with facial pain and evaluate the risk factors, diagnostic workup, and management of facial pain in the setting of occult malignancy. |
Thirty-eight patients were included. Onset of pain was rapid or sudden in 94.7%, intermittent in 84.2%, and sharp in 86.8%. Facial nerve weakness was present in 15.8%. Five patients had a history of locoregional skin cancer, and 14% had a history of malignancy. Average delay to diagnosis was 18.4 months. On average, the suspicious lesion was identified on the second scan (mean, 2.1; range, 1-4 scans). Diagnosis was suggested by magnetic resonance imaging in 54.8% and computed tomography in 38.7% of patients. The most common pathology was squamous cell carcinoma (39.5%), and the predominant location was the parotid gland (28.9%). Surgical resection (66%) was the most common intervention. In patients who received treatment and had clinical follow-up available for review, 97.0% (32/33) reported symptomatic improvement. |
4 |
| 58. Gass A, Kitchen N, MacManus DG, Moseley IF, Hennerici MG, Miller DH. Trigeminal neuralgia in patients with multiple sclerosis: lesion localization with magnetic resonance imaging. Neurology 1997;49:1142-4. |
Review/Other-Dx |
6 patients |
To perform conventional T2-weighted brain MRI examinations in six patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and trigeminal neuralgia. |
We conclude that in MS trigeminal neuralgia is usually caused by demyelinating lesions affecting pontine trigeminal pathways |
4 |
| 59. Borges A, Casselman J. Imaging the trigeminal nerve. Eur J Radiol. 2010; 74(2):323-340. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Review most recent advances on MRI technique and a segmental imaging approach to the most common pathologic processes affecting the trigeminal nerve. |
Imaging of patients with trigeminal neuropathy requires thorough understanding of the anatomy and physiology of this CN. The rapid development of cross-sectional imaging in the past decades led to an increasing proportion of recognizable causes of trigeminal dysfunction amenable to specific treatment and functional recovery. |
4 |
| 60. Lummel N, Mehrkens JH, Linn J, et al. Diffusion tensor imaging of the trigeminal nerve in patients with trigeminal neuralgia due to multiple sclerosis. Neuroradiology. 57(3):259-67, 2015 Mar. |
Observational-Dx |
12 patients |
To evaluate if patients with MS-related TN feature the same DTI characteristics as patients with TN caused by NVC. |
There was no significant difference concerning FA or ADC when comparing the affected and the non-affected sides in patients with MS. FA was significantly lower and ADC higher in patients with MS on the TN affected as well as on the non-affected side compared to the non-affected side of patients with idiopathic TN or healthy controls. Likewise, FA was significantly lower on the affected side compared to the non-affected side in patients with idiopathic TN or healthy controls. NVC was evident in 41.7/0% on the affected/contralateral side in MS patients and 100/8% in the patients with NVC-related TN. |
2 |
| 61. Chen DQ, DeSouza DD, Hayes DJ, Davis KD, O'Connor P, Hodaie M. Diffusivity signatures characterize trigeminal neuralgia associated with multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler. 22(1):51-63, 2016 Jan. |
Observational-Dx |
N/A |
To examine diffusivities along CN V in MS-TN, TN, and controls in order to reveal differential neuroimaging correlates across groups. |
CN V segments showed distinctive diffusivity patterns. The TN group showed higher FA in the cisternal segment ipsilateral to the side of pain, and lower FA in the ipsilateral REZ segment. The MS-TN group showed lower FA in the ipsilateral peri-lesional segments, suggesting differential microstructural changes along CN V in these conditions. |
2 |
| 62. Karkas A, Lamblin E, Meyer M, Gay E, Ternier J, Schmerber S. Trigeminal nerve deficit in large and compressive acoustic neuromas and its correlation with MRI findings. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 151(4):675-80, 2014 Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
53 patients |
To evaluate the prevalence of preoperative trigeminal nerve deficit in large/compressive acoustic neuromas and try to find a correlation between pre/postoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and pre/postoperative trigeminal nerve deficit. |
Fifty-three patients (27 females, mean 51 years) were operated on. Preoperatively, 3 patients (5.7%) had trigeminal neuralgia, 1 (1.9%) trigeminal anesthesia, and 28 (52.8%) trigeminal hypoesthesia. Sixteen patients (30.2%) had no corneal reflex (ophthalmic branch); keratitis occurred in 1 patient (1.9%). Postoperatively, 2 patients (3.8%) had trigeminal neuralgia, 1 (1.9%) trigeminal anesthesia, and 24 (45.3%) trigeminal hypoesthesia. Twenty-six patients (49%) had no corneal reflex; keratitis occurred in 11 patients (20.7%). Preoperative trigeminal hypoesthesia was statistically correlated with impaction of the tumor on cerebellar peduncles on preoperative MRI. Postoperative trigeminal hypoesthesia was statistically correlated with nonvisibility of the trigeminal nerve on postoperative MRI. |
4 |
| 63. Wei Y, Zhao W, Pu C, et al. Clinical features and long-term surgical outcomes in 39 patients withtumor-related trigeminal neuralgia compared with 360 patients with idiopathic trigeminal neuralgia. Br J Neurosurg 2017;31:101-06. |
Observational-Dx |
39 patients |
To compare clinical features, long-term surgical outcomes between patients with idiopathic and tumor-related trigeminal neuralgia (TN), and to identify factors associated with the maintenance of permanent pain-free state. |
Patients with tumor-related TN exhibited a younger age of pain onset (46.28 ± 18.18y vs. 53.03 ± 11.90y, p = .006), a briefer symptom duration (3.20 ± 4.38y vs. 7.01 ± 6.04y, p = .000), and much more preoperative neuropathic deficits (61.54%% vs. 24.17%%, p = .000), as compared with patients with idiopathic TN. Using Kaplan-Meier analysis, we found microsurgery was effective in 72.3% of patients with idiopathic TN, and in 86.4% of cases with tumor-related TN at six years follow-up postoperatively. Prognostic analysis suggested that a clear-cut neurovascular compression in patients with idiopathic TN (HR = 3.098, 95%CI: 1.800-5.311; p = .000) and total tumor removal in patients with tumor secondary TN (HR = 7.662, 95%CI: 0.098-36.574; p = .044) were positively correlated with excellent long-term outcomes. |
2 |
| 64. Yamamoto M, Curtin HD, Suwansa-ard P, Sakai O, Sano T, Okano T. Identification of juxtaforaminal fat pads of the second division of the trigeminal pathway on MRI and CT. [Review] [9 refs]. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 182(2):385-92, 2004 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the identification of of juxtaforaminal fat pads of the second division of the trigeminal pathway on MRI and CT. |
No results state din the abstract. |
4 |
| 65. Hanna E, Vural E, Prokopakis E, Carrau R, Snyderman C, Weissman J. The sensitivity and specificity of high-resolution imaging in evaluating perineural spread of adenoid cystic carcinoma to the skull base. Arch Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2007;133:541-5. |
Observational-Dx |
26 patients |
To evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in detecting perineural spread (PNS) of adenoid cystic carcinoma of the head and neck to the skull base. |
Histopathologic evidence of PNS was present in 25 (66%) of 38 named nerves. The sensitivity and specificity of CT in detecting PNS were 88% and 89%, respectively. Magnetic resonance imaging had a higher sensitivity (100%) and specificity (85%). |
2 |
| 66. Badger D, Aygun N. Imaging of Perineural Spread in Head and Neck Cancer. [Review]. Radiol Clin North Am. 55(1):139-149, 2017 Jan. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the imaging of Perineural Spread in Head and Neck Cancer. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 67. Park KJ, Kano H, Berkowitz O, et al. Computed tomography-guided gamma knife stereotactic radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 2011. |
Observational-Tx |
21 patients |
To evaluate management outcomes in trigeminal neuralgia patient’s ineligible for MRI and who instead underwent GKRS using CT. Authors reviewed their experience with CT-guided GKRS in 21 patients. Treatment outcomes were compared to 459 patients who underwent MRI-guided GKRS for trigeminal neuralgia at the institute in the same time interval. |
Targeting of the trigeminal nerve guided by CT scan was feasible in all patients. Stereotactic frame titanium pin-related artifacts that interfered with full visualization of the trigeminal nerve were found in one patient who had the ipsilateral posterior pin placed near the inion. After GKRS, 90% of patients achieved initial pain relief that was adequate or better, with or without medication (Barrow Neurological Institute pain scores I-IIIb). Median time to pain relief was 2.6 weeks. Pain relief was maintained in 81% at 1 year, 66% at 2 years, and 46% at 5 years. 8 (42%) of 19 patients who achieved initial pain relief reported some recurrent pain at a median of 18 months after GKRS. Some degree of facial sensory dysfunction occurred in 19% of patients within 24 months of GKRS. CT-guided GKRS provides a similar rate of pain relief as MRI-guided radiosurgery. The posterior pins should be placed at least 1 cm away from the inion to reduce pin and frame-related artifacts on the targeting CT scan. Study indicates that GKRS using CT targeting is appropriate for patients with medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia who are unsuitable for MRI. |
2 |
| 68. Lutz J, Linn J, Mehrkens JH, et al. Trigeminal neuralgia due to neurovascular compression: high-spatial-resolution diffusion-tensor imaging reveals microstructural neural changes. Radiology. 2011; 258(2):524-530. |
Observational-Dx |
20 consecutive patients |
To preoperatively detect, by using diffusion-tensor imaging coregistered with anatomic MRI, suspected microstructural tissue changes of the trigeminal nerves in patients with trigeminal neuralgia resulting from NVC. |
Fractional anisotropy was significantly lower (P=.004) on the trigeminal neuralgia-affected side (mean Fractional anisotropy, 0.203) than on the contralateral side (mean Fractional anisotropy, 0.239). Apparent diffusion coefficient was nearly identical between the normal and trigeminal neuralgia affected nerve tissues. These findings suggest that diffusion-tensor imaging enables the identification and quantification of anisotropic changes between normal nerve tissue and trigeminal neuralgia -affected trigeminal nerves. Coregistration of anatomic 3D fast imaging employing steady-state imaging and diffusion-tensor imaging facilitates excellent delineation of the cisternal segments of the trigeminal nerves. |
2 |
| 69. Leal PR, Hermier M, Souza MA, Cristino-Filho G, Froment JC, Sindou M. Visualization of vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve with high-resolution 3T MRI: a prospective study comparing preoperative imaging analysis to surgical findings in 40 consecutive patients who underwent microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia. Neurosurgery. 2011;69(1):15-25; discussion 26. |
Observational-Dx |
40 Patients |
To address the predictive value of 3-Tesla (3T) MRI in detecting and assessing features of neurovascular compression (NVC), particularly regarding the degree of compression exerted on the root, in patients who underwent microvascular decompression (MVD) for classic primary trigeminal neuralgia. |
For prediction of NVC, image analysis corresponded with surgical findings in 39 cases. Of the 3 patients in whom image analysis did not show NVC, 2 did not have NVC at the time of intraoperative observation. MRI sensitivity was 97.4% (37/38), and specificity was 100% (2/2). The kappa coefficients (kappa) for predicting the offending vessel, its location, and the site of compression were 0.882, 0.813, and 0.942, respectively. Image analysis correctly defined the severity of the compression in 31 of the 37 cases. The kappa coefficients predicting the degree of compression were 0.813, 0.833, and 0.852, respectively, for Grades 1 (simple contact), 2 (distortion), and 3 (marked indentation). |
2 |
| 70. Zhou Q, Liu ZL, Qu CC, Ni SL, Xue F, Zeng QS. Preoperative demonstration of neurovascular relationship in trigeminal neuralgia by using 3D FIESTA sequence. Magn Reson Imaging. 30(5):666-71, 2012 Jun. |
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4 |
| 71. Shimizu M, Imai H, Kagoshima K, Umezawa E, Shimizu T, Yoshimoto Y. Detection of compression vessels in trigeminal neuralgia by surface-rendering three-dimensional reconstruction of 1.5- and 3.0-T magnetic resonance imaging. World Neurosurg. 2013;80(3-4):378-385. |
Observational-Dx |
100 Patients |
To evaluate reconstructed 3D images obtained with 3D time of flight (TOF) MR angiography, phasecontrast MR venography, and MR imaging using the turbo spin echo (TSE) sequence with driven equilibrium pulse using both 1.5- and 3.0-T MR imaging systems to assess the specificity and sensitivity for detection of the compression vessels causing trigeminal neuralgia. No intravenous contrast was administered |
The agreement between MR imaging and surgical findings depended on the compression vessels. For superior cerebellar artery, 1.5- and 3.0-T MR imaging had 84.4% and 82.7% sensitivity and 100% and 100% specificity, respectively. For anterior inferior cerebellar artery, 1.5- and 3.0-T MR imaging had 33.3% and 50% sensitivity and 92.9% and 95% specificity, respectively. For the petrosal vein, 1.5- and 3.0-T MR imaging had 75% and 64.3% sensitivity and 79.2% and 78.1% specificity, respectively. Complete pain relief was obtained in 36 of 40 and 55 of 60 patients undergoing 1.5- and 3.0-T MR imaging, respectively. |
2 |
| 72. Zeng Q, Zhou Q, Liu Z, Li C, Ni S, Xue F. Preoperative detection of the neurovascular relationship in trigeminal neuralgia using three-dimensional fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition (FIESTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA). J Clin Neurosci. 2013;20(1):107-111. |
Observational-Dx |
37 Patients |
To evaluate the ability of 3D FIESTA sequence in combination with 3D TOF MRA to detect NVC and differentiate vein from artery in patients with TN. No intravenous contrast was administered. |
The use of 3D FIESTA in combination with MRA identified surgically verified neurovascular contact in 35 of 36 symptomatic nerves. The offending vessel (artery or vein) was correctly identified in 94.4% of patients, and agreement between preoperative MRI visualization and surgical findings was excellent (k = 0.92; 95% confidence interval, 0.67–1.00). |
2 |
| 73. Maarbjerg S, Wolfram F, Gozalov A, Olesen J, Bendtsen L. Significance of neurovascular contact in classical trigeminal neuralgia. Brain. 138(Pt 2):311-9, 2015 Feb. |
Observational-Dx |
135 Patients |
To evaluate the presence, degree, localization and origin (arterial versus venous) of the neurovascular contact in classical trigeminal neuralgia. No intravenous contrast was administered. |
Neurovascular contact was prevalent both on the symptomatic and asymptomatic side [89% versus 78%, P = 0.014, odds ratio = 2.4 (1.2–4.8), P = 0.017], while severe neurovascular contact was highly prevalent on the symptomatic compared to the asymptomatic side [53% versus 13%, P50.001, odds ratio = 11.6 (4.7–28.9), P50.001]. Severe neurovascular contact was caused by arteries in 98%. |
2 |
| 74. Yang D, Shen J, Xia X, et al. Preoperative evaluation of neurovascular relationship in trigeminal neuralgia by three-dimensional fast low angle shot (3D-FLASH) and three-dimensional constructive interference in steady-state (3D-CISS) MRI sequence. Br J Radiol. 91(1085):20170557, 2018 May. |
Observational-Dx |
65 patients |
To evaluate the value of high-resolution three-dimensional fast low angle shot (3D-FLASH) and three-dimensional constructive interference in steady-state (3D-CISS) MRI sequence solely or the combination of both in the visualization of neurovascular relationship in patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) |
The accuracy and positive rates of the 3D-FLASH + CISS imaging (98.46, 92.31%) in judging the symptomatic side according to the presence of vascular contacts were higher than those of 3D-CISS (90.77%, 84.62) or 3D-FLASH (89.23, 83.08%) sequence. In addition, the statistical analysis showed the sensitivity and accuracy of 3D-FLASH + CISS imaging was higher than that of 3D-FLASH (p < 0.05). The 3D-FLASH + CISS imaging was more accurate in determining the type of offending vessel than 3D-CISS or 3D-FLASH imaging. |
2 |
| 75. Jani RH, Hughes MA, Gold MS, Branstetter BF, Ligus ZE, Sekula RF Jr. Trigeminal Nerve Compression Without Trigeminal Neuralgia: Intraoperative vs Imaging Evidence. Neurosurgery. 84(1):60-65, 2019 01 01. |
Observational-Dx |
23 patients |
To compare intraoperative and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings of the prevalence and severity of vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve in patients without classical trigeminal neuralgia. |
Intraoperative evidence of NVC/C was detected in 23 patients. MRI evidence of NVC/C was detected in 18 patients, all of whom had intraoperative evidence of NVC/C. Thus, there were 5, or 28% more patients in whom NVC/C was detected intraoperatively than with MRI (Kappa = 0.52); contact was observed in 4 of these patients and compression in 1 patient. In patients where NVC/C was observed by both methods, there was agreement regarding the severity of contact/compression in 83% (15/18) of patients (Kappa = 0.47). No patients exhibited deformity of the nerve by imaging or intraoperatively. |
2 |
| 76. Yao S, Zhang J, Zhao Y, et al. Multimodal Image-Based Virtual Reality Presurgical Simulation and Evaluation for Trigeminal Neuralgia and Hemifacial Spasm. World Neurosurg. 113:e499-e507, 2018 May. |
Observational-Dx |
N/A |
To address the feasibility and predictive value of multimodal image-based virtual reality in detecting and assessing features of neurovascular confliction (NVC), particularly regarding the detection of offending vessels, degree of compression exerted on the nerve root, in patients who underwent microvascular decompression for nonlesional trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm (HFS). |
For detection of NVC, multimodal image-based VR sensitivity was 97.6% (40/41) and specificity was 100% (1/1). Compared with the intraoperative findings, the ? coefficients for predicting the offending vessel and the degree of compression were >0.75 (P < 0.001). The 7.0-T scans have a clearer view of vessels in the cerebellopontine angle, which may have significant impact on detection of small-caliber offending vessels with relatively slow flow speed in cases of HFS. |
2 |
| 77. Baliazin VA, Baliazina EV, Aksenov DP. Computed Tomography in the Diagnosis of Classical Trigeminal Neuralgia. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 41(4):521-527, 2017 Jul/Aug. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To characterize the pathogenesis of neurovascular conflict in trigeminal neuralgia (TN) with the goal of producing a reliable diagnostic method. |
Our results indicate that contact between SCA and the trigeminal nerve root is present in both TN and non-TN cases, but in patients with TN, the apex of SCA loop was always at the bottom of the upper edge of the trigeminal root forming the state of neurovascular conflict. High-resolution angiography supported the intraoperative results. |
4 |
| 78. Hitchon PW, Zanaty M, Moritani T, et al. Microvascular decompression and MRI findings in trigeminal neuralgia and hemifacial spasm. A single center experience. Clin Neurol Neurosurg. 139:216-20, 2015 Dec. |
Observational-Dx |
51 patients |
To review their outcomes with MVD in patients with TIC and HS, and the success of preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in identifying the offending vascular compression. |
There were 45 responders to MVD in the TIC cohort (88%), with a Visual Analog Score (VAS) of 1 ± 3. All patients with HS responded to MVD between 25 and 100%, with a mean of 75 ± 22%. Wound complications occurred in 10% of patients with MVD for TIC, and 1 patient reported hearing loss after MVD for HS, documented by audiogram. The congruence rate between the preoperative MRI and operative findings of vascular compression was 84% in TIC and 75% in HS. |
2 |
| 79. Leal PR, Barbier C, Hermier M, Souza MA, Cristino-Filho G, Sindou M. Atrophic changes in the trigeminal nerves of patients with trigeminal neuralgia due to neurovascular compression and their association with the severity of compression and clinical outcomes. J Neurosurg. 120(6):1484-95, 2014 Jun. |
Observational-Dx |
147 patients |
To evaluate the relationship between the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings regarding the site of NVC and the manifestation of TN symptoms. |
The mean distance from the trigeminal nerve root to the site of NVC in asymptomatic nerves (3.85 ± 2.69 mm) was significantly greater than that in symptomatic nerves (0.94 ± 1.27 mm). When the distance was 3 mm or less, the rate of the manifestation of TN symptoms was 83.1% (103/124). On the other hand, it was only 19.6% (9/46) in cases with a distance of greater than 3 mm. |
2 |
| 80. Suzuki M, Yoshino N, Shimada M, et al. Trigeminal neuralgia: differences in magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of neurovascular compression between symptomatic and asymptomatic nerves. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol. 119(1):113-8, 2015 Jan. |
Observational-Dx |
147 patients |
To evaluate the relationship between the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings regarding the site of NVC and the manifestation of TN symptoms. |
The mean distance from the trigeminal nerve root to the site of NVC in asymptomatic nerves (3.85 ± 2.69 mm) was significantly greater than that in symptomatic nerves (0.94 ± 1.27 mm). When the distance was 3 mm or less, the rate of the manifestation of TN symptoms was 83.1% (103/124). On the other hand, it was only 19.6% (9/46) in cases with a distance of greater than 3 mm. |
2 |
| 81. Panczykowski DM, Frederickson AM, Hughes MA, Oskin JE, Stevens DR, Sekula RF Jr. A Blinded, Case-Control Trial Assessing the Value of Steady State Free Precession Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Diagnosis of Trigeminal Neuralgia. World Neurosurg. 89:427-33, 2016 05. |
Experimental-Dx |
44 patients |
To evaluate the reliability and predictive ability of 1.5-tesla steady state free precession (SSFP) MRI sequences for the diagnosis of symptomatic vascular contact and response to operative intervention in patients with TNVC. |
Inclusion criteria were met by 44 patients (22 consecutive patients with TNVC and 22 matched control subjects). Interrater reliability ranged from fair to excellent for vessel contact (? = 0.40), location (? = 0.81), type (? = 0.72), and multiplicity (? = 0.31). Vascular contact on MRI sequences did not differ significantly between cases and controls (75% vs. 82%, P = 0.30). MRI demonstrates accurate (Brier 0.15) and good discriminatory ability for clinical response after microvascular decompression (area under the receiver operating characteristic curve 0.81, 95% confidence interval = 0.6-1.0). Decision-curve analysis demonstrated that MRI could result in a net reduction of 5 cases likely to be unsuccessful per 100 patients treated. |
2 |
| 82. Erbay SH, Bhadelia RA, O'Callaghan M, et al. Nerve atrophy in severe trigeminal neuralgia: noninvasive confirmation at MR imaging--initial experience. Radiology. 2006; 238(2):689-692. |
Observational-Dx |
31 patients; 2 blinded observers |
Retrospective study to examine the size of the trigeminal nerve on MR images of patients with unilateral trigeminal neuralgia. |
Mean diameter of the trigeminal nerve on the symptomatic side was significantly smaller than the mean diameter on the asymptomatic side in 30/31 patients (2.11 mm +/- 0.40 [standard deviation] and 2.62 mm +/- 0.56, P<.001, 95% CI: -0.35, -0.67 mm).The mean cross-sectional area on the symptomatic side was significantly smaller than the area on the asymptomatic side in 27/31 patients (4.50 mm(2) +/- 1.75 and 6.28 mm(2) +/- 2.19, P<.001, 95% CI: -2.41, -1.16 mm(2)). Trigeminal nerve atrophy can be depicted noninvasively. |
4 |
| 83. Blitz AM, Macedo LL, Chonka ZD, et al. High-resolution CISS MR imaging with and without contrast for evaluation of the upper cranial nerves: segmental anatomy and selected pathologic conditions of the cisternal through extraforaminal segments. [Review]. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 24(1):17-34, 2014 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the course and appearance of the major segments of the upper cranial nerves from their apparent origin at the brainstem through the proximal extraforaminal region, focusing on the imaging and anatomic features of particular relevance to high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging evaluation |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 84. Lee YJ, Moon HC, Tak S, Cheong C, Park YS. Atrophic Changes and Diffusion Abnormalities of Affected Trigeminal Nerves in Trigeminal Neuralgia Using 7-T MRI. Stereotact Funct Neurosurg. 97(3):169-175, 2019. |
Observational-Dx |
14 patients |
To assess atrophy and diffusion abnormalities of affected trigeminal nerves in trigeminal neuralgia with 7-T MRI. |
The volumes were significantly smaller for the affected trigeminal nerves (33.83 ± 23.12 mm3) than for the unaffected ones (47.76 ± 32.48 mm3; p = 0.008). Cisternal segment FA and QA values were significantly lower in affected trigeminal nerves than in unaffected ones. However, DTI measurements in the pontine nuclei revealed no significant differences between affected-side and unaffected-side trigeminal nerves. No DTI metrics significantly correlated with BNI pain scores. |
2 |
| 85. Sandell T, Ringstad GA, Eide PK. Usefulness of the endoscope in microvascular decompression for trigeminal neuralgia and MRI-based prediction of the need for endoscopy. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 156(10):1901-9; discussion 1909, 2014 Oct. |
Observational-Dx |
97 patients |
to verify under which circumstances the endoscope proved essential in identifying the neurovascular conflict (NVC) during eaMVD for TN, and to assess the possibility to predict the need for the endoscope on preoperative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). |
In 27 of the 97 patients (27.8 %), the endoscope was a significant aid in identifying the NVC, due to a bony ridge obscuring the view of the fifth nerve, a very distal vascular compression, or a combination of both. The preoperative MRI over-diagnosed the presence of a bony ridge. However, the MRI-based fraction of microscopically visible trigeminal nerve (FVN) in the cerebellopontine angle cistern proved diagnostic (ROC curve, AUC 0.89, p = <0.001) with an optimal cut-off value of 0.35. Hence, if less than 35 % of the trigeminal nerve is visible on preoperative MRI, the endoscope will be needed to identify the NVC. |
2 |
| 86. Lin W, Chen YL, Zhang QW. Vascular compression of the trigeminal nerve in asymptomatic individuals: a voxel-wise analysis of axial and radial diffusivity. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 156(3):577-80, 2014 Mar. |
Observational-Dx |
38 patients |
To investigate the possible microstructural tissue changes of trigeminal nerves (TGN) in asymptomatic individuals with NVC by using axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD) of MR imaging and to discuss its underlying mechanisms. |
No significant changes in any of the diffusion metrics (FA, RD and AD) were found among the three groups (compressed, uncompressed side in asymptomatic individuals and HCs). |
2 |
| 87. Lutz J, Thon N, Stahl R, et al. Microstructural alterations in trigeminal neuralgia determined by diffusion tensor imaging are independent of symptom duration, severity, and type of neurovascular conflict. J Neurosurg. 124(3):823-30, 2016 Mar. |
Observational-Dx |
81 patients |
To evaluate the influence of clinical and anatomical parameters on structural alterations within the fifth cranial nerve in patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN) due to neurovascular compression. |
DTI analyses revealed significantly lower FA values within the vulnerable zone of the affected trigeminal nerve compared with the contralateral side (p = 0.05). The DTI analyses also included 3 patients without clear evidence of neurovascular conflict on preoperative MRI. No differences were seen between arterial and venous compression. Lower FA values were found 5 months after symptom onset; however, no correlation was found with the duration of symptoms or severity of compression. |
2 |
| 88. Lin W, Zhu WP, Chen YL, et al. Large-diameter compression arteries as a possible facilitating factor for trigeminal neuralgia: analysis of axial and radial diffusivity. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 158(3):521-6, 2016 Mar. |
Observational-Dx |
100 patients |
To evaluate the influence of diameter of compression arteries (DCA) on NVC with and without TN using axial diffusivity (AD) and radial diffusivity (RD) of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging. |
The mean DCA in NVC patients with TN (1.58 ± 0.34 mm) was larger than that without TN (0.89 ± 0.29 mm). Compared with NVC without TN and HC, the mean values of RD at the site of NVC with TN were significantly increased; however, no significant changes of AD were found between the groups. Correlation analysis showed that DCA positively correlated with RD in NVC patients with and without TN (r = 0.830, p = 0.000). No significant correlation was found between DCA and AD (r = 0.178, p = 0.077). |
2 |
| 89. Hung PS, Chen DQ, Davis KD, Zhong J, Hodaie M. Predicting pain relief: Use of pre-surgical trigeminal nerve diffusion metrics in trigeminal neuralgia. Neuroimage (Amst). 15:710-718, 2017. |
Observational-Dx |
47 patients |
To discuss the use of used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to determine whether pre-surgical trigeminal nerve microstructural diffusivities can prognosticate response to TN treatment. In 31 TN patients and 16 healthy controls, multi-tensor tractography was used to extract DTI-derived metrics-axial (AD), radial (RD), mean diffusivity (MD), and fractional anisotropy (FA)-from the cisternal segment, root entry zone and pontine segment of trigeminal nerves for false discovery rate-corrected Student's t-tests. |
Ipsilateral diffusivities were bootstrap resampled to visualize group-level diffusivity thresholds of long-term response. To obtain an individual-level statistical classifier of surgical response, we conducted discriminant function analysis (DFA) with the type of surgery chosen alongside ipsilateral measurements and ipsilateral/contralateral ratios of AD and RD from all regions of interest as prediction variables. Abnormal diffusivity in the trigeminal pontine fibers, demonstrated by increased AD, highlighted non-responders (n = 14) compared to controls. Bootstrap resampling revealed three ipsilateral diffusivity thresholds of response-pontine AD, MD, cisternal FA-separating 85% of non-responders from responders. DFA produced an 83.9% (71.0% using leave-one-out-cross-validation) accurate prognosticator of response that successfully identified 12/14 non-responders. Our study demonstrates that pre-surgical DTI metrics can serve as a highly predictive, individualized tool to prognosticate surgical response. We further highlight abnormal pontine segment diffusivities as key features of treatment non-response and confirm the axiom that central pain does not commonly benefit from peripheral treatments. |
2 |
| 90. Moon HC, You ST, Baek HM, et al. 7.0Tesla MRI tractography in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Magn Reson Imaging. 54:265-270, 2018 12. |
Observational-Dx |
14 patients |
To investigated diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) parameters and the feasibility of DTI criteria for diagnosing trigeminal neuralgia (TN). |
We examined associations between DTI parameters and clinical characteristics for patients with TN. In patients with TN, affected sides showed significantly decreased FA and significantly increased MD, and RD compared with unaffected sides of trigeminal nerves. Nuclei were not significantly different among patients with TN. Barrow Neurological Institute (BNI) pain scores did not correlate with affected sides. 7.0 T DTI was useful for detecting neurovascular compression in patients with TN. The increased signal-to-noise ratio provided by 7 T MRI should be advantageous for increasing spatial resolution to detect microstructure changes to trigeminal nerves in patients with TN. |
2 |
| 91. Lee CC, Chong ST, Chen CJ, et al. The timing of stereotactic radiosurgery for medically refractory trigeminal neuralgia: the evidence from diffusion tractography images. Acta Neurochir (Wien). 160(5):977-986, 2018 05. |
Observational-Dx |
21 patients |
To analyze the presentation of trigeminal nerve, the DTI was reconstructed in 21 cases pre- and post-SRS. DTI parameters recorded include fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), radial diffusivity (RD), axial diffusivity (AD), linear anisotropy coefficient (Cl), planar anisotropy coefficient (Cp), and spherical anisotropy coefficient (Cs). Comparisons between ipsilateral (symptomatic) and contralateral (asymptomatic) trigeminal nerves and symptom durations of < 5 and ? 5 years were performed. |
The study cohort comprised 21 patients with TN with a median age of 66 years. Initial adequate facial pain relief (Barrow Neurological Institute facial pain scores I-IIIb) was achieved in 16 (76%) patients. For the pre-SRS DTI findings, ipsilateral trigeminal nerve was associated with higher baseline root entry zone (REZ) Cs compared to contralateral nerve (0.774 vs. 0.743, p = 0.04). Ipsilateral trigeminal nerve with symptoms of < 5 years was associated with higher baseline FA compared to trigeminal nerve with symptoms of ? 5 years (0.314 vs. 0.244, p = 0.02). For the post-SRS DTI findings, ipsilateral trigeminal nerves with symptoms of <5 years demonstrated decrease in Cl, while those with symptoms ? 5 years demonstrated increase in Cl after SRS at the ipsilateral REZ (- 0.025 vs. 0.018, p = 0.04). At the cisternal segment of ipsilateral trigeminal nerve, symptoms of < 5 years were associated with decreased FA and increased ?2, while symptoms of ? 5 years were associated with increased FA and decreased ?2 after SRS (FA - 0.068 vs. 0.031, p = 0.04, ?2 0.0003 vs. - 0.0002, p = 0.02). |
2 |
| 92. Zhang Y, Mao Z, Cui Z, et al. Diffusion Tensor Imaging of Axonal and Myelin Changes in Classical Trigeminal Neuralgia. World Neurosurg. 112:e597-e607, 2018 Apr. |
Observational-Dx |
54 patients |
To test this hypothesis, we used diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) to capture the full extent of trigeminal microarchitecture changes in vivo in patients with TN. |
We observed significant FA reductions and increased diffusivity at the affected trigeminal REZ, corresponding to known underlying pathologic changes, including axonal edema and demyelination. Specifically, our results showed that these DTI-derived metrics are discriminating features for patients with TN according to the support vector machine approach. After effective treatment, diffusion recovery at 1 week was mainly due to the decrease in ?|| (consistent with axonal membrane stabilization), whereas at 4-6 months it was due to the predominant reduction in ?? (consistent with remyelination). |
2 |
| 93. Tohyama S, Shih-Ping Hung P, Zhong J, Hodaie M. Early postsurgical diffusivity metrics for prognostication of long-term pain relief after Gamma Knife radiosurgery for trigeminal neuralgia. J Neurosurg. 131(2):539-548, 2018 08 17. |
Observational-Dx |
37 patients |
To determine whether early (6 months post-GKRS) target diffusivity metrics can be used to prognosticate long-term pain relief in patients with trigeminal neuralgia (TN). |
Trigeminal nerve diffusivity at 6 months post-GKRS was predictive of long-term clinical effectiveness, where long-term responders (n = 19) showed significantly lower fractional anisotropy at the radiosurgical target of their affected nerve compared to their contralateral, unaffected nerve and to nonresponders. Radial diffusivity and mean diffusivity, correlates of myelin alterations and inflammation, were also significantly higher in the affected nerve of long-term responders compared to their unaffected nerve. Nonresponders (n = 18) did not exhibit any characteristic diffusivity changes after GKRS. |
2 |
| 94. Li M, Yan J, Li S, et al. Reduced volume of gray matter in patients with trigeminal neuralgia. Brain imaging behav.. 11(2):486-492, 2017 04. |
Observational-Dx |
56 patients |
To detect abnormalities in gray matter volume in trigeminal neuralgia (TN) patients. |
In this study, twenty-eight TN patients (thirteen females; mean age, 45.86 years ±11.17) and 28 healthy controls (HC; thirteen females; mean age, 44.89 years ±7.67) were included. Using voxel-based morphometry (VBM), we detected abnormalities in gray matter volume in the TN patients. Based on a voxel-wise analysis, the TN group showed significantly decreased gray matter volume in the bilateral superior/middle temporal gyrus (STG/MTG), bilateral parahippocampus, left anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), caudate nucleus, right fusiform gyrus, and right cerebellum compared with the HC. In addition, we found that the gray matter volume in the bilateral STG/MTG was negatively correlated with the duration of TN. These results provide compelling evidence for gray matter abnormalities in TN and suggest that the duration of TN may be a critical factor associated with brain alterations. |
2 |
| 95. Tian T, Guo L, Xu J, et al. Brain white matter plasticity and functional reorganization underlying the central pathogenesis of trigeminal neuralgia. Sci. rep.. 6:36030, 2016 10 25. |
Observational-Dx |
42 patients |
To hypothesize that brain white matter and functional connectivity changes in TN patients were involved in pain perception, modulation, the cognitive-affective system, and motor function; moreover, changes in functional reorganization were correlated with white matter alterations. |
Twenty left TN patients and twenty-two healthy controls were studied. Diffusion kurtosis imaging was analyzed to extract diffusion and kurtosis parameters, and functional connectivity density (FCD) mapping was used to explore the functional reorganization in the brain. In the patient group, we found lower axial kurtosis and higher axial diffusivity in tracts participated in sensory, cognitive-affective, and modulatory aspects of pain, such as the corticospinal tract, superior longitudinal fasciculus, anterior thalamic radiation, inferior longitudinal fasciculus, inferior fronto-occipital fasciculus, cingulated gyrus, forceps major and uncinate fasciculus. Patients exhibited complex FCD reorganization of hippocampus, striatum, thalamus, precentral gyrus, precuneus, prefrontal cortex and inferior parietal lobule in multiple modulatory networks that played crucial roles in pain perception, modulation, cognitive-affective system, and motor function. Further, the correlated structural-functional changes may be responsible for the persistence of long-term recurrent pain and sensory-related dysfunction in TN. |
2 |
| 96. Tsai YH, Yuan R, Patel D, et al. Altered structure and functional connection in patients with classical trigeminal neuralgia. Hum Brain Mapp. 39(2):609-621, 2018 02. |
Observational-Dx |
62 patients |
- To analyze regional gray matter (GM) volume changes, and also evaluate the change of connectivity between each brain regions with GM volume change in patients with classical TN.- To see the different brain structural and functional changes between TN patients presenting with right- versus left-sided symptoms. - To estimate the relation between the duration of TN with the amplitude of structural and functional change, which may illustrate the brain plasticity due to pain chronicity. |
The results showed gray matter volume reduction in components of the prefrontal cortex, precentral gyrus, cerebellar tonsil, thalamus, hypothalamus, and nucleus accumbens among right TN patient and in the inferior frontal gyrus, precentral gyrus, cerebellum, thalamus, ventral striatum, and putamen among left TN patients. The connections between the right superior frontal gyrus and right middle frontal gyrus were lower in right TN patients. The connection between the left precentral gyrus and the left superior frontal gyrus was lower while the connection between bilateral thalamus was higher in left TN patients. The changes of volume in bilateral thalamus of right TN patients and left ventral striatum of left TN patients, and the connectivity between bilateral thalamus of left TN patients were moderately correlated with pain duration. These findings suggest that brain regions such as the thalamus may not only be involved in processing of pain stimuli but also be important for the development of TN. The left hemisphere may be dominant in processing and modulation of TN pain signal. Chronification of TN induces volume changes in brain regions which are associated with emotional or cognitive modulation of pain. |
2 |
| 97. Liu J, Zhu J, Yuan F, Zhang X, Zhang Q. Abnormal brain white matter in patients with right trigeminal neuralgia: a diffusion tensor imaging study. J HEADACHE PAIN. 19(1):46, 2018 Jun 22. |
Observational-Dx |
64 patients |
To compare between right trigeminal neuralgia (TN) patients and controls using TBSS and correlations between the white matter change and disease duration and VAS in right TN patients were assessed |
The right TN patients showed significantly lower FA and higher RD in most left white matter (P < 0.05, FWE corrected). Moreover, negative correlations were observed between disease duration and the FA values of left corona radiata, genu of corpus callosum, left external capsule and left cerebral peduncle, and between VAS and the FA values of left corona radiata, left external capsule and left cerebral peduncle (P < 0.05). Positive correlations were observed for disease duration and the RD values of left corona radiata, right external capsule, left fornix cerebri and left cerebral peduncle, and for VAS and the RD values of left corona radiata and left external capsule (P < 0.05). However, once Bonferroni corrections were applied, these correlations were not statistically significant. |
2 |
| 98. Cox B, Zuniga JR, Panchal N, Cheng J, Chhabra A. Magnetic resonance neurography in the management of peripheral trigeminal neuropathy: experience in a tertiary care centre. Eur Radiol. 26(10):3392-400, 2016 Oct. |
Observational-Dx |
17 patients |
To examine the utility of magnetic resonance neurography (MRN) in the management of peripheral trigeminal neuropathies. |
Clinical findings included pain (14/17), sensory changes (15/17), motor changes (2/17) and palpable masses (3/17). Inciting events included prior dental surgery (12/17), trauma (1/17) and idiopathic incidents (4/17). Non-affected side nerves and trigeminal nerves in the intracranial and skull base course were normal in all cases. Final diagnoses on affected sides were nerve inflammation (4/17), neuroma in continuity (2/17), LN transection (1/17), scar entrapment (3/17), infectious granuloma (1/17), low-grade injuries (3/17) and no abnormality (3/17). Associated submandibular gland and sublingual gland oedema-like changes were seen in 3/17 cases because of parasympathetic effects. Moderate-to-excellent MRN-surgical correlation was seen in operated (8/17) patients, and neuroma and nerve transection were prospectively identified in all cases. |
2 |
| 99. Ho ML, Juliano A, Eisenberg RL, Moonis G. Anatomy and pathology of the facial nerve. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2015;204:W612-9. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the anatomy and pathology of the facial nerve. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 100. Sekula RF Jr, Frederickson AM, Branstetter BF 4th, et al. Thin-slice T2 MRI imaging predicts vascular pathology in hemifacial spasm: a case-control study. Mov Disord. 29(10):1299-303, 2014 Sep. |
Observational-Dx |
28 patients |
To determine the sensitivity and specificity of thin-slice T2 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for detecting vascular compression in HFS patients. |
Prospective information was collected on 28 patients with HFS who presented to our center between March 2011 and March 2012 with thin-slice T2 MR imaging. The sensitivity and specificity for differentiating patients from controls were calculated. Sensitivities were 78.6% and 92.9% for the blinded radiologists and 75% for the partially blinded neurosurgeon. Specificities were 42.9% and 28.6% for the blinded radiologists and 75% for the partially blinded neurosurgeon. Magnetic resonance imaging of the facial nerve can guide clinicians in selecting patients who are good surgical candidates. Thin-slice T2 MRI should be viewed as supportive rather than diagnostic. |
2 |
| 101. Hughes MA, Branstetter BF, Taylor CT, et al. MRI findings in patients with a history of failed prior microvascular decompression for hemifacial spasm: how to image and where to look. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(4):768-73, 2015 Apr. |
Observational-Dx |
18 patients |
To determine the most common locations of unaddressed neurovascular contact in patients with persistent or recurrent hemifacial spasm despite prior microvascular decompression. |
In 12 of the 18 patients (67%), persistent vascular compression was identified by imaging. In 11 of these 12 patients, the culprit vessel was an artery. Compression of the attached segment (along the ventral surface of the pons) was identified in most patients (58%, 7/12). The point of contact was proximal to the surgical pledget in most patients (83%, 10/12). The imaging interpretation was concordant with the surgical results regarding artery versus vein in 86% of cases and regarding the segment of the nerve contacted in 92%. |
2 |
| 102. Hohman MH, Hadlock TA. Etiology, diagnosis, and management of facial palsy: 2000 patients at a facial nerve center. Laryngoscope 2014;124:E283-93. |
Review/Other-Dx |
1,989 patients |
To evaluate the range and incidence of facial palsy etiologies in cases presenting to a tertiary facial nerve center, and to review the broad and evolving spectrum of diagnostic and management approaches to the condition. |
There were 1,989 records that met inclusion criteria. Bell's palsy accounted for 38% of cases, acoustic neuroma resections 10%, cancer 7%, iatrogenic injuries 7%, varicella zoster 7%, benign lesions 5%, congenital palsy 5%, Lyme disease 4%, and other causes 17%. Sixty-one percent of patients were female. Mean age at presentation was 44.5 years (±18.6 years). Diagnoses were revealed primarily by history, though serial physical examinations, radiography, and hematologic testing also contributed. Management strategies included observation, physical therapy, pharmacological therapy, chemodenervation, facial nerve exploration, decompression, repair, and the full array of static and dynamic surgical interventions. |
4 |
| 103. Wolf ME, Rausch HW, Eisele P, Habich S, Platten M, Alonso A. Acute Corticonuclear Tract Ischemic Stroke with Isolated Central Facial Palsy. J STROKE CEREBROVASC DIS. 28(2):495-498, 2019 Feb. |
Observational-Dx |
5169 patients |
To evaluate the prevalence and localization of acute ischemic lesions associated with isolated central facial palsy. |
We identified four out of 5169 patients (one male; 62-83 years) with isolated facial palsy as a result of acute ischemic stroke (NIHSS 1-2). All four had circumscribed DWI lesions in different regions of the corticonuclear tract in different areas with different etiologies. |
2 |
| 104. Nader ME, Ginsberg LE, Bell D, Roberts DB, Gidley PW. Evaluating Perineural Spread to the Intratemporal Facial Nerve on Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 160(6):1087-1094, 2019 06. |
Observational-Dx |
58 patients |
To determine the sensitivity and specificity of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the detection of perineural spread (PNS) along the intratemporal facial nerve (ITFN) in patients with head and neck cancers. |
Histopathologic evidence of PNS was found in 21 patients (36.2%). The sensitivity and specificity of MRI in detecting PNS to the DFN were 72.7% and 87.8%, respectively. MRI showed higher sensitivity but slightly lower specificity when evaluating the SMF (80% and 82.8%, respectively). Prior oncologic treatment did not affect the false-positive rate ( P = .7084). Sensitivity was 100% when MRI was performed within 2 weeks of surgery and was 62.5% to 73.3% when the interval was greater than 2 weeks. This finding was not statistically significant (SMF, P = .7076; DFN, P = .4143). |
2 |
| 105. Rajati M, Pezeshki Rad M, Irani S, Khorsandi MT, Motasaddi Zarandy M. Accuracy of high-resolution computed tomography in locating facial nerve injury sites in temporal bone trauma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2014;271:2185-9. |
Observational-Dx |
41 Patients |
To discuss the accuracy of high-resolution computed tomography in locating facial nerve injury sites in temporal bone trauma. |
All the patients underwent a multislice high-resolution, multislice computed tomography (HRCT) using 1-mm-thick slices with a bone window algorithm. The anatomical areas of the temporal bone (including the Fallopian canal) were assessed by CT and during the surgery (separately by the radiologist and the surgeon), and fracture line involvement was recorded. Forty-one patients entered this study. The perigeniculate area was the most commonly involved region (46.34 %) of the facial nerve. The sensitivity and specificity of HRCT to detect a fracture line seems to be different in various sites, but the overall sensitivity and specificity were 77.5 and 77.7 %, respectively. Although HRCT is the modality of choice in traumatic facial paralysis, the diagnostic value may differ according to the fracture location. The results of HRCT should be considered with caution in certain areas. |
2 |
| 106. Vianna M, Adams M, Schachern P, Lazarini PR, Paparella MM, Cureoglu S. Differences in the diameter of facial nerve and facial canal in bell's palsy--a 3-dimensional temporal bone study. Otol Neurotol. 35(3):514-8, 2014 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
22 Temporal Bones |
To compare both the facial nerve and facial canal diameters between patients with and without a history of Bell's palsy to determine if there may be an anatomic predisposition for this disease. No intravenous contrast was administered. |
The mean diameter of the FC and FN was significantly smaller in the tympanic and mastoid segments (p = 0.01) in the BP group than in the controls. The FN to FC diameter ratio (FN/FC) was significantly bigger in the mastoid segment of BP group, when compared with the controls. When comparing the BP and control groups, the narrowest part of FC was the labyrinthine segment in control group and the tympanic segment in the BP. |
4 |
| 107. Li H, Wang L, Hao S, et al. Identification of the Facial Nerve in Relation to Vestibular Schwannoma Using Preoperative Diffusion Tensor Tractography and Intraoperative Tractography-Integrated Neuronavigation System. World Neurosurg. 107:669-677, 2017 Nov. |
Observational-Dx |
19 patients |
To explore the appropriate DTT tracing parameters and evaluate the effect of intraoperative facial nerve tractography-integrated neuronavigation for verifying the DTT accuracy. |
Nineteen patients were enrolled in this study. Successful facial fiber tracts was obtained in 18 patients. In 17 of the 18 patients, intraoperative navigation confirmed DTT accuracy. The facial nerves were located on the anterior middle third of the tumor in 9 patients. Twelve months after surgery, facial nerve function was classified as grade I in 10 patients and grade II in 8 patients. |
2 |
| 108. Chen Y, Zhang K, Xu Y, Che Y, Guan L, Li Y. Reliability of temporal bone high-resolution CT in patients with facial paralysis in temporal bone fracture. Am J Otolaryngol 2018;39:150-52. |
Review/Other-Dx |
26 patients |
To investigate the reliability of temporal bone high-resolution CT (HRCT) in patients with traumatic facial paralysis. |
Preoperative HRCT revealed fallopian canal damage at the posterior genu in 1 case, geniculate ganglion in 22 cases, labyrinthine segment in 4 cases, tympanic segment in 13 cases and mastoid segment in 0 case, while surgical findings confirmed fallopian canal damage at the posterior genu in 7 cases, geniculate ganglion in 23 cases, labyrinthine segment in 4 cases, tympanic segment in 17 cases and mastoid segment in 7 cases. The accuracy of temporal bone HRCT in revealing damage at those segments of fallopian canal was 14.3%, 95.7%, 100%, 76.5, and 0%, respectively. |
4 |
| 109. Ohtani K, Mashiko T, Oguro K, et al. Preoperative Three-Dimensional Diagnosis of Neurovascular Relationships at the Root Exit Zones During Microvascular Decompression for Hemifacial Spasm. World Neurosurg. 92:171-178, 2016 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
15 patients |
To analyze artery and nerve locations and to determine their 3D relationship. |
We confirmed that these models were accurate reconstructions of the source images as the tubular nerve and artery cross-sections showed good alignment onto magnetic resonance imaging axial slice images. The preoperative diagnoses of the compression sites and offending arteries all matched intraoperative findings. |
2 |
| 110. Jia JM, Guo H, Huo WJ, et al. Preoperative Evaluation of Patients with Hemifacial Spasm by Three-dimensional Time-of-Flight (3D-TOF) and Three-dimensional Constructive Interference in Steady State (3D-CISS) Sequence. Clin Neuroradiol. 26(4):431-438, 2016 Dec. |
Observational-Dx |
95 patients |
To investigate and evaluate the accuracy and the preoperative diagnostic value of high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, three-dimensional time-of-flight (3D-TOF) and three-dimensional constructive interference in steady state (3D-CISS) sequence, solely or in combination for the detection of the relationship between the facial nerve and adjacent vessels in patients with hemifacial spasm (HFS). |
3D-TOF combined with 3D-CISS assessment showed that 94 of 95 patients had artery compression or contact at REZ, whereas the remaining patient had compression at the peripheral branch of the facial nerve but not at REZ. The positive rates and the overall accuracy were 98.95 and 100 %, respectively, for the 3D-TOF combined with 3D-CISS assessment; 92.63 and 93.68 %, respectively, for the 3D-TOF assessment; and 85.26 and 86.32 %, respectively, for the 3D-CISS assessment. The positive rates and overall accuracy for the 3D-TOF combined with 3D-CISS assessment was significantly higher than those for the 3D-TOF or 3D-CISS assessment. |
2 |
| 111. Hong HS, Yi BH, Cha JG, et al. Enhancement pattern of the normal facial nerve at 3.0 T temporal MRI. Br J Radiol. 2010;83(986):118-121. |
Observational-Dx |
20 patients |
To evaluate the enhancement pattern of the normal facial nerve at 3.0 T temporal MRI. |
40 nerves (100%) were visibly enhanced along at least one segment of the facial nerve. The enhanced segments included the geniculate ganglion (77.5%), tympanic segment (37.5%) and mastoid segment (100%). Even the facial nerve in the internal auditory canal (15%) and labyrinthine segments (5%) showed mild enhancement. The use of high-resolution, high signal-to-noise ratio (with 3 T MRI), thin-section contrast-enhanced 3D SPGR sequences showed enhancement of the normal facial nerve along the whole course of the nerve; however, only mild enhancement was observed in areas associated with acute neuritis, namely the canalicular and labyrinthine segment. |
4 |
| 112. MR Diagnosis of Facial Neuritis: Diagnostic Performance of Contrast-Enhanced 3D-FLAIR Technique Compared with Contrast-Enhanced 3D-T1-Fast-Field Echo with Fat Suppression |
Observational-Dx |
36 patients |
To retrospectively investigate the usefulness of the CE 3D-FLAIR sequence compared with the CE 3D-T1-FFE sequence in facial neuritis patients. |
The AUC of CE 3D-FLAIR (reader 1, 0.754; reader 2, 0.746) was greater than that of CE 3D-T1-FFE (reader 1, 0.624; reader 2, 0.640; P < .001). The diagnostic sensitivities, specificities, and accuracies were 97.2%, 86.1%, and 91.7%, respectively, for CE 3D-FLAIR, and 100%, 56.9%, and 78.5%, respectively, for CE 3D-T1-FFE. The specificity and accuracy of CE 3D-FLAIR were greater than those of CE 3D-T1-FFE (specificity, P = .029; accuracy, P = .008). The interobserver agreements for CE 3D-FLAIR (?-value, 0.831) and CE 3D-T1-FFE (?-value, 0.694) were excellent. Enhancement of the canalicular and anterior genu segments on CE 3D-FLAIR were significantly correlated with the occurrence of facial neuritis (P < .001 for canalicular; P = .032 and 0.020 for anterior genu by reader 1 and reader 2, respectively). |
2 |
| 113. Dehkharghani S, Lubarsky M, Aiken AH, Kang J, Hudgins PA, Saindane AM. Redefining normal facial nerve enhancement: healthy subject comparison of typical enhancement patterns--unenhanced and contrast-enhanced spin-echo versus 3D inversion recovery-prepared fast spoiled gradient-echo imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 202(5):1108-13, 2014 May. |
Observational-Dx |
23 patients |
To hypothesize that features unique to IR-FSPGR may engender differences in the appearance of the normal facial nerve, which may confound analysis of pathologic enhancement. |
Significantly higher unenhanced and contrast-enhanced SI was present in most facial nerve segments on IR-FSPGR compared with SE, including cisternal, canalicular, labyrinthine, and geniculate segments (p = 0.01). Enhancement patterns were generally similar; however, significant enhancement of the labyrinthine segment was detected only on SE (p = 0.011). For unenhanced images, mean kappa statistic was 0.32, and for the contrast-enhanced images, mean kappa statistic was 0.04, implying fair and slight agreement between readers, respectively. |
2 |
| 114. Radhakrishnan R, Ahmed S, Tilden JC, Morales H. Comparison of normal facial nerve enhancement at 3T MRI using gadobutrol and gadopentetate dimeglumine. Neuroradiol. j.. 30(6):554-560, 2017 Dec. |
Observational-Dx |
70 patients |
To assess differences in normal facial nerve enhancement with two different gadolinium-based contrast agents, gadobutrol and gadopentetate dimeglumine. |
There was no significant difference in facial nerve enhancement between gadobutrol and gadopentetate dimeglumine. Enhancement was commonly observed in the geniculate, tympanic and mastoid segments (98%-100%) with either contrast agent; enhancement was less common in the labyrinthine segments (9%-14%) and lateral canalicular segment (2%-5%). There was a smaller enhancing proportion of labyrinthine and tympanic segments with FSPGR as compared to SE T1 images with gadobutrol. |
2 |
| 115. Guenette JP, Seethamraju RT, Jayender J, Corrales CE, Lee TC. MR Imaging of the Facial Nerve through the Temporal Bone at 3T with a Noncontrast Ultrashort Echo Time Sequence. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 39(10):1903-1906, 2018 10. |
Observational-Dx |
8 patients |
To evaluate the extracranial facial nerve, an MR imaging examination of the brain and face that included a PETRA sequence was performed in 8 healthy subjects |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 116. Guenette JP, Ben-Shlomo N, Jayender J, et al. MR Imaging of the Extracranial Facial Nerve with the CISS Sequence. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2019;40:1954-59. |
Observational-Dx |
20 patients |
To determine the extent to which this nerve can be visualized with a CISS sequence and to determine the feasibility of using that sequence for locating the nerve relative to tumor. |
The primary bifurcation of the extracranial facial nerve into the superior temporofacial and inferior cervicofacial trunks was visible on all 128 segmentations. The mean of the average Hausdorff distances was 1.2 mm (range, 0.3-4.6 mm). Dice coefficients ranged from 0.40 to 0.82. The relative position of the facial nerve to the tumor could be inferred in all 4 tumor cases. |
4 |
| 117. Tien R, Dillon WP, Jackler RK. Contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the facial nerve in 11 patients with Bell's palsy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1990;11:735-41. |
Review/Other-Dx |
11 patients |
To discuss the contrast-enhanced MR imaging of the facial nerve in 11 patients with Bell's palsy. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 118. Kress BP, Griesbeck F, Efinger K, et al. [The prognostic value of quantified MRI at an early stage of Bell's palsy]. Rofo. 2002; 174(4):426-432. |
Observational-Dx |
30 patients |
Prospective, blinded study to assess whether MRI has a prognostic value at an early stage of Bell’s palsy. Compared results with clinical outcome and electrophysiology. |
MRI has a prognostic value at an early stage of the illness. In the clinical setting this measurement is easy to perform, so that it is possible to obtain prognostic information at a stage when causal treatment is still possible. |
2 |
| 119. Kress B, Griesbeck F, Stippich C, Bahren W, Sartor K. Bell palsy: quantitative analysis of MR imaging data as a method of predicting outcome. Radiology. 2004; 230(2):504-509. |
Observational-Dx |
39 patients |
Prospective, single-blinded study to assess the prognostic value of quantitative analyses of region-of-interest MRI data in patients with acute facial nerve palsy. Signal intensity increases and MRI indexes were compared with clinical findings and electrophysiologic data. |
MRI index was higher in patients with poor outcomes than in patients with favorable outcomes (specificity 97%; sensitivity 75%; P<.01). The signal intensity increases in the internal auditory canal were significantly different between patients who progressed to full recovery (mean increase 45.7%) and patients who developed chronic facial paralysis (mean increase 156.5%) (Sensitivity 100%; specificity 97%; P<.001). Results of differentiating between patients with good and those with poor outcomes on the basis of signal intensity measurements in the internal auditory canal were found to be in complete agreement with electrophysiologic data. |
2 |
| 120. Song MH, Kim J, Jeon JH, et al. Clinical significance of quantitative analysis of facial nerve enhancement on MRI in Bell's palsy. Acta Otolaryngol 2008;128:1259-65. |
Observational-Dx |
44 patients |
To investigate the clinical significance of quantitative measurement of facial nerve enhancement in patients with Bell's palsy by analyzing the enhancement pattern and correlating MRI findings with initial severity of facial palsy and clinical outcome. |
The lesion side showed significantly higher signal intensity increase compared with the normal side in all of the segments except for the mastoid segment. Signal intensity increase at the internal auditory canal and labyrinthine segments showed correlation with the initial degree of facial palsy but no significant difference was found between different prognostic groups. |
2 |
| 121. Jun BC, Chang KH, Lee SJ, Park YS. Clinical feasibility of temporal bone magnetic resonance imaging as a prognostic tool in idiopathic acute facial palsy. J Laryngol Otol. 2012;126(9):893-896. |
Observational-Dx |
44 patients |
To assess the feasibility of temporal bone magnetic resonance imaging for evaluating the severity and prognosis of idiopathic acute facial nerve palsy. With contrast. |
The visually determined degree of facial nerve enhancement did not correlate significantly with the House-Brackmann grade at either the early or late stages (p > 0.05). Results using the region-of-interest system were similar (p > 0.05). |
3 |
| 122. Kuya J, Kuya K, Shinohara Y, et al. Usefulness of High-Resolution 3D Multi-Sequences for Peripheral Facial Palsy: Differentiation Between Bell's Palsy and Ramsay Hunt Syndrome. Otol Neurotol. 38(10):1523-1527, 2017 12. |
Observational-Dx |
20 patients |
To investigate the usefulness of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) including three-dimensional (3D) sequences in the differentiation between Bell's palsy (BP) and Ramsay Hunt syndrome (RHS). |
The presence of hyperintensity on 3D-fluid-attenuated inversion recovery sequence (3D-FLAIR) and enhancement on gadolinium-enhanced (CE)-3D-FLAIR and CE-3D-T1-weighted image (3D-T1WI) along the internal auditory canal (IAC) wall were significantly associated with RHS (p < 0.05). Hyperintensity in the inner ear was observed on pre- and postcontrast 3D-FLAIR, and enhancement of the cranial nerve (CN)-VIII was observed only on CE-3D-FLAIR. The presence of these findings also showed significant relationships with RHS (p < 0.05). Moreover, thickening of the CN-VII in the fundus of the IAC in 3D-constructive interference on steady state sequence (3D-CISS) also showed a significant association with RHS (p < 0.05). In contrast, the presence of hyperintensity of the CN-VII in the fundus of the IAC on 3D-FLAIR did not demonstrate a significant relationship (p = 0.95), and enhancement in this region was observed in all cases on CE-3D-FLAIR and gadolinium-enhanced-three-dimensional-T1-weighted gradient echo sequence (CE-3D-T1WI). |
2 |
| 123. Nemzek WR, Hecht S, Gandour-Edwards R, Donald P, McKennan K. Perineural spread of head and neck tumors: how accurate is MR imaging?. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 19(4):701-6, 1998 Apr. |
Observational-Dx |
19 patients |
To determine the precision of MR imaging evaluation of perineural spread of head and neck tumors. |
The sensitivity of MR imaging for detection of perineural spread was 95%; however, the sensitivity for mapping the entire extent of perineural spread fell to 63%. |
2 |
| 124. Gandhi MR, Panizza B, Kennedy D. Detecting and defining the anatomic extent of large nerve perineural spread of malignancy: comparing "targeted" MRI with the histologic findings following surgery. Head Neck. 33(4):469-75, 2011 Apr. |
Observational-Dx |
25 patients |
To determine the sensitivity of targeted MRI in predicting the presence of disease and the anatomic extent of spread when compared with histologic findings. |
MRI detected PNS in 30 of 30 nerves (100%) with 1 false positive. MRI correctly identified the extent of spread based on histology in 25 of 30 nerves (83.3%). In 4 of 30 cases (13.3%) MRI underestimated the extent of spread proximal to the Gasserian ganglion that, if diagnosed preoperatively, may have deemed the patient inoperable. |
2 |
| 125. Baulch J, Gandhi M, Sommerville J, Panizza B. 3T MRI evaluation of large nerve perineural spread of head and neck cancers. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol. 59(5):578-85, 2015 Oct. |
Observational-Dx |
36 Patients |
To define the sensitivity and specificity of 3T MRI in detecting the presence and extent of large nerve PNS, compared with histologic evaluation. |
3T MRI had a sensitivity of 95% and a specificity of 84%, detecting PNS in 36 of 38 nerves and correctly identifying uninvolved nerves in 16 of 19 cases. It correctly identified the zonal extent of spread in 32 of 36 cases (89%), underestimating the extent in three cases and overestimating the extent in one case. |
2 |
| 126. Hilly O, Chen JM, Birch J, et al. Diffusion Tensor Imaging Tractography of the Facial Nerve in Patients With Cerebellopontine Angle Tumors. Otol Neurotol. 37(4):388-93, 2016 Apr. |
Observational-Dx |
113 patients |
To demonstrate the utility of diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) fiber tractography of the facial nerve in patients with cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumors. |
Facial nerve identification rate in MR-DTI was 97% and 100% in patients without tumors and in patients with tumors of the CPA of the internal auditory canal that were not treated surgically, respectively. MR-DTI identification of the facial nerve was successful in 20 patients who were treated surgically (95%). Good agreement between surgical findings and MR-DTI results was found in 19 patients (90%). |
2 |
| 127. Borkar SA, Garg A, Mankotia DS, et al. Prediction of facial nerve position in large vestibular schwannomas using diffusion tensor imaging tractography and its intraoperative correlation. Neurol India. 64(5):965-70, 2016 Sep-Oct. |
Observational-Dx |
20 patients |
To predict the position of facial nerve in large VSs (>3 cm) using Diffusion Tensor Imaging (DTI) tractography and correlate it with the intraoperative finding of the position of facial nerve. |
Of the 20 patients who underwent DTI tractography, it was not possible to preoperatively identify facial nerve in one patient. In another patient, although DTI tractography predicted the position of facial nerve, it was not identified intraoperatively. In the remaining 18 patients, DTI tractography accurately predicted the facial nerve position. The predicted position was in synchronization with the intraoperative facial nerve position in 16 patients (89% concordance). It was discordant in two patients (11%), but this was not found to be statistically significant (P = -0.3679). |
2 |
| 128. Savardekar AR, Patra DP, Thakur JD, et al. Preoperative diffusion tensor imaging-fiber tracking for facial nerve identification in vestibular schwannoma: a systematic review on its evolution and current status with a pooled data analysis of surgical concordance rates. Neurosurg. focus. 44(3):E5, 2018 03. |
Review/Other-Dx |
14 studies |
To discuss the pooled analysis of studies performed to calculate the surgical concordance rate (accuracy) of DTI-FT technology for facial nerve (FN) localization |
Fourteen studies included 234 VS patients (male/female ratio 1:1.4, age range 17-75 years) who had undergone preoperative DTI-FT for FN identification. The mean tumor size among the studies ranged from 29 to 41.3 mm. Preoperative DTI-FT could not visualize the FN tract in 8 patients (3.4%) and its findings could not be verified in 3 patients (1.2%), were verified but discordant in 18 patients (7.6%), and were verified and concordant in 205 patients (87.1%). CONCLUSIONS Preoperative DTI-FT for FN identification is a useful adjunct in the surgical planning for large VSs (> 2.5 cm). A pooled analysis showed that DTI-FT successfully identifies the complete FN course in 96.6% of VSs (226 of 234 cases) and that FN identification by DTI-FT is accurate in 90.6% of cases (205 of 226 cases). Larger studies with DTI-FT-integrated neuronavigation are required to look at the direct benefit offered by this specific technique in preserving postoperative FN function. |
4 |
| 129. Attye A, Karkas A, Tropres I, et al. Parotid gland tumours: MR tractography to assess contact with the facial nerve. Eur Radiol. 26(7):2233-41, 2016 Jul. |
Observational-Dx |
26 patients |
To assess the feasibility of intraparotid facial nerve (VIIn) tractographic reconstructions in estimating the presence of a contact between the VIIn and the tumour, in patients requiring surgical resection of parotid tumours. |
Twenty-six patients were included in this study and the mean patient age was 55.2 years. Surgical direct assessment of VIIn allowed identifying 0.1 as the iFA threshold with the best sensitivity to detect tumour contact. In all patients with successful VIIn identification by tractography, surgeons confirmed nerve courses as well as lesion location in parotid glands. Mean VIIn branch FA values were significantly lower in cases with tumour contact (t-test; p = 0.01). |
2 |
| 130. Rouchy RC, Attye A, Medici M, et al. Facial nerve tractography: A new tool for the detection of perineural spread in parotid cancers. Eur Radiol. 28(9):3861-3871, 2018 Sep. |
Observational-Dx |
45 patients |
To determine whether facial nerve MR tractography is useful in detecting PeriNeural Spread in parotid cancers. |
Average pathlength was significantly higher in cases with PeriNeural Spread (39.86 mm [Quartile1: 36.27; Quartile3: 51.19]) versus cases without (16.23 mm [12.90; 24.90]), p<0.001. The threshold above which there was a significant association with PeriNeural Spread was set at 27.36 mm (Se: 100%; Sp: 84%; AUC: 0.96, 95% CI 0.904-1). There were no significant differences in FA between groups. Tractography map visual analyses directly displayed PeriNeural Spread in distal neural ramifications with sensitivity of 75%, versus 50% using morphological sequences. |
2 |
| 131. Sciacca S, Lynch J, Davagnanam I, Barker R. Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla: Anatomy and Syndromes. Radiographics 2019;39:1110-25. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To present the developmental anatomy of the brainstem and discusses associated pathologic syndromes. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 132. Keane JR. Multiple cranial nerve palsies: analysis of 979 cases. Arch Neurol 2005;62:1714-7. |
Review/Other-Dx |
979 patients |
To examine the seats and causes of multiple cranial neuropathies in a large group of inpatients. |
Cranial nerves VI (565 cases), VII (466 cases), V (353 cases), and III (339 cases) were most commonly affected. The locations and causes were diverse, with cavernous sinus (252 cases), brainstem (217 cases), and individual nerves (182 cases) being the most frequent sites, and tumor (305 cases), vascular disease (128 cases), trauma (128 cases), infection (102 cases), and the Guillain-Barré and Fisher syndromes (91 cases total) being the most frequent causes. Recurrent cranial neuropathy was uncommon (43 cases, 106 episodes, 136 nerves), with diabetes mellitus (14 cases), self-limited unknown causes (14 cases), and idiopathic cavernous sinusitis (10 cases) being the usual causes. |
4 |
| 133. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®: Cerebrovascular Disease. Available at: https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69478/Narrative/. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for a specific clinical condition. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 134. Bag AK, Chapman PR. Neuroimaging: intrinsic lesions of the central skull base region. Semin Ultrasound CT MR 2013;34:412-35. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe lesions that might originate within, be confined to, or principally involve the skeletal foundation of the central skull base, including the pneumatized regions contained within. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 135. Querol-Pascual MR. Clinical approach to brainstem lesions. [Review] [42 refs]. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 31(3):220-9, 2010 Jun. |
Review/Other-Dx |
n/a |
To provide a brief clinical description of some conditions affecting the brainstem. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 136. Yagi A, Sato N, Takahashi A, et al. Added value of contrast-enhanced CISS imaging in relation to conventional MR images for the evaluation of intracavernous cranial nerve lesions. Neuroradiology. 52(12):1101-9, 2010 Dec. |
Observational-Dx |
17 patients |
To evaluate pathological CNs III, IV, V(1), V(2), and VI in cavernous sinuses affected by inflammatory and neoplastic diseases. |
In the inflammatory group, abnormal CNs were identified by contrast-enhanced CISS MRI in 13 of 25 symptomatic CNs (52%) in eight patients, but in only two CNs (8%) in two patients by contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI. In the neoplastic group, both sequences of contrast-enhanced CISS and T1-weighted MRI detected abnormalities in the same three of eight symptomatic CNs (37.5%), i.e., the three CNs were all in the same patient with adenoid cystic carcinoma. |
4 |
| 137. Fukuoka T, Takeda H, Dembo T, et al. Clinical review of 37 patients with medullary infarction. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2012;21:594-9. |
Observational-Dx |
37 patients |
To compare between patients with lateral medullary infarction and medial medullary infarction |
Examination of the clinical symptoms and neurologic findings suggested that among patients with medial medullary infarction, few demonstrated all of the symptoms of Dejerine syndrome at onset, and many had lesions that were difficult to locate based only on neurologic findings. Both lateral and medial medullary infarction were frequently caused by atherothrombosis. However, cerebral artery dissection was observed in 31% of patients with lateral medullary infarction and 12.5% of those with medial medullary infarction. In 13% of patients with lateral and 37% of patients with medial medullary infarction, magnetic resonance imaging diffusion-weighted images on the day of onset did not show abnormalities, and the second set of diffusion-weighted images confirmed infarction lesions. For lateral medullary infarction, a more rostral lesion location was correlated with a poorer 90-day outcome. For medial medullary infarction, a more dorsal lesion location was correlated with a poorer 90-day outcome. |
2 |
| 138. Felfeli P, Wenz H, Al-Zghloul M, Groden C, Forster A. Combination of standard axial and thin-section coronal diffusion-weighted imaging facilitates the diagnosis of brainstem infarction. Brain Behav. 7(4):e00666, 2017 04. |
Observational-Dx |
155 patients |
To sought to evaluate the value of additional thin-section coronal DWI for the detection of brainstem infarction. |
On DWI, we identified ischemic lesions in the mesencephalon in 12 (7.7%), pons in 115 (74.2%), and medulla oblongata in 31 (20%) patients. In 3 (1.9%) cases-all of these with medulla oblongata infarction-the ischemic lesion was detected only on thin-section coronal DWI. Overall, in 35 (22.6%) patients the ischemic lesion was more easily identified on thin-section coronal DWI in comparison to standard axial DWI. In these, the ischemic lesions were significantly smaller (0.06 [IQR 0.05-0.11] cm3 vs. 0.25 [IQR 0.13-0.47] cm3; p < .001) in comparison to those patients whose ischemic lesion was more easily (6 [3.9%]) or at least similarly well identified (114 [73.5%]) on standard axial DWI. |
2 |
| 139. Giorgi C, Broggi G. Surgical treatment of glossopharyngeal neuralgia and pain from cancer of the nasopharynx. A 20-year experience. J Neurosurg 1984;61:952-5. |
Review/Other-Dx |
14 patients |
To discuss 14 cases of patients with glossopharyngeal neuralgia. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 140. Fayad JN, Keles B, Brackmann DE. Jugular foramen tumors: clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes. Otol Neurotol 2010;31:299-305. |
Review/Other-Dx |
83 patients |
To describe the diagnosis, management, and treatment outcome of jugular foramen (JF) tumors. |
The mean age of patients with JF tumors was 48.5 years (standard deviation, 16.3 yr), and women (79.5%) outnumbered men (20.5%). Most had glomus jugulare (GJ) tumors (n = 67, 80.7%); 9 patients had lower cranial nerve schwannomas (10.8%), and 7 patients had meningiomas (8.4%). The most frequent initial symptoms included pulsatile tinnitus (84.3%), conductive hearing loss (75.9%), and hoarseness (34.9%). Sixty-one patients (73.5%) underwent surgery, 18.1% had radiotherapy, and 8.4% were observed. Total tumor removal was achieved in 81% of surgery cases. New lower cranial nerve (CN) deficits occurred after surgery in 18.9% of GJ, 22.2% of schwannoma, and 50% of the 4 meningiomas. At last follow-up, 88.1% of surgical patients had normal or near-normal (House-Brackmann I or II) facial function. |
4 |
| 141. Vorasubin N, Sang UH, Mafee M, Nguyen QT. Glossopharyngeal schwannomas: a 100 year review. Laryngoscope 2009;119:26-35. |
Review/Other-Dx |
42 patients |
To review the literature on glossopharyngeal schwannomas with a focus on clinical presentation, radiologic/audiologic characteristics, and management options, and to propose a mechanism explaining the nature of vestibulocochlear dysfunction seen with these tumors |
A total of 42 glossopharyngeal schwannoma cases between 1908-2008 were reviewed. Of these 84% presented with vestibulocochlear symptoms whereas only 30% presented with glossopharyngeal symptoms. Tumors can occur anywhere along the CNIX; however, the majority of symptomatic cases are intracranial/intraosseous, which present with vestibulocochlear dysfunction. Reviewed cases typically described the caliber of CNVII and VIII on CT/MRI as normal. We present a case where notching and displacement of CNVIII by the tumor can be appreciated on MRI, allowing for the first correlation between clinical symptoms and imaging findings. Mid frequency SNHL was prevalent in contrast to the high-frequency pattern typical of vestibular schwannomas. Tonotopic studies of CNVIII mapped low-to-mid frequency fibers along the posterior medial surface corresponding to the area of greatest compression by glossopharyngeal schwannomas. |
4 |
| 142. Kent DT, Rath TJ, Snyderman C. Conventional and 3-Dimensional Computerized Tomography in Eagle's Syndrome, Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia, and Asymptomatic Controls. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 153(1):41-7, 2015 Jul. |
Review/Other-Dx |
30 patients |
To determine whether computerized tomography (CT) imaging of the stylohyoid chain (SHC) differs between asymptomatic controls (ACs), patients with glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GN), and patients with ES. |
The average distance from the SP tip to the tonsillar fossa was significantly shorter in ES (12.7 mm) compared with GN (21.4 mm; P = .027) or AC (24.8 mm; P < .0005) patients. No other variables were significantly different between groups, including average SP length (ES: 48.0 vs GN: 40.3 vs AC: 40 mm; P > .05). |
4 |
| 143. Zhao H, Zhang X, Zhu J, Tang YD, Li ST. Microvascular Decompression for Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia: Long-Term Follow-Up. World Neurosurg. 102:151-156, 2017 Jun. |
Observational-Dx |
33 patients |
To examine operative findings and outcome of microvascular decompression (MVD) for glossopharyngeal neuralgia (GPN). |
A total of 33 patients (94.3%) experienced complete pain relief immediately after MVD. Long-term follow-up was available for 30 of these 35 patients, and 28 of these 30 patients continued to be pain-free. There was no long-term operative morbidity in all cases. One patient had a cerebrospinal fluid leak and 1 case presented with delayed facial palsy. |
2 |
| 144. Valavanis A, Schubiger O, Oguz M. High-resolution CT investigation of nonchromaffin paragangliomas of the temporal bone. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1983;4:516-9. |
Review/Other-Dx |
26 cases |
To investigate twenty-six cases of surgically verified nonchromaffin paragangliomas (NCPs) of the temporal bone |
No results sated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 145. Eldevik OP, Gabrielsen TO, Jacobsen EA. Imaging findings in schwannomas of the jugular foramen. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:1139-44. |
Review/Other-Dx |
8 patients |
To report the imaging findings in a relatively large series of schwannomas of the jugular foramen, contrasting them with other disease entities, especially vestibular schwannomas and tumors of the glomus jugulare. |
Surgical findings showed schwannomas of the glossopharyngeal nerve in seven patients and tumor involvement of both the glossopharyngeal and vagal nerves in one patient. All tumors were partially located within the jugular foramen. Growth extending within the temporal bone was typical. Tumor extended into the posterior cranial fossa in all nine patients and produced mass effect on the brain stem and/or cerebellum in seven patients; in five patients, tumor extended below the skull base. On unenhanced CT scans, tumors were isodense with brain in six patients and hypodense in two. In seven patients, CT scans with bone algorithm showed an enlarged jugular foramen with sharply rounded bone borders and a sclerotic rim. On MR images, T1 signal from tumor was low and T2 signal was high relative to white matter in all patients. Contrast enhancement on CT and/or MR studies was strong in eight patients and moderate in one. |
4 |
| 146. Macdonald AJ, Salzman KL, Harnsberger HR, Gilbert E, Shelton C. Primary jugular foramen meningioma: imaging appearance and differentiating features. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;182:373-7. |
Review/Other-Dx |
5 cases |
To review the imaging appearances of primary jugular foramen meningiomas and evaluated them for features that might assist in differentiating them from other common jugular foramen lesions. |
Primary meningioma was characterized by centrifugal infiltration surrounding the skull base (5/5), a permeative-sclerotic appearance to the bone margins of the jugular foramen (5/5), and prominent dural tails (5/5). Flow voids were absent in all cases. Paraganglioma showed localized skull base infiltration, with predominant superolateral spread into the middle ear cavity (8/8). Flow voids and permeative destruction of the bone margins of the jugular foramen were typical. Schwannoma caused expansion of the jugular foramen with scalloped well-corticate bone margins, without skull base infiltration. |
4 |
| 147. Vogl TJ, Bisdas S. Differential diagnosis of jugular foramen lesions. Skull Base 2009;19:3-16. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe the anatomy of the jugular foramen and outline an imaging protocol that can differentiate between lesions, thereby aiding diagnosis and facilitating management. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 148. Wanna GB, Sweeney AD, Haynes DS, Carlson ML. Contemporary management of jugular paragangliomas. [Review]. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 48(2):331-41, 2015 Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the modern management of jugular paraganglioma, highlighting the evolving treatment paradigm at the Otology Group of Vanderbilt. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 149. Linn J, Moriggl B, Schwarz F, et al. Cisternal segments of the glossopharyngeal, vagus, and accessory nerves: detailed magnetic resonance imaging-demonstrated anatomy and neurovascular relationships. J Neurosurg. 2009; 110(5):1026-1041. |
Observational-Dx |
25 patients |
To determine whether high-resolution MRI is suitable for identifying and differentiating among the nerve root bundles of the glossopharyngeal (CN IX), vagus (CN X), and accessory nerves (CN XI) as well as any adjacent vessels. Patients underwent MRI using the 3D CISS sequence, as well as noncontrast and contrast-enhanced 3D-TOF MRA. |
The 3D CISS sequence successfully depicted CNs IX and X in 100% of the sides. Nerve root bundles of the cranial segment of CN XI were identified in 88% of the sides and those of the spinal segment of CN XI were noted in 93% of the sides. Landmarks useful in identifying the lower CNs included the vagal trigone, the choroid plexus of the lateral recess, the glossopharyngeal and vagal meatus, the inferior petrosal sinus, and the vertebral artery. The combined use of 3D CISS and 3D-TOF sequences demonstrated neurovascular contacts at the nerve root entry or exit zones in 19% of all nerves visualized. The combined use of 3D CISS MRI and 3D-TOF MRA (with or without contrast) successfully displays the detailed anatomy of the lower CNs and adjacent structures in vivo. These imaging sequences have the potential to aid the preoperative diagnosis of and the presurgical planning for pathology in this anatomical area. |
3 |
| 150. Gaul C, Hastreiter P, Duncker A, Naraghi R. Diagnosis and neurosurgical treatment of glossopharyngeal neuralgia: clinical findings and 3-D visualization of neurovascular compression in 19 consecutive patients. J Headache Pain. 2011. |
Observational-Dx |
19 consecutive patients |
To report clinical data and MRI findings in a case series of 19 patients, of whom 18 underwent surgery. |
MVD is a second-line treatment after failure of standard medical treatment with high success in glossopharyngeal neuralgia. High-resolution MRI and 3D visualization of the brainstem and accompanying vessels as well as the CNs is helpful in identifying NVC before MVD procedure. |
3 |
| 151. Jani RH, Hughes MA, Ligus ZE, Nikas A, Sekula RF. MRI Findings and Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Microvascular Decompression for Glossopharyngeal Neuralgia. J Neuroimaging. 28(5):477-482, 2018 09. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe a tailored MRI evaluation of neurovascular conflict in glossopharyngeal neuralgia to improve candidate selection for microvascular decompression. |
Our team grades neurovascular conflict as "contact" (vessel touching nerve without intervening cerebrospinal fluid) versus "deformation" (deviation or distortion of nerve from its normal course by the offending vessel). MRIs of patients with glossopharyngeal neuralgia demonstrate proximal neurovascular conflict. Postoperative MRI demonstrates separation of the glossopharyngeal nerve from the offending vessel. |
4 |
| 152. Paquette CM, Manos DC, Psooy BJ. Unilateral vocal cord paralysis: a review of CT findings, mediastinal causes, and the course of the recurrent laryngeal nerves. Radiographics 2012;32:721-40. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe a tailored MRI evaluation of neurovascular conflict in glossopharyngeal neuralgia to improve candidate selection for microvascular decompression. |
Our team grades neurovascular conflict as "contact" (vessel touching nerve without intervening cerebrospinal fluid) versus "deformation" (deviation or distortion of nerve from its normal course by the offending vessel). MRIs of patients with glossopharyngeal neuralgia demonstrate proximal neurovascular conflict. Postoperative MRI demonstrates separation of the glossopharyngeal nerve from the offending vessel. |
4 |
| 153. Rubin AD, Hawkshaw MJ, Moyer CA, Dean CM, Sataloff RT. Arytenoid cartilage dislocation: a 20-year experience. J Voice. 2005; 19(4):687-701. |
Observational-Dx |
63 patients |
Report on arytenoid cartilage dislocation based on a 20-year experience. Patient charts, CT reports, laryngeal electromyography reports, operative reports, and strobovideolaryngoscopic examinations were retrospectively reviewed. |
Strobovideolaryngoscopy, laryngeal electromyography, and laryngeal CT imaging are helpful for distinguishing arytenoid cartilage dislocation from VFP. Familiarity with signs and symptoms of arytenoid cartilage dislocation and current treatment techniques improves the chances for optimal therapeutic results. |
3 |
| 154. Rosenthal LH, Benninger MS, Deeb RH. Vocal fold immobility: a longitudinal analysis of etiology over 20 years. Laryngoscope 2007;117:1864-70. |
Review/Other-Dx |
827 patients |
To determine the current etiology of vocal fold immobility, identify changing trends over the last 20 years, and compare results to historical reports. |
Eight hundred twenty-seven patients were available for analysis (435 from the most recent cohort), which is substantially larger than any reported series to date. Vocal fold immobility was most commonly associated with a surgical procedure (37%). Nonthyroid surgeries (66%), such as anterior cervical approaches to the spine and carotid endarterectomies, have surpassed thyroid surgery (33%) as the most common iatrogenic causes. These data represent a change from historical figures in which extralaryngeal malignancies were considered the major cause of unilateral immobility. Thyroidectomy continues to cause the majority (80%) of iatrogenic bilateral vocal fold immobility and 30% of all bilateral immobility. |
4 |
| 155. Hojjat H, Svider PF, Folbe AJ, et al. Cost-effectiveness of routine computed tomography in the evaluation of idiopathic unilateral vocal fold paralysis. Laryngoscope. 127(2):440-444, 2017 02. |
Observational-Dx |
N/A |
To evaluate the cost-effectiveness of routine computed tomography (CT) in individuals with unilateral vocal fold paralysis |
The ICER of using CT was $3,306, below most acceptable willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds. Additionally, univariate sensitivity analysis indicated that at the WTP threshold of $30,000, obtaining CT imaging was the most cost-effective choice when the probability of having a lesion was above 1.7%. Multivariate probabilistic sensitivity analysis with Monte Carlo simulations also showed that at the WTP of $30,000, CT scanning is more cost-effective, with 99.5% certainty. |
2 |
| 156. Noel JE, Jeffery CC, Damrose E. Repeat Imaging in Idiopathic Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis: Is It Necessary?. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol. 125(12):1010-1014, 2016 Dec. |
Review/Other-Dx |
3210 patients |
To establish the rate of delayed detection of alternate etiologies for these patients to determine if and when imaging should be repeated. |
Of 3210 patients reviewed, 207 had a diagnosis of iUVFP. Of these patients, 8 went on to develop alternate diagnoses, including pulmonary disease, skull-base and laryngeal neoplasms, and thyroid malignancy. In Kaplan-Meir analysis, 90% remained "idiopathic" at 5 years of follow-up. The mean time to detection was 27 months. |
4 |
| 157. Bilici S, Yildiz M, Yigit O, Misir E. Imaging Modalities in the Etiologic Evaluation of Unilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis. J Voice 2019;33:813 e1-13 e5. |
Review/Other-Dx |
202 patients |
To investigate the roles of computed tomography (CT) and neck ultrasonography (US) in evaluating unilateral vocal fold paralysis (UVFP) of unknown etiology and to compare our results with those of other studies to assess the differences in etiology of UVFP |
Of the 202 eligible patients, the occult cause of the UVFP was determined in 96 patients (47.5%). Idiopathic causes were the most common etiologies (n = 106). In occult causes group, chest lesions were the most common diseases causing paralysis (52 cases) and included lung cancer (n = 28) and mediastinal malignancy (n = 8). More than half of the neck lesions were of thyroid origin. Of the 18 thyroid lesions, 12 were thyroid malignancies. Chest CT had an intermediate yield of 30.9% (52 of 168). Neck US had a diagnostic yield close to that of neck CT (26.2%). |
4 |
| 158. Kang BC, Roh JL, Lee JH, et al. Usefulness of computed tomography in the etiologic evaluation of adult unilateral vocal fold paralysis. World J Surg 2013;37:1236-40. |
Review/Other-Dx |
822 patients |
To examine the utility of computed tomography (CT) in evaluating adult UVFP of unknown etiology. |
In 36 of the 153 (23.5 %) patients, CT revealed the cause of the UVFP: lung cancer in 12 patients, thyroid carcinoma in 7 patients, skull-base tumor in 4 patients, aortic aneurysm in 4 patients, esophageal cancer in 3 patients, thymus tumor in 2 patients, pericardial effusion in 1 patient, and other neck lesions in 3 patients. CXR and neck ultrasonography also identified the etiology in 14 and 12 patients, respectively. During follow-up after the initial CT, none of the patients with idiopathic UVFP was determined to have an underlying disease that would have explained the paralysis. |
4 |
| 159. Badia PI, Hillel AT, Shah MD, Johns MM, 3rd, Klein AM. Computed tomography has low yield in the evaluation of idiopathic unilateral true vocal fold paresis. Laryngoscope 2013;123:204-7. |
Review/Other-Dx |
176 patients |
To determine the clinical yield of neck and chest computed tomography in the initial assessment of patients with idiopathic unilateral true vocal fold paresis. |
There were 176 patients with unilateral vocal fold paresis of which 81 subjects had idiopathic unilateral true vocal fold paresis. Of these, 60 patients (74.1%) had a computed tomography workup. Fifty-nine patients (98.3%) had a normal computed tomography while one patient had a single mediastinal lymph node that was PET-CT negative. This demonstrates an initial 1.7% yield and ultimate 0% yield of the computed tomography workup. |
4 |
| 160. Chen DW, Young A, Donovan DT, Ongkasuwan J. Routine computed tomography in the evaluation of vocal fold movement impairment without an apparent cause. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg. 152(2):308-13, 2015 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
406 patients |
To evaluate the recurrent laryngeal nerve course. Data included demographics, symptoms, radiography, and interventions. |
Of 406 patients with VFMI, 47 (11%) patients had no apparent cause clinically. Routine CT revealed abnormalities in 10 (21%) patients, of which only 3 (6%) could account for VFMI: benign thyroid adenoma (1), papillary thyroid cancer (1), and an esophageal mass (1). The most common lesion detected involved the thyroid. Demographic data and symptom type were not significantly associated with detection of a VFMI-attributable lesion on CT. Overall, routine CT did not identify a focal etiology in 94% patients with VFMI without an apparent cause. |
4 |
| 161. Paddle PM, Mansor MB, Song PC, Franco RA, Jr. Diagnostic Yield of Computed Tomography in the Evaluation of Idiopathic Vocal Fold Paresis. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015;153:414-9. |
Review/Other-Dx |
174 patients |
To determine the diagnostic yield of computed tomography (CT) in establishing an etiology in patients with idiopathic unilateral vocal fold paresis (IUVFP). To determine the proportion of CT scans yielding incidental findings requiring further patient management. |
A total of 174 patients with IUVFP who had also undergone contrast-enhanced CT were identified. Of the 174 patients, 5 had a cause for their paresis identified on CT. This equated to a diagnostic yield of 2.9% (95% confidence interval, 0.94% to 6.6%). Of the 174 patients, 48 had other incidental lesions identified that required further follow-up, investigation, or treatment. This equated to an incidental yield of 27.6% (95% confidence interval, 21.1% to 34.9%). |
4 |
| 162. Baki MM, Menys A, Atkinson D, et al. Feasibility of vocal fold abduction and adduction assessment using cine-MRI. Eur Radiol. 27(2):598-606, 2017 Feb. |
Observational-Dx |
14 patients |
To determine feasibility of vocal fold (VF) abduction and adduction assessment by cine magnetic resonance imaging (cine-MRI). |
VF position asymmetry (VFPa and VFRa) was greater (p=0.012; p=0.001) and overall mobility (VFAP) was lower (p=0.008) in UVFP patients compared with healthy participants. ICC of repeatability of all metrics was good, ranged from 0.82 to 0.95 except for the inter-session VFPa (0.44). |
2 |
| 163. Miyamoto M, Ohara A, Arai T, et al. Three-dimensional imaging of vocalizing larynx by ultra-high-resolution computed tomography. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 276(11):3159-3164, 2019 Nov. |
Review/Other-Dx |
6 patients |
To assess the feasibility of UHRCT to visualize laryngeal structure and kinetics. |
Among the five conditions, IN and IP conditions were considered suitable to visualize laryngeal structure at rest and during phonation, respectively. Kinetic abnormalities including asymmetric motion of arytenoid cartilages were elucidated in UVFP patients, and virtual endoscopy visualized the clinically invisible posterior three-dimensional glottic chinks. Furthermore, UHRCT was useful to understand changes in laryngeal structure achieved by phonosurgery. |
4 |
| 164. Kuhn FP, Hullner M, Mader CE, et al. Contrast-enhanced PET/MR imaging versus contrast-enhanced PET/CT in head and neck cancer: how much MR information is needed?. J Nucl Med. 55(4):551-8, 2014 Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
150 patients |
To understand which portions of the imaging information enhance the sensitivity and specificity of the hybrid examination and which portions are redundant. |
In 85 patients with at least 1 PET-positive lesion, 162 lesions were evaluated. Similar robustness was found for CT and MR image quality. T2w PET/MR imaging performed similarly to (metastatic lymph nodes) or better than (primary tumors) cePET/CT in the morphologic characterization of PET-positive lesions and permitted the diagnosis of necrotic or cystic lymph node metastasis without application of intravenous contrast medium. CePET/MR imaging yielded a higher diagnostic confidence for accurate lesion conspicuity (especially in the nasopharynx and in the larynx), infiltration of adjacent structures, and perineural spread. |
4 |
| 165. Heller MT, Meltzer CC, Fukui MB, et al. Superphysiologic FDG Uptake in the Non-Paralyzed Vocal Cord. Resolution of a False-Positive PET Result with Combined PET-CT Imaging. Clin Positron Imaging. 2000; 3(5):207-211. |
Review/Other-Dx |
1 patient |
Present a case of asymmetric, superphysiologic FDG uptake in the contralateral vocal cord of a patient with a UVCP secondary to sacrifice of the recurrent laryngeal nerve during pneumonectomy for lung cancer. |
Combined PET/CT imaging provides better anatomic correlation for increased areas of FDG uptake than PET alone. |
4 |
| 166. Kamel EM, Goerres GW, Burger C, von Schulthess GK, Steinert HC. Recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy in patients with lung cancer: detection with PET-CT image fusion -- report of six cases. Radiology. 2002; 224(1):153-156. |
Observational-Dx |
6 patients; 3 observers |
To determine a pattern of focal FDG accumulation in the lower anterior neck in patients with lung cancer. PET/CT findings were compared with those of clinical history, routine clinical laboratory tests, physical exam of the neck, and laryngoscopy. |
Fusion of PET and CT showed the focal FDG uptake was localized in the internal laryngeal muscles. This finding was a result of compensatory laryngeal muscle activation caused by contralateral recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy due to direct nerve invasion by lung cancer of the left mediastinum or lung apices. Knowledge of this is essential in avoiding false-positive PET results. |
3 |
| 167. Grant N, Wong RJ, Kraus DH, Schoder H, Branski RC. Positron-emission tomography enhancement after vocal fold injection medialization. Ear Nose Throat J. 96(6):218-224, 2017 Jun. |
Observational-Dx |
15 patients |
To sought to expand these findings by investigating FDG uptake in a larger cohort of patients via a retrospective chart review |
The differences in PET standard uptake value (SUV) between the injected and noninjected vocal folds were assessed via the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. A Spearman rank correlation coefficient was then used to estimate the relationship between differences in PET uptake and the length of time between the injection and the follow-up PET scan. The mean SUV of the injected vocal folds was 3.70, and the mean in the noninjected folds was 2.97. The difference did not achieve statistical significance (p = 0.34). In addition, the rank correlation coefficient with regard to the association between the difference in PET uptake and the duration between injection and PET was -0.24, suggesting an inverse relationship. However, the correlation coefficient did not differ significantly from zero (p = 0.34). We conclude that PET uptake after vocal fold augmentation medialization is variable and that it can increase substantially. This information should be considered in the context of the diagnostic accuracy of malignancy on PET. |
1 |
| 168. Song SW, Jun BC, Cho KJ, Lee S, Kim YJ, Park SH. CT evaluation of vocal cord paralysis due to thoracic diseases: a 10-year retrospective study. Yonsei Med J 2011;52:831-7. |
Review/Other-Dx |
36 patients |
To discuss computed tomography (CT) evaluation of the etiology of vocal cord paralysis (VCP) due to thoracic diseases. |
Thirty-three of the 36 patients with thoracic disease had unilateral VCP (21 left, 12 right). Of the primary thoracic diseases, malignancy was the most common (19, 52.8%), with 18 of the 19 malignancies presenting with unilateral VCP. The detected malignant tumors in the chest consisted of thirteen lung cancers, three esophageal cancers, two metastatic tumors, and one mediastinal tumor. We also found other underlying etiologies of VCP, including one aortic arch aneurysm, five iatrogenic, six tuberculosis, one neurofibromatosis, three benign nodes, and one lung collapse. A chest radiograph failed to detect eight of the 19 primary malignancies detected on the CT. Nine patients with lung cancer developed VCP between follow-ups and four of them were diagnosed with a progression of malignancy upon CT evaluation of VCP. |
4 |
| 169. Koszka C, Leichtfried FE, Wiche G. Identification and spatial arrangement of high molecular weight proteins (Mr 300 000-330 000) co-assembling with microtubules from a cultured cell line (rat glioma C6). Eur J Cell Biol 1985;38:149-56. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the identification and spatial arrangement of high molecular weight proteins. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 170. Woo JW, Park I, Choe JH, Kim JH, Kim JS. Comparison of ultrasound frequency in laryngeal ultrasound for vocal cord evaluation. Surgery. 161(4):1108-1112, 2017 04. |
Observational-Dx |
301 patients |
To compare 2 ultrasound frequencies in laryngeal ultrasound to improve on the limitations of this method. |
High-frequency and low-frequency laryngeal ultrasound had 88.4% and 97.7% visualization rates, respectively. In addition, low-frequency laryngeal ultrasound showed improved sensitivity of 97.6% and specificity of 96.5%, compared with a sensitivity of 92.9% and specificity of 86.5% for high-frequency laryngeal ultrasound in vocal cord evaluation. |
2 |
| 171. Masood MM, Huang B, Goins A, Hackman TG. Anatomic factors affecting the use of ultrasound to predict vocal fold motion: A pilot study. Am J Otolaryngol. 39(4):413-417, 2018 Jul - Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
23 patients, |
To determine anatomic factors influencing the reliability of ultrasound to detect vocal fold motion. |
A total of 23 patients, 21 with bilateral vocal fold motion and two with unilateral paralysis, were enrolled. Vocal folds were visible in 19 patients (82%). Eight patients (42%) had good/excellent view and 11 patients (58%) had fair/difficult view. The ultrasound correctly detected absent movement of the vocal fold in the two patients with unilateral paralysis. A total of 19 patients had CT scans, and a linear correlation (r2 = 0.65) was noted between the anterior thyroid cartilage angle measured on CT and the grade of view on ultrasound. |
2 |
| 172. Wong KP, Au KP, Lam S, Chang YK, Lang BHH. Vocal Cord Palsies Missed by Transcutaneous Laryngeal Ultrasound (TLUSG): Do They Experience Worse Outcomes?. World J Surg. 43(3):824-830, 2019 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
1196 patients |
To compare the clinical outcome and prognosis between patients with FN results and TP results. |
In total, 1196 patients, including 74 post-thyroidectomy VCP, were recruited. For those with assessable vocal cords (VC), 58 VCP were correctly diagnosed by TLUSG (TP) and 10 VCP were missed by TLUSG (FN). Sensitivity and specificity of detecting a VCP by TLUSG were 85.3% and 94.7%, respectively. VHI-30 score was significantly increased after operation in TP group [31 (range - 6-105), p < 0.001] but not in FN group [20 (14-99), p = 0.089]. Comparing to TP group, VCP recovered earlier (69 vs. 125 days, p < 0.001) and less patients suffered from permanent VCP in patients with FN results. (34.5% vs. 0.0%, p = 0.027). |
4 |
| 173. Ruan Z, Ren R, Dong W, et al. Assessment of vocal cord movement by ultrasound in the ICU. Intensive Care Med. 44(12):2145-2152, 2018 Dec. |
Review/Other-Dx |
120 patients |
To compare the accuracies of front-side transverse-axis ultrasound (FTU), lateral-side longitudinal-axis ultrasound (LLU), and the combination of both approaches for vocal cord movement disorder diagnoses (e.g., vocal cord paralysis or arytenoid cartilage dislocation). |
Among the 120 patients examined, 24 (20%) had vocal cord paralysis. The visualization rate of vocal cords for FTU was 71.7% (assessable, 86; non-assessable, 34), that for LLU was 88.3% (assessable, 106; non-assessable, 14), and that for the combined approach was 96.7% (assessable, 116; non-assessable, 4). The sensitivities and specificities were 58.3% (14/24) and 75% (72/96) for FTU, 91.7% (22/24) and 87.5% (84/96) for LLU, and 100% (24/24) and 95.8% (92/96) for the combined approach. Visualization rates for LLU were significantly higher than for FTU (P = 0.002); FTU + LLU rates were higher than those for FTU (P = 0.001). The difference between LLU and FTU + LLU was not statistically significant (P = 0.025). |
4 |
| 174. Shah MK, Ghai B, Bhatia N, Verma RK, Panda NK. Comparison of transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasound with video laryngoscope for assessing the vocal cord mobility in patients undergoing thyroid surgery. Auris Nasus Larynx. 46(4):593-598, 2019 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
45 Patients |
To evaluate the accuracy and feasibility of transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography as an alternative to videolaryngoscopy for assessing vocal cord mobility to rule out recurrent laryngeal nerve injury following thyroidectomy. |
Postoperative videolaryngoscopy picked up bilaterally mobile vocal cords in 88.8% cases. Transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography could correctly identify 39(86.6%) of these patients, with 1(2.5%) patient being misdiagnosed as having bilaterally immobile vocal cords. Further, videolaryngoscopy identified 5 patients of vocal cord palsy, of which transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography correctly identified 3 (60%) patients. Hence, in comparison to videolaryngoscopy, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of transcutaneous laryngeal ultrasonography for assessment of vocal cords was 75%, 95.1%, 60%, and 97.5% respectively. |
2 |
| 175. Kim DH, Cho YJ, Tiel RL, Kline DG. Surgical outcomes of 111 spinal accessory nerve injuries. Neurosurgery 2003;53:1106-12; discussion 02-3. |
Observational-Dx |
103 Patients |
To examine clinical and surgical experience with spinal accessory nerve injuries at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center during a period of 23 years (1978-2000) |
The most frequent injury mechanism was iatrogenic (103 patients, 93%), and 82 (80%) of these injuries involved lymph node biopsies. Eight injuries were caused by stretch (five patients) and laceration (three patients). The most common procedures were graft repairs in 58 patients. End-to-end repair was used in 26 patients and neurolysis in 19 patients if the nerve was found in continuity with intraoperative electrical evidence of regeneration. Five neurotizations, two burials into muscle, and one removal of ligature material were also performed. More than 95% of patients treated by neurolysis supported by positive nerve action potential recordings improved to Grade 4 or higher. Of 84 patients with lesions repaired by graft or suture, 65 patients (77%) recovered to Grade 3 or higher. The average graft length was 1.5 inches. |
2 |
| 176. Li AE, Greditzer HG 4th, Melisaratos DP, Wolfe SW, Feinberg JH, Sneag DB. MRI findings of spinal accessory neuropathy. Clin Radiol. 71(4):316-20, 2016 Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
12 patients |
To characterise the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) appearance of patients with spinal accessory nerve (SAN) denervation. |
Trapezius muscle atrophy was seen in 11 (92%), and of those patients, T2/short tau inversion recovery (STIR) signal hyperintensity was also demonstrated in seven (58%). All three patients with prior neck surgery had scarring around the SAN, and one of these patients demonstrated a neuroma, which was confirmed surgically. |
4 |
| 177. Canella C, Demondion X, Abreu E, Marchiori E, Cotten H, Cotten A. Anatomical study of spinal accessory nerve using ultrasonography. Eur J Radiol 2013;82:56-61. |
Review/Other-Dx |
15 Patients |
To demonstrate that ultrasonography may allow a precise assessment of the course and relationships of the spinal accessory nerve (SAN). |
The precise course of the SAN between the lateroposterior border of the sternocleidomastoid muscle and the anterior border of the trapezius muscle could be identified by high-resolution ultrasonography. In contrast, clinical bone landmarks were not found helpful for the identification of the nerve. |
4 |
| 178. Mirjalili SA, Muirhead JC, Stringer MD. Ultrasound visualization of the spinal accessory nerve in vivo. J Surg Res 2012;175:e11-6. |
Review/Other-Dx |
50 patients |
To suggest that ultrasound can be used to map the course of the nerve in the posterior triangle of the neck. |
The nerve was visualized bilaterally in all subjects, running superficially across the posterior triangle with either a straight (56%) or tortuous (44%) course at a depth of about 3 mm beneath the skin surface. It had a mean caliber of 0.76 ± 0.12 mm. It exited the posterior border of sternocleidomastoid at a mean of 6.7 (4.0-9.4) cm below the mastoid process and 1.1 (0.1-2.1) cm above the great auricular point and penetrated the anterior border of trapezius 5.4 (2.1-9.2) cm above the clavicle. Importantly, 58% of nerves divided into 2-4 branches before penetrating trapezius; the nerve branched on at least one side in 49 of 50 individuals. |
4 |
| 179. Cesmebasi A, Smith J, Spinner RJ. Role of Sonography in Surgical Decision Making for Iatrogenic Spinal Accessory Nerve Injuries: A Paradigm Shift. J Ultrasound Med. 34(12):2305-12, 2015 Dec. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To report the use of sonography to prospectively evaluate the SAN in 6 patients with suspected iatrogenic SAN injury. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 180. Shen J, Chen W, Ye X, et al. Ultrasound in the management of iatrogenic spinal accessory nerve palsy at the posterior cervical triangle area. Muscle Nerve. 59(1):64-69, 2019 01. |
Review/Other-Dx |
11 patients |
To evaluate the application of ultrasound in the management of iatrogenic spinal accessory nerve palsy at the posterior cervical triangle area. |
Eleven patients were included. Ultrasound detected nerve transections in 9 patients and continuities in 2 patients. The ultrasonographic results were consistent with the intraoperative findings. Furthermore, ultrasound was able to accurately reveal lesion location in 8 of 9 patients with nerve transections. |
4 |
| 181. Yousry I, Moriggl B, Schmid UD, et al. Detailed anatomy of the intracranial segment of the hypoglossal nerve: neurovascular relationships and landmarks on magnetic resonance imaging sequences. J Neurosurg. 2002; 96(6):1113-1122. |
Observational-Dx |
34 volunteers 68 nerves; 2 observers |
Combination of sequences was used to increase the reliability of MRI in its demonstration of the 12th CN as well as to assess the course of the nerve, display its relationships to adjacent vessels, and provide landmarks for evaluating the nerve in daily practice. |
3D CISS sequence successfully demonstrated the hypoglossal trigone (100% of images), 12th nerve root bundles (100% of images), and 12th nerve sleeves (88.2% of images). Canalicular segment was exhibited with the aid of plain 3D CISS sequences in 74% of images and by using contrast-enhanced 3D CISS sequences and contrast-enhanced magnetization-prepared rapid-acquisition gradient-echo sequences in 100% of images. |
3 |
| 182. Keane JR. Twelfth-nerve palsy. Analysis of 100 cases. Arch Neurol 1996;53:561-6. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe the causes and characteristics of hypoglossal nerve palsy. |
Twelfth-nerve palsies usually appear as signs rather than symptoms. Tumors, predominantly malignant, produced nearly half of the palsies (49 cases), while gunshot wounds made trauma (12) the second most common cause. Stroke (6), hysteria (6), multiple sclerosis (6), surgery (5), Guillain-Barré neuropathy (4), and infection (4) together accounted for about one third of the patients. |
4 |
| 183. Gursoy M, Orru E, Blitz AM, Carey JP, Olivi A, Yousem DM. Hypoglossal canal invasion by glomus jugulare tumors: clinico-radiological correlation. Clin Imaging. 38(5):655-8, 2014 Sep-Oct. |
Observational-Dx |
31 Patients |
To assess the rate at which glomus jugulare tumors invade the hypoglossal canal (HC) and to correlate computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings with the clinical evidence of cranial nerve (CN) XII dysfunction. |
CT and MRI imaging modalities of 31 patients were blindly reviewed by an attending neuroradiologist. Imaging studies identified involvement in 22 tumors (22/31, 71.0%). Thirteen of 22 patients (59.1%) had clinically evident CN XII symptoms. Accuracy rate was 76.7% (23/30) for MRI and 78.6% (11/14) for CT. MRI showed 100% sensitivity but had only 59% specificity and the specificity for CT was 66.7%. When radiologists elucidate HC involvement, it may alter the surgical approach and may lead to more focused/accurate clinical evaluation of tongue function. |
2 |
| 184. Guarnizo A, Glikstein R, Torres C. Imaging Features of isolated hypoglossal nerve palsy. J Neuroradiol 2020;47:136-50. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the anatomy of the hypoglossal nerve as well as common and infrequent lesions that can affect this nerve along its course. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 185. Mokri B, Silbert PL, Schievink WI, Piepgras DG. Cranial nerve palsy in spontaneous dissection of the extracranial internal carotid artery. Neurology 1996;46:356-9. |
Observational-Dx |
190 Patients |
To report the cranial nerve palsy in spontaneous dissection of the extracranial internal carotid artery. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 186. Learned KO, Thaler ER, O'Malley BW, Jr., Grady MS, Loevner LA. Hypoglossal nerve palsy missed and misinterpreted: the hidden skull base. J Comput Assist Tomogr 2012;36:718-24. |
Review/Other-Dx |
7 patients |
To understanding radiological patterns of tongue denervation to prevent misinterpretation. |
All 7 patients showed magnetic resonance imaging findings typical of tongue denervation: T2-weighted hyperintensity of involved hemitongue, protrusion of the tongue into oropharynx, variable fatty infiltration. All 5 skull base masses involved hypoglossal canal (4 metastases, 1 multiple myeloma; 4 newly diagnosed cancers). Two patients had internal carotid artery dissections at the skull base. |
4 |
| 187. Jurkiewicz MT, Stein JM, Learned KO, Nasrallah IM, Loevner LA. Hypoglossal nerve palsy due to carotid artery dissection: an uncommon presentation of a common problem. Neuroradiol. j.. 32(2):123-126, 2019 Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
4 patients |
To review the characteristic imaging findings of internal carotid artery dissection and tongue denervation in four patients |
No results stated in the abstract |
4 |
| 188. Russo CP, Smoker WR, Weissman JL. MR appearance of trigeminal and hypoglossal motor denervation. Ajnr: American Journal of Neuroradiology. 18(7):1375-83, 1997 Aug. |
Review/Other-Dx |
11 patients |
To illustrate and describe the appearance of both long-standing and relatively recently occurring motor denervation of the hypoglossal nerve and of the third (mandibular) division of the trigeminal nerve (V3), with emphasis on findings particular to MR imaging. |
The appearance of V3 and hypoglossal motor denervation varies with the chronicity of the process. Long-standing denervation results in extensive fatty replacement and a decrease in the size of the affected musculature. Relatively recently occurring denervation results in abnormal contrast enhancement and edemalike signal changes in the denervated musculature. Fatty replacement was observed acutely in hypoglossal denervation but did not manifest until the subacute stage in V3 denervation. Increased volume of the denervated musculature may also accompany acute denervation signal changes. |
4 |
| 189. Davagnanam I, Chavda SV. Identification of the normal jugular foramen and lower cranial nerve anatomy: contrast-enhanced 3D fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29:574-6. |
Review/Other-Dx |
10 patients |
To describe the use of contrast-enhanced 3D fast imaging employing steady-state acquisition MR imaging to demonstrate normal in vivo intraforaminal and canalicular segments of cranial nerves IX-XII in 10 patients by using a standardized imaging protocol. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 190. Paulus EM, Fabian TC, Savage SA, et al. Blunt cerebrovascular injury screening with 64-channel multidetector computed tomography: more slices finally cut it. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 76(2):279-83; discussion 284-5, 2014 Feb. |
Observational-Dx |
594 patients |
To determine the diagnostic accuracy of the 64-channel multidetector computed tomographic angiography (CTA) for trauma patients with blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI). |
A total of 594 patients met criteria for BCVI screening and underwent both CTA and Digital subtraction angiography (DSA). One hundred twenty-eight patients (22% of those screened) had 163 injured vessels: 99 (61%) carotid artery injuries and 64 (39%) vertebral artery injuries. Sixty-four-channel CTA demonstrated an overall sensitivity per vessel of 68% and specificity of 92%. The 52 false-negative findings on CTA were composed of 34 carotid artery injuries and 18 vertebral artery injuries; 32 (62%) were Grade I injuries. Overall, positive predictive value was 36.2%, and negative predictive value was 97.5%. Six procedure-related complications (1%) occurred with DSA, including two iatrogenic dissections and one stroke. |
3 |
| 191. Vertinsky AT, Schwartz NE, Fischbein NJ, Rosenberg J, Albers GW, Zaharchuk G. Comparison of multidetector CT angiography and MR imaging of cervical artery dissection. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(9):1753-1760. |
Observational-Dx |
18 patients |
To compare the ability of multidetector CT/CTA and MR imaging/MRA to detect common imaging findings of dissection. |
Eighteen patients with 25 dissected vessels (15 internal carotid arteries [ICA] and 10 vertebral arteries [VA]) met the inclusion criteria. CT/CTA identified more intimal flaps, pseudoaneurysms, and high-grade stenoses than MR imaging/MRA. CT/CTA was preferred for diagnosis in 13 vessels (5 ICA, 8 VA), whereas MR imaging/MRA was preferred in 1 vessel (ICA). The 2 techniques were deemed equal in the remaining 11 vessels (9 ICA, 2 VA). A significant preference for CT/CTA was noted for VA dissections (P < .05), but not for ICA dissections. |
2 |
| 192. Provenzale JM, Sarikaya B. Comparison of test performance characteristics of MRI, MR angiography, and CT angiography in the diagnosis of carotid and vertebral artery dissection: a review of the medical literature. AJR. 2009;193(4):1167-1174. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review medical literature on use of MRI, MRA, and CTA to determine, based on test performance characteristics such as sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV, whether evidence could be found to support routine use of one imaging technique over the other for assessment of suspected dissection of the carotid or vertebral arteries. |
Test characteristics for MR techniques such as MRI and MRA were relatively similar to those for CTA in diagnosis of carotid and vertebral artery dissection. |
4 |
| 193. Thomas AJ, Wiggins RH, 3rd, Gurgel RK. Nonparaganglioma jugular foramen tumors. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2015;48:343-59. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the epidemiology, presentation, and diagnostic work-up of nonparaganglioma jugular foramen tumors, and the management options and predicted outcomes. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 194. Entwisle T, Perchyonok Y, Fitt G. Thin section magnetic resonance diffusion-weighted imaging in the detection of acute infratentorial stroke. J Med Imaging Radiat Oncol 2016;60:616-23. |
Observational-Dx |
N/A |
To compare 5 mm DWI with 3 mm DWI in the detection of acute infratentorial infarction. |
The sensitivity for detection of infratentorial infarction was 81.1% for 5 mm DWI and 94.6% for 3 mm DWI and the specificity was 100% for 5 mm DWI and 97.7% for 3-mm DWI. The false-negative rate in detection of infratentorial infarcts was 5.6% for the 5-mm sequence and 1.6% for the 3-mm sequence. The six 5-mm DWI false-negative cases (4.8%) were less than 9 mm in diameter (3-8 mm, average 4.67 mm) and located in the brainstem. This supports the hypothesis that small lesions may not be detected on 5 mm DWI due to partial volume averaging. |
1 |
| 195. Dercle L, Hartl D, Rozenblum-Beddok L, et al. Diagnostic and prognostic value of 18F-FDG PET, CT, and MRI in perineural spread of head and neck malignancies. Eur Radiol. 28(4):1761-1770, 2018 Apr. |
Observational-Dx |
81 patients |
To assess whether quantitative imaging biomarkers derived from fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET) could be extracted from perineural spread (PNS) in head and neck malignancies (HNM) to improve patient risk stratification. |
The rate of PNS detection by 18F-FDG PET was 100% in the case-group. Quantitative imaging biomarkers were not associated with the presence of sensory (p>0.20) or motor (p>0.10) symptoms. In SCC patients (case: 14; control: 53), PNS was associated with a hazard ratio of death of 5.5 (95%CI: 1.4:20.9) by multivariate analysis. Increased cranial nerve SUVmax was significantly associated with poorer overall survival by univariate analysis (p=0.001). |
2 |
| 196. Chang PC, Fischbein NJ, McCalmont TH, et al. Perineural spread of malignant melanoma of the head and neck: clinical and imaging features. Ajnr: American Journal of Neuroradiology. 25(1):5-11, 2004 Jan. |
Review/Other-Dx |
8 patients |
Retrospective study to describe the clinical and MRI findings of perineural spread of malignant melanoma to CNs at two institutions. |
MRI showed post-Gd enhancement of at least one branch of the trigeminal nerve in all cases and of at least one other CN in 5 cases. Malignant melanoma must be included in differential diagnosis although perineural spread of disease occurs most commonly with squamous cell carcinoma and adenoid cystic carcinoma. |
4 |
| 197. Bronstein Y, Tummala S, Rohren E. F-18 FDG PET/CT for detection of malignant involvement of peripheral nerves: case series and literature review. Clin Nucl Med. 2011; 36(2):96-100. |
Review/Other-Dx |
26 patients |
Retrospective study to evaluate the role of PET plus CT scans in detecting malignant involvement of the peripheral nerves. |
Of 26 patients, 12 had lymphoma, 10 had breast cancer, 2 had lung cancer, 1 had colon cancer, and 1 had melanoma. In 21 patients, MRI was performed, either for follow-up of the PET/CT finding or to find an explanation for symptoms. MRI confirmed the presence of disease in only 9 patients, was interpreted as normal in 7 patients, and was inconclusive in 5 patients. FDG PET/CT was able to differentiate an active tumor from post-treatment fibrosis and could assess response to therapy with a high degree of confidence. Results indicate that FDG PET/CT is helpful in diagnosing malignant involvement of the PNs, especially when findings from anatomic imaging (MRI or CT) are negative. In cases of known treated malignancy involving the PNs, follow-up by PET/CT has the advantage of high sensitivity for local recurrence. |
4 |
| 198. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction. Available at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Appropriateness-Criteria/RadiationDoseAssessmentIntro.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide evidence-based guidelines on exposure of patients to ionizing radiation. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
