| 1. Coppens L, Bonnet P, Andrianne R, de Leval J. Adult mullerian duct or utricle cyst: clinical significance and therapeutic management of 65 cases. J Urol. 2002; 167(4):1740-1744. |
Observational-Tx |
65 adults |
Define guidelines for the exploration and treatment of adult müllerian duct cysts. Clinical presentation, diagnostic modalities, indications for invasive procedures and postoperative outcome were reviewed. |
Clinical presentations were hematospermia in 40% of cases, other ejaculatory disturbances in 20%, recurrent testicular or pelviperineal pain in 33%, lower urinary tract irritation symptoms in 25%, lower urinary tract infection in 18.5%, male infertility in 12% and incidental finding in 18.5%.; Cyst dimensions did not influence the indication for invasive procedures, which were performed in 27/65 patients (41.5%) to treat disabling symptoms in 28% and obstructive infertility in 5%, and investigate complicated cysts on TRUS in 6%. These procedures included transperineal or transrectal puncture in 9 patients, simple endoscopic section of the utricle meatus in 12 and large marsupialisation in 6.; Endoscopic procedures improved or cured 82% of the patients at a mean follow-up of 51 months, during which neither early nor late complications were noted.; Authors recommend that investigation and/or treatment be done in symptomatic or infertile patients. |
2 |
| 2. Dantanarayana N. Haematospermia. [Review]. Australian Family Physician. 44(12):907-10, 2015 Dec. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the causes, diagnosis and management of haematospermia in the primary care setting.To describe an approach to haematospermia that general practitioners (GPs) can apply to daily practice. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 3. Khodamoradi K, Kuchakulla M, Narasimman M, et al. Laboratory and clinical management of leukocytospermia and hematospermia: a review. [Review]. Therapeutic Advances in Reproductive Health. 14:2633494120922511, 2020 Jan-Dec. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Laboratory and clinical management of leukocytospermia and hematospermia are discussed. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 4. Leocadio DE, Stein BS. Hematospermia: etiological and management considerations. [Review] [37 refs]. Int Urol Nephrol. 41(1):77-83, 2009. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide the primary care physician an algorithm for the evaluation and management of hematospermia based on frequency of occurrence and patient age. |
Typically, patients present to their primary care physician after a single episode of hematospermia out of concern for malignancy or venereal disease. In men =40 years of age, it is most often due to inflammatory or infectious processes. In men >40 years of age, however, an association exists between hematospermia and more serious underlying pathology. A significant number of cases remain idiopathic even after extensive investigation. |
4 |
| 5. Liao LG, Li YF, Zhang Y, et al. Etiology of 305 cases of refractory hematospermia and therapeutic options by emerging endoscopic technology. Scientific Reports. 9(1):5018, 2019 03 22. |
Review/Other-Dx |
305 patients underwent examination by MRI |
To investigate the surgical outcomes of vesiculoscopy on refractory hematospermia and ejaculatory duct obstruction (EDO), the clinical data (including pelvic magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations and the long-term effects of endoscopic treatment) from 305 patients were analyzed. |
Four main etiologic groups were found on MRI. We found that 62.0% (189/305) of patients showed abnormal signal intensity in MRI investigations in the seminal vesicle (SV) area. Cystic lesions were observed in 36.7% (112/305) of the patients. The third sign was dilatation or enlargement of unilateral or bilateral SV, which were observed in 32.1% (98/305) of the patients. The fourth sign was stone formation in SV or in an adjacent cyst, which was present in 8.5% (26/305) of the patients. The transurethral endoscopy or seminal vesiculoscopy and the related procedures, including fenestration in prostatic utricle (PU), irrigation, lithotripsy, stone removal, biopsy, electroexcision, fulguration, or transurethral resection/incision of the ejaculatory duct (TURED/TUIED), chosen according to the different situations of individual patients were successfully performed in 296 patients. Fenestrations in PU+ seminal vesiculoscopy were performed in 66.6% (197/296) of cases. Seminal vesiculoscopy via the pathological opening in PU was performed in 10.8% (32/296) of cases. TURED/TUIED + seminal vesiculoscopy was performed in 12.8% (38/296) of cases, and seminal vesiculoscopy by the natural orifices of the ejaculatory duct (ED) was performed in 2.4% (7/296) of cases. Electroexcision and fulguration to the abnormal blood vessels or cavernous hemangioma at posterior urethra were performed in 7.4% (22/296) of cases. Two hundred and seventy-one patients were followed up for 6-72 months. The hematospermia of all the patients disappeared within 2-6 weeks, and 93.0% of the patients showed no further hematospermia during follow-up. |
4 |
| 6. Mathers MJ, Degener S, Sperling H, Roth S. Hematospermia-a Symptom With Many Possible Causes. [Review]. Deutsches Arzteblatt International. 114(11):186-191, 2017 Mar 17. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the causes, diagnosis, and treatment of hematospermia. |
A diagnostic algorithm for hematospermia is described. The most common cause is iatrogenic trauma, in particular transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy to rule out prostate cancer. Urogenital infections are the second most common cause. Pathological changes of the prostate should be considered along with systemic causes, e.g., arterial hypertension or various hematologic disorders. A single event in men under 40 should be evaluated by precise history-taking, a meticulous physical examination including blood-pressure measurement, and urinalysis. Repeated episodes, or hematospermia in men over 40, calls for additional evaluation with further laboratory tests, imaging studies, and, in some cases, interventional diagnostic procedures. |
4 |
| 7. Parnham A, Serefoglu EC. Retrograde ejaculation, painful ejaculation and hematospermia. [Review]. Translational Andrology & Urology. 5(4):592-601, 2016 Aug. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To summarize the possible etiologic factors related to these ejaculatory problems and their management will be reviewed in light of the current literature. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 8. Salonia A, Bettocchi C, Boeri L, et al. European Association of Urology Guidelines on Sexual and Reproductive Health-2021 Update: Male Sexual Dysfunction. European Urology. 80(3):333-357, 2021 09. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To present a summary of the 2021 version of the EAU guidelines on sexual and reproductive health. |
Late-onset hypogonadism is a clinical condition in the ageing male combining low levels of circulating testosterone and specific symptoms associated with impaired hormone production and/or action. A comprehensive diagnostic and therapeutic work-up, along with screening recommendations and contraindications, is provided. Erectile dysfunction (ED) is the persistent inability to attain and maintain an erection sufficient to permit satisfactory sexual performance. Along with a detailed basic and advanced diagnostic approach, a novel decision-making algorithm for treating ED in order to better tailor therapy to individual patients is provided. The EAU guidelines have adopted the definition of premature ejaculation (PE), which has been developed by the International Society for Sexual Medicine. After the subtype of PE has been defined, patient's expectations should be discussed thoroughly and pharmacotherapy must be considered as the first-line treatment for patients with lifelong PE, whereas treating the underlying cause must be the initial goal for patients with acquired PE. Haemospermia is defined as the appearance of blood in the ejaculate. Several reasons of haemospermia have been acknowledged; the primary goal over the management work-up is to exclude malignant conditions and treat any other underlying cause. |
4 |
| 9. Turo R, Horsu S, Calinciuc A, et al. Is magnetic resonance imaging helpful in detecting significant prostate cancer in patients with haematospermia, normal prostate specific antigen level and digital rectal examination. A single institution, observational, and retrospective study in a United Kingdom hospital. Central European Journal of Urology. 71(1):26-30, 2018. |
Observational-Dx |
125 men |
To investigate haematospermia as a presenting symptom of significant pathology and to assess the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). |
A total of 125 men (median age 58 years) were evaluated between 2012-2015. In the univariate and multivariate logistic regression model MRI was a significant predictor of PCa diagnosis after adjusting for age, prostate specific antigen (PSA) and digital rectal examination (DRE) results (Odds Ratio (OR) 14.15, p = 0.001). Of 107 patients who underwent MRI prostate imaging, 31 (28.9%) had reports suspicious of PCa. In 26 patients, other benign conditions were detected on MRI. PCa was detected in 12 (25.5%) of the 47 men (median age 61 years; range 43 to 85) who underwent prostate biopsies. Eight (17%) of these patients had Gleason =7 grade cancer. The persistence of haematospermia was not an independent predictor of cancer diagnosis (OR 0.20, p = 0.15). |
4 |
| 10. Drury RH, King B, Herzog B, Hellstrom WJG. Hematospermia Etiology, Diagnosis, Treatment, and Sexual Ramifications: A Narrative Review. [Review]. Sexual Medicine Reviews. 10(4):669-680, 2022 10 01. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide a comprehensive overview of HS, emphasizing its sexual ramifications. |
Iatrogenic interventions (eg, transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies) are the most common cause of HS. Infection and/or nonspecific inflammation is the most common non-iatrogenic etiology. Malignancies, including prostate, testicular, and other genitourinary cancers, are rarely the cause of HS. Diagnostic approaches to HS can be organized according to patient age (less than or greater than 40 years old), persistence of bleeding, and the presence/absence of concerning symptoms. Though HS often spontaneously resolves, treatment may require various medications (eg, antibiotics, anti-inflammatories) or surgical interventions. HS has several sexual ramifications, including libido-affecting anxiety, social repercussions from sexual partners and non-sexual affiliates, increased risk of erectile dysfunction or transmission of sexual infections, and compromised fertility, especially when cryopreservation is utilized. |
4 |
| 11. Efesoy O, Cayan S, Akbay E. Novel Algorithm for the Management of Hematospermia. Turkish Journal of Urology. 48(6):398-405, 2022 Nov. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To aim novel management of hematospermia, including a detailed history, physical examination, appropriate laboratory investigations, and diagnostic imaging, based on underlying causes of hematospermia. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 12. Mittal PK, Camacho JC, Sahani DV, et al. Hematospermia Evaluation at MR Imaging. [Review]. Radiographics. 36(5):1373-89, 2016 Sep-Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the potential causes of hematospermia and its diagnostic workup, including pathophysiology, anatomic considerations, the imaging appearance of associated pathologic conditions, and management. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 13. Han H, Lei HE, Zhang XD, Tian L. Magnetic resonance imaging compared to ultrasound as the preferred method for diagnosing intractable haematospermia. Andrologia. 53(6):e14054, 2021 Jul. |
Observational-Dx |
23 patients with intractable haematospermia |
To evaluate and compare the clinical diagnostic values of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound in patients with intractable haematospermia. |
The average age and disease duration were 39.3 years and 24.1 months, respectively. The mean operative time was 81.1 min. The positive result rates for MRI and TRUS were 95.7% (22/23) and 39.1% (9/23), respectively. Compared with TRUS, MRI had a significantly higher preoperative positive diagnostic rate (p < 0.01). |
4 |
| 14. Lee G. Chronic Prostatitis: A Possible Cause of Hematospermia. The World Journal of Mens Health. 33(2):103-8, 2015 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
37 hematospermia patients |
To evaluate the incidence of prostatitis-associated hematospermia (PAH) by using systematic methods for evaluating prostatitis. |
The mean age was 55.89±14.87 years, and the patients were grouped into two groups: one group had 12 HWP patients and the other 25 PAH patients. PAH patients were further sub-classified: chronic bacterial prostatitis (3 patients), chronic nonbacterial prostatitis (10 patients), prostadynia (7 patients), and asymptomatic prostatitis (5 patients). We found Enterococcus faecalis in the three chronic bacterial prostatitis patients. We could not find any statistically significant difference between the PAH and the HWP groups in terms of the age interval, serum prostate-specific antigen level, and prostate volume. Even though there was no statistically significant difference in the items about urination between the two groups, we found a statistically significant difference in the quality of life (QoL) impact for the patients in this study. |
3 |
| 15. Pozzi E, Ventimiglia E, Fallara G, et al. Haemospermia in the Real- Life Setting: A New High-Risk Stratification. Urology. 171:146-151, 2023 01. |
Observational-Dx |
283 consecutive patients with a single episode/recurrent haemospermia |
To (i) identify a novel risk stratification for patients complaining of haemospermia; and, (ii) compare its predictive ability to select high-risk patients by retrospectively validating the EAU guidelines classification. |
Overall, 259 (91.5%) were high-risk and 24 (8.5%) low risk according to the EAU guidelines. Recurrent haemospermia was reported by 134 (47.4%) patients. 126 (44.5%) had baseline CCI score = 1. At MVA logistic regression analysis, history of recurrent genito - urinary tract infections was identified as a predictor for positive semen culture (OR: 3.39, 95% CI: 1.77 - 6.57, P =.002). Likewise, baseline CCI = 1 was identified as a predictor for PCa and BC (OR: 1.55, 95% CI: 1.17 - 2.04, P =.009). Sensitivity, specificity, and AUC of the EAU guidelines were 13.3%, 89.2% and 51% respectively, whereas the new model performed substantially better: 98.9%, 58% and 78% respectively. |
4 |
| 16. Turkbey B, Rosenkrantz AB, Haider MA, et al. Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2.1: 2019 Update of Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System Version 2. Eur Urol 2019;76:340-51. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Consensus-based process using a combination of published data, and expert observations and opinions. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 17. Kilic M, Coskun B, Vural M, Musaoglu A, Esen T, Balbay MD. The clinical impact of Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System classification in patients with haemospermia undergoing multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging of the prostate. Andrologia. 53(5):e14041, 2021 Jun. |
Observational-Dx |
51 patients presenting with haemospermia |
To evaluate the role of the Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) classification of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) to determine the likelihood of prostate cancer (PCa) in patients with haemospermia. |
Forty-two of the patients (82.4%) were over 40 years, and the median prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level was 1.4 ng/ml. Fourteen of the patients (27.5%) had recurrent haemospermia. All patients underwent mpMRI, and assessments were classified according to PI-RADS v2. The mpMRI revealed PI-RADS one to four lesions in 10 (19.6%), 30 (58.8%), 6 (11.8%) and 5 (9.8%) patients respectively. One patient with PI-RADS 3 and five with PI-RADS 4 lesions underwent cognitive fusion prostate biopsy depending on MRI findings, and two patients with PI-RADS 4 lesions were diagnosed with PCa. |
3 |
| 18. American College of Radiology. ACR–NASCI–SIR–SPR Practice Parameter for the Performance and Interpretation of Body Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA). Available at: https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=164+&releaseId=2. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Guidance document to promote the safe and effective use of diagnostic and therapeutic radiology by describing specific training, skills and techniques. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 19. Satchi M, Katelaris A, Smekal M, Alnajjar HM, Muneer A. Detection rates of urogenital cancers and benign pathology in men presenting with hematospermia. Current Urology. 16(1):44-49, 2022 Mar. |
Observational-Dx |
393 consecutive men who underwent investigations for hematospermia |
To evaluate the incidence of an underlying pathology and the value of diagnostic investigations performed in patients presenting with hematospermia. |
In this cohort, the overall prostate cancer detection rate was 5.3% and 7.2% in the =40 years group. One patient was diagnosed with testicular seminoma detected on scrotal ultrasound scan and one with G1pTa urothelial carcinoma of the bladder detected on flexible cystoscopy. In addition, 5.6% of patients were found to have a significant benign pathology for which intervention was proposed. A total of 288 patients underwent a transrectal ultrasound scan and 58.7% (n = 169) of these patients were found to have a positive finding. One hundred ten patients underwent a multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and 73.6% (n = 81) had a positive finding. |
3 |
| 20. Hakam N, Lui J, Shaw NM, et al. Hematospermia is rarely associated with urologic malignancy: Analysis of United States claims data. Andrology. 10(5):919-925, 2022 07. |
Observational-Dx |
68,738 unique patients with hematospermia |
To characterize the clinical evaluation of hematospermia and its association with the diagnosis of urologic malignancy. |
The annual average incidence rate of hematospermia was 56.6 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval 55.4-57.8 per 100,000) in 2010 and increased to 73.6 per 100,000 (95% confidence interval 71.7-75.4 per 100,000) in 2018. A total of 56,157 patients presented with benign hematospermia. Most (57.5%) underwent at least one test, with the most common being urinalysis (51.7%), followed by prostate-specific antigen testing (11.9%). All other tests were performed in less than 3% of patients. Forty-seven patients were diagnosed with a urologic cancer, including 28 with prostate cancer (0.05%), nine with testicular cancer (0.016%), six with prostate carcinoma in situ (0.01%), and four with bladder cancer (0.007%). Stratified by age, there was only one cancer diagnosis (testicular) in 15,106 patients under 40 years (0.01%) and 46 cancer diagnoses in 40,611 patients 40 years old or above (0.11%). The median age of patients diagnosed with cancer was 56 years (interquartile range 52-61). |
4 |
| 21. Torigian DA, Ramchandani P. Hematospermia: imaging findings. [Review] [199 refs]. Abdom Imaging. 32(1):29-49, 2007 Jan-Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Review potential etiologies, diagnostic workup, imaging techniques, relevant male pelvic anatomy, imaging appearance of specific associated pathologies, and treatment for hematospermia. |
Noninvasive imaging may play an important role in the diagnostic workup of men with hematospermia, particularly in those who are >40 years old, have other associated symptoms or signs of disease, or have persistence of hematospermia. |
4 |
| 22. Furuya S, Masumori N, Takayanagi A. Natural history of hematospermia in 189 Japanese men. International Journal of Urology. 23(11):934-940, 2016 11. |
Observational-Tx |
189 patients with hematospermia |
To prospectively investigate the natural history of hematospermia. |
The median observation period was 52 months. Hematospermia resolved spontaneously in 168 (88.9%) of the 189 patients, and the median disease duration was 1.5 months. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that the persistence rates of hematospermia were 57.7% at 1 month, 34.2% at 3 months, 23.3% at 6 months, 12.5% at 1 year and 7.6% at 2 years. Hematospermia reoccurred in 20 (13.5%) of the 148 patients who had adequate follow up. The recurrence-free rates were 96.6% at 3 months, 89.0% at 1 year, 84.8% at 5 years and 78.2% at 10 years. Multivariate analysis showed that seminal vesicle hemorrhage and a midline cyst of the prostate were significant factors to predict the duration of hematospermia until spontaneous resolution. The nine patients with persisting hematospermia for more than 1 year were treated with transurethral endoscopic surgery (unroofing of the midline cyst in six, and transurethral resection of the ejaculatory duct in three), and hematospermia resolved postoperatively in all these patients. |
2 |
| 23. Zhang W, Xiao G, Qin S, et al. An Innovative Technique of Transurethral Seminal Vesiculoscopy with Ultrasonic Lithotripter for Severe, Persistent Hematospermia. Journal of Endourology. 31(12):1277-1282, 2017 12. |
Observational-Tx |
30 patients patients who underwent TSV with or without ultrasonic lithotripter |
To develop an innovative technique with ultrasonic lithotripter (EMS) to treat severe, persistent hematospermia. |
A total of 30 patients, 16 in Group A (routine TSV) and 14 in Group B (TSV with ultrasonic lithotripter procedure), were involved in this study. The median follow-up time for patients in Group A and B was 28 and 31 months, respectively. The mean operative time in Group A and B was 66 and 50 minutes, respectively (p < 0.05). All the TSV procedures in Group B were successful, except one patient had a two-stage procedure because of right seminal vesicle stones accompanying with pus. One patient in Group A had the discontinuation of the procedure because of accidental bleeding during stone fragmentation. During the follow-up, two patients in Group A had recurrent hematospermia and underwent the second TSV, whereas no recurrence happened in Group B. No epididymitis, retrograde ejaculation, rectal injury, incontinence, bladder neck contracture, or erectile dysfunction happened in both groups. |
2 |
| 24. Efesoy O, Cayan S, Asci R, Orhan I, Yaman O. Hematospermia is rarely related to genitourinary cancer: lessons learned from 15 years of experience with 342 cases. International Journal of Impotence Research. 33(6):627-633, 2021 Sep. |
Observational-Dx |
161,258 men |
To investigate the prevalence of hematospermia among the 161,258 men with =18 years old, presenting to outpatient clinics with urologic complaints, between January 2003 and December 2017.To record underlying causes of hematospermia to determine frequency of genitourinary cancer in 342 men who presented with hematospermia. |
The prevalence of hematospermia was detected as 0.21% (342/161,258) among the urological patients. The mean age of the patients was 45.05 ± 14.04 years (range 18-85), and the median duration of hematospermia was 15 days (range 1-7200). In 306 (89.5%) of the patients, hematospermia was resolved after medical therapy for infections/inflammations, surgery for ductal obstruction and cysts, prostate and testicular cancer. However, 36 (10.5%) had persistent hematospermia. The most relevant etiologic cause of hematospermia was inflammation/infections in 169 patients (49.4%), and genitourinary cancers were detected in only 11 patients (3.2%) as prostate cancer in 8 and testicular cancer in 3. |
3 |
| 25. Ahmad I, Krishna NS. Hemospermia. [Review] [49 refs]. J Urol. 177(5):1613-8, 2007 May. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Review literature on hemospermia with emphasis on etiology, diagnosis and management. |
Most patients can be treated with minimal investigations and simple reassurance. In older patients or those with persistent hemospermia or associated symptoms further investigation in the form of TRUS, MRI and cystoscopy is of proven benefit. |
4 |
| 26. Marcal LP, Surabhi VR, Ramani NS, Katabathina VS, Paspulati RM, Prasad SR. Mesenchymal Neoplasms of the Prostate and Seminal Vesicles: Spectrum of Disease with Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation. Radiographics. 42(2):417-432, 2022 Mar-Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe the epidemiology, clinical features, pathologic features, biologic behavior, and prognosis of a wide spectrum of mesenchymal tumors of the prostate and seminal vesicles. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 27. Suh Y, Gandhi J, Joshi G, et al. Etiologic classification, evaluation, and management of hematospermia. [Review]. Translational Andrology & Urology. 6(5):959-972, 2017 Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To explore an up-to-date classification and catalog of etiology with associating manifestation of hematospermia.Toreview the clinical evaluation and management options of hematospermia. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 28. Besler MS, Gokhan MB, Olcucuoglu E, Ozdemir FAE. Shear wave elastography for the evaluation of testicular salvage after testicular torsion. Andrologia. 54(11):e14565, 2022 Dec. |
Observational-Tx |
24 patients (48 testes) |
To assess the utility of shear wave elastography in the follow-up of testicular detorsion, evaluate long-term outcomes, and explore its relationship with parameters such as tissue stiffness values, pain duration, and torsion type. |
Inter-observer variability of the mean testicular tissue elasticity was excellent (Intraclass correlation coefficient: 0.939, p < 0.001). Median time between testicular detorsion and follow-up ultrasound examination was 18 months (range, 11-36 months). Torsion side, torsion degree, and pain duration were recorded, and testicular volumes were calculated. The study population comprised 24 patients (48 testes) with a mean age of 21.1 ± 7.8 years. The mean testicular volume was measured as 12.3 ± 5.4 ml for the testicular salvage group, 13.9 ± 3.8 ml for the contralateral testes, and 13.7 ± 2.7 ml for the control group (p = 0.553). The mean testicular speed mode values were higher in the testicular salvage group (1.34 ± 1.21 m/s) compared with the contralateral testes group (1.00 ± 0.08 m/s), and the control group (1.01 ± 0.06 m/s), however there was no statistically significant difference between the three groups (p = 0.861). While testicular atrophy was detected in three patients, an intraparenchymal wedge-shaped focal hypoechoic area developed after torsion in a further three patients. The elastography examination for focal hypoechoic areas revealed an increase or decrease in tissue stiffness compared to the normal parenchyma. The tissue stiffness values of the testicular salvage group were higher in complete torsion compared to incomplete torsion. |
1 |
| 29. Miao C, Liang C, Wang Y, et al. The management and composition of symptomatic seminal vesicle calculi: aetiological analysis and current research. BJU International. 125(2):314-321, 2020 02. |
Review/Other-Dx |
20 patients |
To report our experience in the diagnosis, minimally invasive treatment, and composition of seminal vesicle calculi (SVC). |
In the present study, we evaluated 20 patients who were admitted to our hospital from January 2013 to January 2018. All the patients were diagnosed with intractable haematospermia and SVC. The diagnosis was further confirmed by seminal vesiculoscopy. SVC were removed by basket extraction; with larger SVC fragmented by holmium laser before extraction. Scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and infrared spectroscopy were used to determine the SVC composition. All operations were completed successfully without surgical complications. SVC were mostly composed of hydroxyapatite and protein, suggesting that they were produced by infections. |
4 |
| 30. Catania R, Dasyam N, Furlan A, Borhani AA. Cross-sectional imaging of seminal vesicles and vasa deferentia. [Review]. Abdominal Radiology. 45(7):2049-2062, 2020 07. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the anatomy and embryology of the SVs and vasa deferentia and then explore the spectrum of diseases affecting them. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 31. Gupta RT, Kalisz K, Khatri G, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Acute Onset Flank Pain-Suspicion of Stone Disease (Urolithiasis). J Am Coll Radiol 2023;20:S315-S28. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for acute onset flank pain-suspicion of stone disease (urolithiasis). |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 32. Akin O, Woo S, Oto A, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Pretreatment Detection, Surveillance, and Staging of Prostate Cancer: 2022 Update. J Am Coll Radiol 2023;20:S187-S210. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for pretreatment detection, surveillance, and staging of prostate cancer. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 33. Chen R, Wang L, Sheng X, et al. Transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy for recurrent hemospermia: experience from 419 cases. Asian Journal of Andrology. 20(5):438-441, 2018 Sep-Oct. |
Observational-Tx |
419 patients with an initial diagnosis of persistent hemospermia |
To summarize our experience in transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy (TSV) for recurrent hemospermia by introducing surgical techniques, intraoperative findings, and treatment outcomes. |
TSV was successfully performed in 381 cases (90.9%). Hemospermia was alleviated or disappeared in 324 (85.0%) patients by 3 months after surgery. Common intraoperative manifestations were bleeding, obstruction or stenosis, mucosal lesions, and calculus. Endoscopic presentation of the ejaculatory duct orifice and the verumontanum was categorized into four types, including 8 (1.9%), 32 (7.6%), 341 (81.4%), and 38 (9.1%) cases in Types A, B, C, and D, respectively. |
2 |
| 34. Chen WK, Yu DD, Chen ZX, et al. Transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy for intractable hematospermia: experience from 144 patients. BMC Urology. 21(1):48, 2021 Mar 27. |
Observational-Tx |
144 patients with intractable hematospermia |
To describe the methodology of transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy and the anatomy of the area of the verumontanum, and to determine the safety of this procedure, especially in terms of postoperative complications. |
Transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy was successfully performed in 139 patients (96.53%). Hematospermia was alleviated or disappeared in 116 (80.56%) patients by less than half a year after surgery. Common intraoperative manifestations were hemorrhage, stones, utricle polyps and cysts. The surgical approach in our study were categorized into four types, including 24 (16.7%), 73 (50.7%), 42 (29.2%), and 5 (3.5%) cases in Type A (natural opening of the ejaculatory duct), B (trans-duct fenestration), C (trans-utricle fenestration), and D (not founded), respectively. Sexual function change was recorded in 12 patients of 111 patients, all by the method of trans-utricle fenestration, including 8 (7.21%), 3 (2.70%), and 1 (0.90%) patients in shorter intravaginal ejaculatory latency time, worse erection hardness and loss of orgasm, respectively. |
2 |
| 35. Christodoulidou M, Parnham A, Nigam R. Diagnosis and management of symptomatic seminal vesicle calculi. [Review]. Scandinavian Journal of Urology. 51(4):237-244, 2017 Aug. |
Review/Other-Dx |
37 studies (213 cases of seminal vesicle calculi) |
To review the management of patients with symptomatic seminal vesicle calculi, from presentation and diagnosis to postoperative outcomes. |
Published articles included cohort studies (16), case-control studies (two) and case reports (19). The most likely aetiology was stasis of ejaculate secondary to impaired drainage of secretions from the seminal vesicles. Transrectal ultrasound remains the primary investigation for haematospermia and painful ejaculation; however, magnetic resonance imaging seems to play an increasingly important role, especially when considering surgery. Transurethral seminal vesiculoscopy and lithotripsy is the ideal procedure for small calculi but requires surgical expertise. For larger calculi a transperitoneal laparoscopic approach is safe in the hands of experienced laparoscopic surgeons. |
4 |
| 36. Dell'Atti L. Ultrasound detection of prostatic calculi as a parameter to predict the appearance of hematospermia after a prostate biopsy. International Braz J Urol. 43(6):1136-1143, 2017 Nov-Dec. |
Observational-Dx |
212 patients referred for transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsy (TRUSBx) |
To evaluate the correlation between prostate calculi and hematospermia in patients undergoing prostate biopsy, and its impact on sexual activity of patients. |
No significant difference was noted between the two groups when comparing age, preoperative PSA level, prostate volume, and biopsy number, except for digital rectal examination (DRE) findings. Post-biopsy results of patients included in GA revealed that the complication of hematospermia was present in 65.1%, while in GB was present in 39.7% (p<0.001). On multivariate analysis for identifying significant preoperative predictors of hematospermia, which included variables of age, PSA, prostate volume, and prostate cancer were not shown to be significant predictors of hematospermia, except DRE and prostate calculi (p<0.001). The mean anxiety score was 3.7±2.8 in GA and 2.3±1.9 in GB, respectively (p<0.001). |
3 |
| 37. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics; Committee on Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. In: Becker T, Chin M, Bates N, eds. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US) Copyright 2022 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.; 2022. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Sex and gender are often conflated under the assumptions that they are mutually determined and do not differ from each other; however, the growing visibility of transgender and intersex populations, as well as efforts to improve the measurement of sex and gender across many scientific fields, has demonstrated the need to reconsider how sex, gender, and the relationship between them are conceptualized. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 38. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction. Available at: https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/americancoldf5f-acrorgf92a-productioncb02-3650/media/ACR/Files/Clinical/Appropriateness-Criteria/ACR-Appropriateness-Criteria-Radiation-Dose-Assessment-Introduction.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide evidence-based guidelines on exposure of patients to ionizing radiation. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
