1. Borenstein DG, Balague F. Low Back Pain in Adolescent and Geriatric Populations. [Review]. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 47(2):149-163, 2021 05. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss low back pain in adolescent and geriatric populations. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
2. Nolte MT, Harada GK, LeDuc R, et al. Pediatric Back Pain: A Scoring System to Guide Use of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. J Pediatr Orthop. 42(2):116-122, 2022 Feb 01. |
Observational-Dx |
729 patients |
To develop a scoring system based on pediatric patient factors to help determine when an magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) will change clinical management. |
A total of 729 patients were included, with a mean age of 15.1 years (range: 3 to 20 y). Of these, 344 (47.2%) had an MRI. A predictive model was generated, with nocturnal symptoms (5 points), neurological deficit (10 points), age (0.7 points per year), lumbar pain (2 points), sudden onset of pain (3.25 points), and leg pain (3.75 points) identified as significant predictors. A combined score of greater than 9.5 points for a given patient is highly suggestive that an MRI will result in a change in clinical management (specificity: 0.93; positive predictive value: 0.92). |
3 |
3. Rodriguez DP, Poussaint TY. Imaging of back pain in children. AJNR. American journal of neuroradiology 2010;31:787-802. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe 1) the epidemiology of back pain in children, 2) the imaging work-up used, and 3) the correlation of imaging findings with disease entities that may cause back pain in the pediatric patient. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
4. Watson KD, Papageorgiou AC, Jones GT, et al. Low back pain in schoolchildren: occurrence and characteristics. Pain 2002;97:87-92. |
Review/Other-Dx |
1,446 children |
To determine the prevalence and important symptom characteristics of low back pain such as duration, periodicity, intensity, disability and health seeking behaviour at young ages. |
A population-based cross-sectional study was conducted including 1446 children aged 11–14 years in the North-West of England. A self-complete questionnaire was used to assess low back pain prevalence, symptom characteristics, associated disability and health seeking behaviour. An additional self-complete questionnaire amongst parents sought to validate pain reporting. The 1-month period prevalence of low back pain was 24%. It was higher in girls than boys (29 vs. 19%; ?2=14.7, P<0.001) and increased with age in both sexes (P<0.001). Of those reporting low back pain, 94% experienced some disability, with the most common reports being of difficulty carrying school bags. Despite this high rate of disability, few sought medical attention. Adolescent low back pain is common although medical attention is rarely sought. Such symptoms in childhood, particularly as they are so common, may have important consequences for chronic low back pain in adulthood. |
4 |
5. Hebert JJ, Leboeuf-Yde C, Franz C, et al. Pubertal development and growth are prospectively associated with spinal pain in young people (CHAMPS study-DK). European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society 2019;28:1565-71. |
Observational-Dx |
1,021 children |
To examine the prospective associations of pubertal development and linear growth with spinal pain frequency and duration in children. |
Data from 1021 children (53% female; mean [SD] age = 9.4 [1.4] years), with median participation duration of 39 months, were included. Advancing pubertal development was associated with increased spinal pain duration (IRR [95% CI] = 1.90 [1.45, 2.49] to 5.78 [4.03, 8.29]) and frequency of pain episodes (IRR [95% CI] = 1.32 [1.07, 1.65] to 2.99 [2.24, 3.98]). Similar associations were observed for each 1-cm change in height in 6 months with spinal pain duration (IRR [95% CI] = 1.19 [1.15, 1.23]) and frequency (IRR [95% CI] = 1.14 [1.11, 1.17]). The relations between pubertal development and spinal pain, as well as growth and spinal pain, were largely independent. |
2 |
6. Shymon SJ, Yaszay B, Dwek JR, Proudfoot JA, Donohue M, Hargens AR. Altered disc compression in children with idiopathic low back pain: an upright magnetic resonance imaging backpack study. Spine 2014;39:243-8. |
Experimental-Dx |
Fifteen pediatric and adolescent patients |
To analyze the lumbar spine's response to backpack loads with upright MRI in children with ILBP to compare their results with previously published normal child data under the same conditions. We hypothesize that typical backpack loads will have a different effect on the lumbar spine of normal children and children with ILBP. |
The cohort's mean age was 13 +/- 3 years. The 4-kg and 8-kg backpacks only compressed the L5-S1 IVD relative to upright with no load. Subjects experienced increasing pain with increasing load. Load had no effect on lumbar lordosis or lumbar coronal deformity. Compared with normal children, children with ILBP experience significantly less disc compression at T12-L1 to L4-L5, less lumbar lordosis, and more pain with increasing load. |
3 |
7. Palmer AJ, Poveda JL, Martinez-Laguna D, et al. Childhood overweight and obesity and back pain risk: a cohort study of 466 997 children. BMJ Open 2020;10:e036023. |
Review/Other-Dx |
466,997 children |
To assess the association between age, sex, socioeconomic group, weight status and back pain risk in a large general population cohort of children. |
466,997 children were followed for a median 5.0 years (IQR 5.1). In multivariable models, overweight and obesity increased back pain risk, with adjusted HRs of 1.18 (95% CI 1.09 to 1.27) and 1.34 (95%CI 1.19 to 1.51) for overweight and obesity, respectively. Females were at greater risk of back pain than males with adjusted HR 1.40 (95%CI 1.35 to 1.46). Adjusted HR was 1.43 (95%CI 1.33 to 1.55) for back pain in children from the most deprived socioeconomic groups compared with the least deprived socioeconomic groups. |
4 |
8. Applegate KE, Cost NG. Image Gently: a campaign to reduce children's and adolescents' risk for cancer during adulthood. J Adolesc Health 2013;52:S93-7. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To summarize our recent presentation on Image Gently to this workgroup which focuses on the risks for preadolescents and adolescents and on strategies to minimize these risks. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
9. MacDonald J, Stuart E, Rodenberg R. Musculoskeletal Low Back Pain in School-aged Children: A Review. JAMA Pediatr 2017;171:280-87. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the causes of low back pain in school-aged children and finds that most cases are musculoskeletal and have a benign clinical course. |
Low back pain is rarely seen in youth before they reach school age. Subsequently, rates of LBP rise until age 18 years, at which age the prevalence of LBP is similar to that in adults. The differential diagnosis of LBP in this population is broad, and individual etiologic factors are most often associated with musculoskeletal overuse or trauma. Sinister etiologic factors are rare. The patient’s history and physical examination are the foundation of evaluating a child with LBP. The indication for and timing of specific imaging or other studies will vary depending on the etiologic factor of concern. Most treatment of LBP in this population is centered on relative rest, rehabilitation, and identification of predisposing risk factors. Pharmacologic treatment may be used but is typically a brief course. Orthopedic, rheumatologic, and other subspecialty referrals may be considered when indicated, but most of these patients can be managed by a general pediatrician with a good understanding of the principles described in this article. |
4 |
10. Kadom N, Palasis S, Pruthi S, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Suspected Spine Trauma-Child. J Am Coll Radiol 2019;16:S286-S99. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for suspected spine trauma-child. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
11. Jones JY, Saigal G, Palasis S, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Scoliosis-Child. J Am Coll Radiol 2019;16:S244-S51. |
Review/Other-Dx |
|
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for scoliosis in a child. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
12. Achar S, Yamanaka J. Back Pain in Children and Adolescents. Am Fam Physician. 102(1):19-28, 2020 07 01. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss back pain presenting in children and adolescents. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
13. de Bruin F, ter Horst S, Bloem HL, et al. Prevalence of degenerative changes of the spine on magnetic resonance images and radiographs in patients aged 16-45 years with chronic back pain of short duration in the Spondyloarthritis Caught Early (SPACE) cohort. Rheumatology (Oxford). 55(1):56-65, 2016 Jan. |
Review/Other-Dx |
274 patients |
To determine the prevalence of degenerative changes (DCs) in the spine of young patients with back pain without axial spondyloarthritis (no-axSpA), with possible axSpA (poss-axSpA) and with definite axSpA (axSpA), as shown on MRI and radiographs. |
Two hundred and forty-five (89%) patients had DCs on MRI [21/25 (84%) no-axSpA, 121/134 (90%) poss-axSpA, 103/115 (90%) axSpA, P = 0.792], range 1-29 (median 5.5), and 121 (44%) patients had DCs on radiographs [13/25 (52%) no-axSpA, 62/134 (46%) poss-axSpA, 48/115 (42%) axSpA, P = 0.261], range 1-11 (median 2). |
4 |
14. Haidar R, Saad S, Khoury NJ, Musharrafieh U. Practical approach to the child presenting with back pain. European journal of pediatrics 2011;170:149-56. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To summarize the most commonly encountered causes of back pain in children and highlight diagnostic approaches that will ensure early diagnosis and intervention for a more favorable outcome. |
No results stated in abstract |
4 |
15. Matesan M, Behnia F, Bermo M, Vesselle H. SPECT/CT bone scintigraphy to evaluate low back pain in young athletes: common and uncommon etiologies. [Review]. Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery. 11(1):76, 2016 Jul 07. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the utility of SPECT/CT bone scintigraphy for the evaluation of low back pain in young athletes. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
16. Calloni SF, Huisman TA, Poretti A, Soares BP. Back pain and scoliosis in children: When to image, what to consider. [Review]. Neuroradiol. j.. 30(5):393-404, 2017 Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the role of different imaging techniques in the diagnostic approach to back pain and scoliosis, and offers a comprehensive review of the main imaging findings associated with common and uncommon causes of back pain and scoliosis in the pediatric population. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
17. Ramirez N, Flynn JM, Hill BW, et al. Evaluation of a systematic approach to pediatric back pain: the utility of magnetic resonance imaging. Journal of pediatric orthopedics 2015;35:28-32. |
Observational-Dx |
261 patients |
To (1) describe the prevalence of back pain seen in a pediatric orthopaedic clinic; (2) evaluate the efficacy of a systematic approach dependent on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of pediatric back pain; and (3) analyze sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of various clinical signs and symptoms. |
The prevalence of chief complaint of back pain was 8.6% (261/3042 patients). Of the 261 patients, 34% had an identifiable pathology following the systematic approach. In 8.8% of patients, the diagnosis was established with the history, physical examination, and plain radiographs. MRI yielded a definitive diagnosis in another 25% of patients. It is noteworthy that of the 89 patients with a confirmed pathology, 26% were identified with plain radiographs and 74% with MRI. |
3 |
18. Costelloe CM, Madewell JE. Radiography in the initial diagnosis of primary bone tumors. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013;200:3-7. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To understand how the radiographic characteristics of the margins of primary bone tumors reflect the biologic activity/growth rate of the lesions. To learn the radiographic principles of bone tumor margin classification. To identify the secondary role of cortical expansion and periosteal reaction in the characterization of primary bone tumors. To correlate the radiographic appearance of mineralized matrix with histologic type. To understand the advantages and limitations of radiography in the initial evaluation of primary bone tumors. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
19. Gosangi B, Mandell JC, Weaver MJ, et al. Bone Marrow Edema at Dual-Energy CT: A Game Changer in the Emergency Department. Radiographics. 40(3):859-874, 2020 May-Jun. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe the use of dual energy CT to detect bone marrow edema (BME) in the emergency department. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
20. Maamari J, Tande AJ, Diehn F, Tai DBG, Berbari EF. Diagnosis of vertebral osteomyelitis. J Bone Jt Infect 2022;7:23-32. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review in detail the arsenal of techniques that can be utilized to reach a diagnosis of native vertebral osteomyelitis (NVO). |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
21. Dhanjani S, Marrache M, Puvanesarajah V, Pakpoor J, Jain A. Annual Trends and Geographic Variation in the Utilization of Imaging in Pediatric Patients with Low Back Pain in the United States. World Neurosurgery. 146:e972-e978, 2021 02. |
Review/Other-Dx |
67,423 patients |
To investigate annual trends and demographic and geographic variation in spinal imaging for first-time pediatric presenters with LBP in primary care clinics. |
The study included 67,423 patients with mean age 15.2 ± 3 years. There was no significant change in radiography (34.8% in 2011 vs. 35.5% in 2017, P = 0.795) or computed tomography (1.6% in 2011 vs. 1.1% in 2017, P = 0.073), but there was a significant increase in magnetic resonance imaging (3.3% in 2011 vs. 4.5% in 2017, P = 0.017). Overall, there was no significant change in total imaging use (P = 0.895). Boys had higher rates of imaging compared with girls (40.2% vs. 35.6%, P < 0.001). Imaging rates significantly varied between regions across the United States (P < 0.001). The Midwest had the highest imaging rates (41%), while the Northeast had the lowest rates (31%). |
4 |
22. Shih RY, Koeller KK. Intramedullary Masses of the Spinal Cord: Radiologic-Pathologic Correlation. Radiographics 2020;40:1125-45. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss intramedullary masses of the spinal cord and to review the radiologic-pathologic features of specific neoplastic categories and entities recognized by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the 2016 WHO Classification of Tumours of the Central Nervous System and a few additional congenital-developmental entities. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
23. Trout AT, Sharp SE, Anton CG, Gelfand MJ, Mehlman CT. Spondylolysis and Beyond: Value of SPECT/CT in Evaluation of Low Back Pain in Children and Young Adults. [Review]. Radiographics. 35(3):819-34, 2015 May-Jun. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the spectrum of pars interarticularis abnormalities with emphasis on the imaging features of causes of pediatric low back pain other than spondylolysis. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
24. Jaramillo D, Dormans JP, Delgado J, Laor T, St Geme JW 3rd. Hematogenous Osteomyelitis in Infants and Children: Imaging of a Changing Disease. [Review]. Radiology. 283(3):629-643, 2017 06. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide an overview of the imaging implications directed by the changing epidemiology, the newer insights of anatomy and pathophysiology, the imaging characteristics with emphasis on specific locations and disease complications, and the differential diagnosis considerations in hematogenous osteomyelitis in infants and children. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
25. Patel DM, Weinberg BD, Hoch MJ. CT Myelography: Clinical Indications and Imaging Findings. Radiographics 2020;40:470-84. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review common and uncommon indications for computed tomography (CT) myelography and demonstrate various pathologic conditions in which CT myelography plays a vital role in patient treatment in this modern era of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
26. Ozsoy-Unubol T, Yagci I. Is ultrasonographic enthesitis evaluation helpful for diagnosis of non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis?. Rheumatology International. 38(11):2053-2061, 2018 11. |
Observational-Dx |
15 females, 15 males |
To evaluate the diagnostic utility of ultrasonographic enthesitis assessment in patients with non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis (nr-axSpA) and to compare different sonographic scoring methods. |
For both of the groups, a total of 18 entheses were evaluated in each patient with B mode ultrasound and power Doppler by a sonographer who is blinded to initial clinical and radiological assessments. Glasgow Ultrasound Enthesitis Scoring System (GUESS), Madrid Sonographic Enthesitis Index (MASEI) and D'Agostino grading system were performed. Intra-rater and inter-rater reliability analyses were evaluated with the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). There was at least one enthesitis in 96.7% of patients with nr-axSpA. Median values of the number of enthesitis were 5 in nr-axSpA and 0 in MBP. Mean GUESS total scores were 0.9 in MBP and 4.5 in nr-axSpA. Mean MASEI total scores were 2.3 and 10.5, respectively. The sensitivities were 96.7% and 93.3% for GUESS and MASEI while the detected specificities were 80% for both methods. For Intra-rater reliability analysis, ICC was calculated as 0.981 for GUESS and 0.975 for MASEI, while it was calculated as 0.964 and 0.962 for inter-rater reliability analysis. |
2 |
27. Garg S, Dormans JP. Tumors and tumor-like conditions of the spine in children. The Journal of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons 2005;13:372-81. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review tumors and tumor-like conditions of the spine in children |
No results stated in abstract |
4 |
28. Huisman TA. Pediatric tumors of the spine. Cancer imaging : the official publication of the International Cancer Imaging Society 2009;9 Spec No A:S45-8. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide a review of pediatric tumors of the spine. |
No results stated the abstract. |
4 |
29. Batouli A, Gholamrezanezhad A, Petrov D, Rudkin S, Matcuk G, Jadvar H. Management of Primary Osseous Spinal Tumors with PET. [Review]. PET clinics. 14(1):91-101, 2019 Jan. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review and discusses the role of Positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET/CT) and Positron emission tomography–magnetic resonance (PET/MR) imaging in the diagnosis and management of primary benign and malignant osseous tumors of the spine. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
30. Kaneko H, Murakami M, Nishizawa K. Prevalence and clinical features of sports-related lumbosacral stress injuries in the young. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg. 137(5):685-691, 2017 May. |
Observational-Dx |
312 children |
To evaluate the epidemiology of lumbosacral stress injuries. |
MRI showed that 33.0% of the patients had lumbar stress injuries and 1.6% had sacral stress injuries. Lumbar stress injuries were more common in males than in females and were found in 30% of 13- to 18-year-old patients. About 50% of the patients that participated in soccer or track and field were diagnosed with lumbar stress injuries. No clinical patterns in the frequencies of sacral stress injuries were detected due to the low number of patients that suffered this type of injury. Plain radiography is rarely able to detect the early stage lesions associated with lumbosacral stress injuries, but such lesions can be detected in the caudal–ventral region of the pars interarticularis on sagittal computed tomography scans. |
4 |
31. Schroeder GD, LaBella CR, Mendoza M, et al. The role of intense athletic activity on structural lumbar abnormalities in adolescent patients with symptomatic low back pain. Eur Spine J. 25(9):2842-8, 2016 09. |
Observational-Dx |
114 patients |
To determine if adolescent athletics increases the risk of structural abnormalities in the lumbar spine. |
A total of 114 patients met the inclusion criteria and were stratified into 66 athletes and 48 non-athletes. Athletes were more likely to have abnormal findings compared to non-athletes (67 vs. 40 %, respectively, p = 0.01). Specifically, the prevalence of a spondylolysis with or without a slip was higher in athletes vs. non-athletes (32 vs. 2 %, respectively, p = 0.0003); however, there was no difference in the average Pfirrmann grade (1.19 vs. 1.14, p = 0.41), percentage of patients with at least one degenerative disc (39 vs. 31 %, p = 0.41), or disc herniation (27 vs. 33 %, p = 0.43). Body mass index, smoking history, and pelvic incidence (51.5° vs. 48.7°, respectively, p = 0.41) were similar between the groups. |
4 |
32. Yoshimizu R, Nakase J, Yoshioka K, et al. Incidence and temporal changes in lumbar degeneration and low back pain in child and adolescent weightlifters: A prospective 5-year cohort study. PLoS ONE. 17(6):e0270046, 2022. |
Observational-Dx |
12 children |
To investigate the incidence of lumbar degeneration findings and low back pain (LBP) in children and adolescent weightlifters using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and medical questionnaires over a 5-year period. |
Twelve children and adolescent weightlifters who participated in weightlifting for >2 years (six boys, six girls, 11.4±2.0 years) were enrolled. Participants underwent annual medical questionnaire surveys, including data on practice frequency, competition history, presence of LBP, and lumbar examinations using MRI during the 5-year follow-up. Lumbar disc degeneration was detected in all the participants after 4 years, and lumbar disc herniation findings were detected in 33% of participants after 5 years; one underwent herniotomy during the follow-up period. Lumbar spondylolysis was detected in 58% of patients at 5 years. Although there were three participants who had LBP in the final year, none had LBP that prevented them from returning to weightlifting. This 5-year cohort study of 12 children and adolescent weightlifters detected lumbar degeneration in all participants. High frequency weightlifting training over a long period during the growth period may increase the risk of developing current and future LBP. |
3 |
33. Gaddikeri S, Matesan M, Alvarez J, Hippe DS, Vesselle HJ. MDP-SPECT Versus Hybrid MDP-SPECT/CT in the Evaluation of Suspected Pars Interarticularis Fracture in Young Athletes. Journal of Neuroimaging. 28(6):635-639, 2018 11. |
Review/Other-Dx |
91 patients |
To assess benefits of hybrid (single photon emission computerized tomography [SPECT]/computed tomography [CT]) imaging over SPECT imaging only in the management of young athletes with low back pain (LBP) due to suspected pars interarticularis fracture. |
A total of 91 patients were enrolled after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. The volume CT dose index and dose length product (DLP) estimated for a scan length of 10 cm (DLP 10) were significantly lower for patients in group II (CTDIvol ) (P = .001 and P = .001). Although, there was no significant difference in actual DLP (P = .52). There was a median delay of 7 days (interquartile range 2-10 days) for complete diagnosis in group I patients. Least expensive imaging for early definitive diagnosis required for the treatment decisions was in patients who had a radionuclide Technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate bone scan with limited lumbar spine planar and SPECT imaging followed by a thin slice, limited CT performed only when SPECT imaging was positive for an active pars interarticularis fracture. No significant difference in the management of patients between the groups (P = .47). |
4 |
34. Sanpera I, Jr., Beguiristain-Gurpide JL. Bone scan as a screening tool in children and adolescents with back pain. Journal of pediatric orthopedics 2006;26:221-5. |
Observational-Dx |
142 patients |
To review bone scan as a screening tool in children and adolescents with back pain |
The sensitivity of the bone scan was low, 0.613 (95% CI: 0.549-0.654), although it proved to be highly specific, 0.91 (95% CI: 0.83-0.95). |
3 |
35. Yang J, Servaes S, Edwards K, Zhuang H. Prevalence of stress reaction in the pars interarticularis in pediatric patients with new-onset lower back pain. Clinical nuclear medicine 2013;38:110-4. |
Observational-Dx |
63 consecutive pediatric patients |
To determine the prevalence of stress reaction in pars interarticularis in pediatric patients presenting new-onset back pain using both bone SPECT and CT. |
Among the cohort of 63 patients who had both bone SPECT and thin-slice CT of the lumbar spine, there was a total of 56 positive SPECT results indicating stress injuries in the pars interarticularis. Spondylolysis was shown on both bone SPECT and thin-slice CT in 45 patients. In 11 patients, stress reaction was shown. In 7 patients, no abnormality was detected by either SPECT or thin-slice CT. |
3 |
36. Lohani S, Rodriguez DP, Lidov HG, Scott RM, Proctor MR. Intrasacral meningocele in the pediatric population. Journal of neurosurgery. Pediatrics 2013;11:615-22. |
Review/Other-Dx |
13 pediatric patients |
To categorize the clinical presentation, radiological appearance, surgical anatomy, and operative results in pediatric patients undergoing operation for intrasacral meningocele. |
There were 13 patients (11 boys and 2 girls) who underwent operation for intrasacral meningocele. The median age was 8 years (range 5 months-16 years). The most common presenting symptom was back pain (in 5) often described as deep tail bone pain, followed by urinary incontinence (3) and constipation (2). Three patients had evidence of associated tethered cord on MRI studies. Four patients were asymptomatic and their diagnosis was made following imaging for other reasons; they were surgically treated because of the increasing size of the lesion or association with other congenital lesions. Most patients had symptomatic improvement after surgery. |
4 |
37. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics; Committee on Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. In: Becker T, Chin M, Bates N, eds. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US) Copyright 2022 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.; 2022. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Sex and gender are often conflated under the assumptions that they are mutually determined and do not differ from each other; however, the growing visibility of transgender and intersex populations, as well as efforts to improve the measurement of sex and gender across many scientific fields, has demonstrated the need to reconsider how sex, gender, and the relationship between them are conceptualized. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
38. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction. Available at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Appropriateness-Criteria/RadiationDoseAssessmentIntro.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide evidence-based guidelines on exposure of patients to ionizing radiation. |
No abstract available. |
4 |