| 1. Debost-Legrand A, Laurichesse-Delmas H, Francannet C, et al. False positive morphologic diagnoses at the anomaly scan: marginal or real problem, a population-based cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 14:112, 2014 Mar 24. |
Observational-Dx |
526 children |
To determine the false-positive rate, first overall and then by anatomical system, of ultrasound screening for congenital malformations in the second and third trimesters of pregnancy. |
Overall, the false-positive rate was 8.8% and the rate of diagnostic misclassification 9.2%. The highest false-positive rates were found for renal and gastrointestinal tract malformations, and the highest diagnostic misclassification rates for cerebral and cardiac malformations. The diagnostic misclassification rate was significantly higher than the false-positive rate for cardiac malformations. |
3 |
| 2. Estroff JA. Imaging clues in the prenatal diagnosis of syndromes and aneuploidy. Pediatr Radiol. 2012;42 Suppl 1:S5-23. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review maternal first- and second- trimester serum screening and imaging and covers many of the most common fetal karyotypic and structural anomalies. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 3. Hill LM. Timing of ultrasound in pregnancy--how often? At what intervals? Semin Perinatol. 2013;37(5):327-333. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To summarize the changes in the fetel anatomic survey that have occurred and provide recommendations that serve to improve compliance with the components of the survey. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 4. Benson CB, Doubilet PM. The history of imaging in obstetrics. [Review]. Radiology. 273(2 Suppl):S92-110, 2014 Nov. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the past and present state of various diagnostic imaging technologies. The main focus will be on ultrasonography (US) imaging, in keeping with its role as providing the majority of imaging in pregnancy. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 5. Grandjean H, Larroque D, Levi S. The performance of routine ultrasonographic screening of pregnancies in the Eurofetus Study. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181(2):446-454. |
Observational-Dx |
3686 fetuses. |
To evaluate the accuracy of the antenatal detection of malformations by routine ultrasonographic examination in unselected populations. |
Of 3685 malformed fetuses, 2262 had received diagnoses during pregnancy (sensitivity, 61.4%). Of a total number of 4615 malformations, 2593 were detected (sensitivity, 56.2%). The detection sensitivity was higher for the major than for the minor abnormalities (73.7% vs 45.7%), and the diagnosis was made earlier in the pregnancy (24.2 weeks vs 27.6, P <. 01). Overall, 55% of the major abnormalities were detected within 24 gestational weeks. Within each severity group the accuracy of detection depended on the system. For the major abnormalities it was better for the central nervous system (88.3%) and urinary tract (84. 8%) but lower for the heart and great vessels (38.8%). Detection of minor abnormalities was also effective for the urinary tract (89.1%) but not for the heart and great vessels (20.8%) or the musculoskeletal system (18%). Detection of abnormalities had an influence on the rate of termination of pregnancy. The rate of live births for the mothers bearing fetuses with major abnormalities was lower than that for the mothers in whom no abnormalities were detected, mainly because of the higher rate of elective terminations of pregnancy in the former group. |
2 |
| 6. AIUM practice guideline for the performance of obstetric ultrasound examinations. J Ultrasound Med. 2013;32(6):1083-1101. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide guidelines for the performance of obstetric ultrasound examinations. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 7. Abramowicz JS. Fetal Doppler: how to keep it safe? Clin Obstet Gynecol. 2010;53(4):842-850. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To examine whether Doppler, in particular in the first trimester, can have detrimental effects on the fetus. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 8. Reddy UM, Abuhamad AZ, Levine D, Saade GR, Fetal Imaging Workshop Invited Participants. Fetal imaging: executive summary of a joint Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine, American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine, American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists, American College of Radiology, Society for Pediatric Radiology, and Society of Radiologists in Ultrasound Fetal Imaging Workshop. J Ultrasound Med. 33(5):745-57, 2014 May. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To executive summary of the workshop conducted by the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development to address indications for ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in pregnancy. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 9. Whitworth M, Bricker L, Mullan C. Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy. [Review]. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (7)CD007058, 2015 Jul 14. |
Meta-analysis |
63 studies and 37,505 women. |
To assess whether routine early pregnancy ultrasound for fetal assessment (i.e. its use as a screening technique) influences the diagnosis of fetal malformations, multiple pregnancies, the rate of clinical interventions, and the incidence of adverse fetal outcome when compared with the selective use of early pregnancy ultrasound (for specific indications). |
Routine/revealed ultrasound versus selective ultrasound/concealed: 11 trials including 37,505 women. Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy reduces the failure to detect multiple pregnancy by 24 weeks' gestation (risk ratio (RR) 0.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.03 to 0.17; participants = 295; studies = 7), moderate quality of evidence). Routine scans improve the detection of major fetal abnormality before 24 weeks' gestation (RR 3.46, 95% CI 1.67 to 7.14; participants = 387; studies = 2,moderate quality of evidence). Routine scan is associated with a reduction in inductions of labour for 'post term' pregnancy (RR 0.59, 95% CI 0.42 to 0.83; participants = 25,516; studies = 8), but the evidence related to this outcome is of low quality, because most of the pooled effect was provided by studies with design limitation with presence of heterogeneity (I(2) = 68%). Ultrasound for fetal assessment in early pregnancy does not impact on perinatal death (defined as stillbirth after trial entry, or death of a liveborn infant up to 28 days of age) (RR 0.89, 95% CI 0.70 to 1.12; participants = 35,735; studies = 10, low quality evidence). Routine scans do not seem to be associated with reductions in adverse outcomes for babies or in health service use by mothers and babies. Long-term follow-up of children exposed to scan in utero does not indicate that scans have a detrimental effect on children's physical or cognitive development.The review includes several large, well-designed trials but lack of blinding was a problem common to all studies and this may have an effect on some outcomes. The quality of evidence was assessed for all review primary outcomes and was judged as moderate or low. Downgrading of evidence was based on including studies with design limitations, imprecision of results and presence of heterogeneity. |
M |
| 10. American College of Radiology. ACR–SPR–SRU Practice Parameter for Performing and Interpreting Diagnostic Ultrasound Examinations. Available at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Practice-Parameters/US-Perf-Interpret.pdf?la=en. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Guidance document to promote the safe and effective use of diagnostic and therapeutic radiology by describing specific training, skills and techniques. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 11. Hibbeln JF, Shors SM, Byrd SE. MRI: is there a role in obstetrics?. [Review]. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 55(1):352-66, 2012 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in obstetrics. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 12. The California Prenatal Screening Program. 2009; Available at: https://www.cdph.ca.gov/programs/pns/Documents/Provider%20Handbook%20%202009%20WEB.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To summarize the California prenatal screening program. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 13. Liau J, Romine L, Korty LA, et al. Simplifying the ultrasound findings of the major fetal chromosomal aneuploidies. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 2014;43(6):300-316. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the most common major human chromosomal aneuploidies, including trisomies 21 ,18, and 13; Turnersyndrome; and triploidy. The focus is on the major structural anomalies seen with each of these, as well as ultrasoundmarkers (findings associated with increased risk of chromosomal abnormality but also seen in normal fetuses). |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 14. Ogilvie C, Akolekar R. Pregnancy Loss Following Amniocentesis or CVS Sampling-Time for a Reassessment of Risk. J Clin Med 2014;3:741-6. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide information regarding pregnancy loss risk following amniocentesis. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 15. Agathokleous M, Chaveeva P, Poon LC, Kosinski P, Nicolaides KH. Meta-analysis of second-trimester markers for trisomy 21. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013;41(3):247-261. |
Meta-analysis |
48 studies. |
To summarize by meta-analysis the accumulated data on the screening performance of second-trimester sonographic markers for fetal trisomy 21. |
A total of 48 studies was included in the analysis. The pooled estimates of positive and negative LR were, respectively: 5.83 (95% CI, 5.02-6.77) and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.75-0.86) for intracardiac echogenic focus; 27.52 (95% CI, 13.61-55.68) and 0.94 (95% CI, 0.91-0.98) for ventriculomegaly; 23.30 (95% CI, 14.35-37.83) and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.74-0.85) for increased nuchal fold; 11.44 (95% CI, 9.05-14.47) and 0.90 (95% CI, 0.86-0.94) for hyperechogenic bowel; 7.63 (95% CI, 6.11-9.51) and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.89-0.96) for mild hydronephrosis; 3.72 (95% CI, 2.79-4.97) and 0.80 (95% CI, 0.73-0.88) for short femur; 4.81 (95% CI, 3.49-6.62) and 0.74 (95% CI, 0.63-0.88) for short humerus; 21.48 (95% CI, 11.48-40.19) and 0.71 (95% CI, 0.57-0.88) for aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA); and 23.27 (95% CI, 14.23-38.06) and 0.46 (95% CI, 0.36-0.58) for absent or hypoplastic nasal bone. The combined negative LR, obtained by multiplying the values of individual markers, was 0.13 (95% CI, 0.05-0.29) when short femur but not short humerus was included and 0.12 (95% CI, 0.06-0.29) when short humerus but not short femur was included. |
M |
| 16. Bromley B, Shipp TD, Lyons J, Groszmann Y, Navathe RS, Benacerraf BR. What is the importance of second-trimester "soft markers" for trisomy 21 after an 11- to 14-week aneuploidy screening scan?. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 33(10):1747-52, 2014 Oct. |
Observational-Dx |
9692 fetuses. |
To evaluate the importance of second-trimester "soft markers" for trisomy 21 after an 11- to 14-week aneuploidy screening scan. |
There were 42 fetuses (0.4%) with trisomy 21 identified in the study cohort of 9692 patients. Trisomy 21 was suspected at the NT scan in 28 fetuses (67%) and at the second-trimester anatomic survey in 14 (33%). In fetuses first suspected of having trisomy 21 in the second trimester, 9 of 14 had normal anatomic survey results, and 5 of 14 had congenital malformations. All 14 fetuses had soft markers for aneuploidy. A thickened nuchal fold was identified in 5 of 9 fetuses with trisomy 21 and normal anatomic survey results, all of whom had an NT of less than 3.0 mm at the initial screening scan. |
3 |
| 17. Committee on Practice Bulletins-Obstetrics CoG, the Society for Maternal-Fetal M. Practice Bulletin No. 163: Screening for Fetal Aneuploidy. Obstetrics and gynecology 2016;127:e123-37. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide current information regarding the available screening test options for fetal aneuploidy and to review their benefits, accuracy, and limitations. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 18. Spencer K, Souter V, Tul N, Snijders R, Nicolaides KH. A screening program for trisomy 21 at 10-14 weeks using fetal nuchal translucency, maternal serum free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A. Ultrasound in obstetrics & gynecology : the official journal of the International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics and Gynecology 1999;13:231-7. |
Observational-Dx |
210 singleton pregnancies |
To examine the potential impact of combining maternal age with fetal nuchal translucency thickness and maternal serum free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG) and pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) in screening for trisomy 21 at 10-14 weeks of gestation. |
In a population with the maternal age distribution of pregnancies in England and Wales, it was estimated that, using the combination of maternal age, fetal nuchal translucency thickness and maternal serum free beta-hCG and PAPP-A, the detection of trisomy 21 pregnancies would be 89% at a fixed false-positive rate of 5%. Alternatively, at a fixed detection rate of 70%, the false-positive rate would be 1%. The inclusion of biochemical parameters added an additional 16% to the detection rate obtained using NT and maternal age alone. |
3 |
| 19. Yagel S, Cohen SM, Porat S, et al. Detailed transabdominal fetal anatomic scanning in the late first trimester versus the early second trimester of pregnancy. J Ultrasound Med. 34(1):143-9, 2015 Jan. |
Observational-Dx |
408 women. |
To compare visualization rates for early targeted organ scanning at gestational ages ranging from 11 weeks 3 days to 13 weeks 2 days versus 14 weeks 3 days to 16 weeks 2 days. |
A total of 408 women were recruited and scanned twice. Three abnormalities were diagnosed in the second scan that were not seen in the first: dysplastic long bones, tricuspid stenosis, and cleft lip (without palate involvement). None had chromosomal anomalies. Successful visualization rates in all organ systems exceeded 94% in the second trimester. At the first-trimester scan, some systems had high success rates, whereas others were very low; eg, in the brain, the cerebellum and posterior fossa were visualized successfully approximately 50% of the time and the upper lip only approximately 10%. On fetal echocardiography, the 4-chamber view and outflow tracts were imaged successfully approximately 40% of the time, and the kidneys approximately 35%. Uterine artery Doppler mapping was possible in all patients on at least one side. On third-trimester follow-up, we diagnosed 1 mild pulmonary stenosis, 1 autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease, and 1 ventricular septal defect. |
2 |
| 20. Merz E. Can Prenatal Testing in the First Trimester be Performed without Ultrasound? Ultraschall Med 2017;38:126-28. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To investigate whether prenatal testing in the first trimester can be performed without an ultrasound. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 21. Glanc P, D'Souza R, Parrish J, Tomlinson G, Maxwell C. Should an Early Anatomy Ultrasound Scan Be Offered Routinely to Obese Pregnant Women? J Obstet Gynaecol Can 2018;40:1288-94. |
Observational-Dx |
120 pregnant women |
To determine whether an early anatomic scan (EAS), either on its own or in combination with the routine transabdominal scan (R-TAS), would improve overall completion rates of the fetal anatomic survey in the obese pregnant woman. The study's secondary objectives were to compare patients' and sonographers' satisfaction with EAS versus R-TAS. |
A total of 120 pregnant women completed the study. Visualization of all anatomic components was complete in 14% at EAS and in 61% at R-TAS (combined completion rate, 90%). Mean scan time was 30.4 minutes at EAS and 51 minutes at R-TAS. No missed diagnoses of structural anomalies were identified at neonatal follow-up. EAS and R-TAS differed in terms of sonographers' reports of difficult or suboptimal scans (9% vs. 58%), well-seen anatomy (85% vs. 78%), and good visibility (44% vs. 12%). Most sonographers expressed a preference for performing EAS in future pregnancies, rather than the R-TAS (96% vs. 6%). Although patients reported greater satisfaction with EAS (93% vs. 74%), for reasons that could not be determined, they expressed a preference for R-TAS in a subsequent pregnancy (23% vs. 63%). |
3 |
| 22. Paladini D. Sonography in obese and overweight pregnant women: clinical, medicolegal and technical issues. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2009;33(6):720-729. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the clinical, technical and medico-legal problems associated with ultrasound examination in obese and/or overweight women and provides tips for performing these examinations. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 23. Hata T, Hanaoka U, Tenkumo C, Sato M, Tanaka H, Ishimura M. Three- and four-dimensional HDlive rendering images of normal and abnormal fetuses: pictorial essay. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2012;286(6):1431-1435. |
Observational-Dx |
32 fetuses. |
To present our experience of normal embryonic development and fetal anatomy and fetal anomalies reconstructed employing the three-dimensional (3D) and four-dimensional (4D) high dimention (HD) live rendering mode. |
In normal fetuses, marked embryonic development with advancing gestation was clearly shown in the first trimester of pregnancy, and various realistic facial expressions were noted in the second and third trimesters. In abnormal fetuses, anatomically realistic features such as gross specimens were obtained. In particular, 3D/4D HDlive provides new, realistic sensations for the diagnosis of amniotic band syndrome, skeletal abnormalities, and facial abnormalities. |
3 |
| 24. Sepulveda W, Ximenes R, Wong AE, Sepulveda F, Martinez-Ten P. Fetal magnetic resonance imaging and three-dimensional ultrasound in clinical practice: applications in prenatal diagnosis. [Review]. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 26(5):593-624, 2012 Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the main applications of these imaging modalities in current practice and present an overview of the malformations that may benefit from assessment with three-dimensional ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 25. Yagel S, Cohen SM, Rosenak D, et al. Added value of three-/four-dimensional ultrasound in offline analysis and diagnosis of congenital heart disease. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2011;37(4):432-437. |
Observational-Dx |
13 101 women |
To determine whether 3D/4D ultrasound improved diagnostic ability in cases of congenital heart disease (CHD). |
During the study period, 13 101 examinations were performed; 181 diagnoses of CHD were made. In 12 of these, 3D/4D ultrasound added to the accuracy of our diagnosis: one right aortic arch with anomalous branching; one transposition of the great arteries with pulmonary atresia diagnosed with tomographic ultrasound imaging (TUI); one segmental interrupted aortic arch diagnosed with TUI; one right ventricle aneurysm diagnosed with B-flow; two agenesis of ductus venosus to the coronary sinus diagnosed by multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) and B-flow; two total anomalous pulmonary venous connection diagnosed with MPR; and four ventricular septal defect (VSD) diagnosed with the aid of virtual planes. There were 12 missed diagnoses and no false-positive results. |
3 |
| 26. Manganaro L, Vinci V, Bernardo S, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of fetal heart: anatomical and pathological findings. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014;27(12):1213-1219. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To outline feasibility of fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the anatomic evaluation, the common indication to fetal MRI, its role in the characterization of congenital heart defects and at last its main limitations. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 27. Gorincour G, Chaumoitre K, Bourliere-Najean B, et al. Fetal skeletal computed tomography: when? How? Why? Diagn Interv Imaging 2014;95:1045-53. |
Observational-Dx |
198 Patients |
To study the additional role of fetal skeletal computed tomography in suspected prenatal bone abnormalities. |
A total of 198 patients were included. CT was performed in 112 patients (56%) for an isolated short femur below the third percentile (group A), in 15 patients (8%) for bowed or fractured femur (group B), in 23 patients (12%) for biometric discrepancy between a short femur and increased head circumference (group C) and in 48 patients (24%) for suspected focal dysostosis (group D). CT was interpreted as normal in 126 cases (64%), i.e. 87% in group A, 0% in group B, 65% in group C and 25% in group D. When including only cases with postnatal or postmortem clinical and/or radiological confirmation was available, CT provided additional and/or more accurate information than ultrasound in 20% of cases in group A, 66% in group B, 30% in group C and 72% in group D. Sixty-seven percent of patients in whom CT was interpreted as normal were lost to follow-up. |
4 |
| 28. Makhlouf M, Saade G. Should second trimester ultrasound be routine for all pregnancies? Semin Perinatol. 2013;37(5):323-326. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the evidence regarding the benefits of routine ultrasound use during pregnancy. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 29. National Institute for Health and care Excellence: Antenatal care for uncomplicated pregnancies. Available at: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/cg62/resources/antenatal-care-for-uncomplicated-pregnancies-pdf-975564597445 |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
This guideline covers the care that healthy women and their babies should be offered during pregnancy. It aims to ensure that pregnant women are offered regular check-ups, information and support. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 30. American College of Radiology. ACR-ACOG-AIUM-SMFM-SRU Practice Parameter for the Performance of Standard Diagnostic Obstetrical Ultrasound. Available at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Practice-Parameters/us-ob.pdf |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To promote the safe and effective use of diagnostic and therapeutic radiology by describing the key elements of standard ultrasound examinations in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 31. Bricker L, Medley N, Pratt JJ. Routine ultrasound in late pregnancy (after 24 weeks' gestation). Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015(6):CD001451. |
Review/Other-Dx |
34,980 women |
To assess the effects on obstetric practice and pregnancy outcome of routine late pregnancy ultrasound, defined as greater than 24 weeks' gestation, in women with either unselected or low-risk pregnancies. |
Thirteen trials recruiting 34,980 women were included in the systematic review. Risk of bias was low for allocation concealment and selective reporting, unclear for random sequence generation and incomplete outcome data and high for blinding of both outcome assessment and participants and personnel. There was no difference in antenatal, obstetric and neonatal outcome or morbidity in screened versus control groups. Routine late pregnancy ultrasound was not associated with improvements in overall perinatal mortality. There is little information on long-term substantive outcomes such as neurodevelopment. There is a lack of data on maternal psychological effects.Overall, the evidence for the primary outcomes of perinatal mortality, preterm birth less than 37 weeks, induction of labour and caesarean section were assessed to be of moderate or high quality with GRADE software. There was no association between ultrasound in late pregnancy and perinatal mortality (risk ratio (RR) 1.01, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.67 to 1.54; participants = 30,675; studies = eight; I(2) = 29%), preterm birth less than 37 weeks (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.08; participants = 17,151; studies = two; I(2) = 0%), induction of labour (RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.07; participants = 22,663; studies = six; I(2) = 78%), or caesarean section (RR 1.03, 95% CI 0.92 to 1.15; participants = 27,461; studies = six; I(2) = 54%). Three additional primary outcomes chosen for the 'Summary of findings' table were preterm birth less than 34 weeks, maternal psychological effects and neurodevelopment at age two. Because none of the included studies reported these outcomes, they were not assessed for quality with GRADE software. |
4 |
| 32. Manegold G, Tercanli S, Struben H, Huang D, Kang A. Is a routine ultrasound in the third trimester justified? Additional fetal anomalies diagnosed after two previous unremarkable ultrasound examinations. Ultraschall Med. 2011;32(4):381-386. |
Observational-Dx |
5044 fetuses |
To analyze the rate of previously undetected structural abnormalities in the 3rd trimester. |
The overall incidence of fetal malformations was 3.6 % (n = 289), of which 40 % (116 / 289) were diagnosed at 11 - 14 weeks. The following 2nd trimester scan revealed 102 (35 %) new fetal malformations. An additional 44 (15 %) structural abnormalities were found in the 3 rd trimester. These were mainly abnormalities of the urogenital system (n = 18). There were also anomalies of the cardiovascular system (n = 9), the gastrointestinal system (n = 6) and the central nervous system (n = 4). One of the cases had a previously undiagnosed abnormal karyotype. |
3 |
| 33. Wax J, Minkoff H, Johnson A, et al. Consensus report on the detailed fetal anatomic ultrasound examination: indications, components, and qualifications. J Ultrasound Med. 2014;33(2):189-195. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To report the detailed fetal anatomic ultrasound examination. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 34. Eckmann-Scholz C, von Kaisenberg CS, Alkatout I, Jonat W, Rajabi-Wieckhorst A. Pathologic ultrasound findings and risk for congenital anomalies in teenage pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;25(10):1950-1952. |
Observational-Dx |
638 women. |
To detect the number and diagnosis of fetal malformations in teenage pregnancies and to evaluate whether low maternal age or epigenetic factors have an influence on this issue. |
The incidence of teenage pregnancies in our study was 638 patients (4.4%). The total of fetal malformations in teenage pregnancies was 51(8.3%). Chromosomal aberrations were found in 5 cases (0.9%). 9 cases of fetal gastroschisis as one of the most frequent malformations were followed up and neonatal outcome was uneventful. Furthermore we found 16 cases with different heart defects and 30 cases with other malformations. Patients' body mass indices showed an increase over the years and nicotine consumption was testified in more than 50% of the patients. |
3 |
| 35. Stothard KJ, Tennant PW, Bell R, Rankin J. Maternal overweight and obesity and the risk of congenital anomalies: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2009;301(6):636-650. |
Meta-analysis |
39 articles. |
To assess current evidence of the association between maternal overweight, maternal obesity, and congenital anomaly. |
Pooled ORs for overweight and obesity were calculated for 16 and 15 anomaly groups or subtypes, respectively. Compared with mothers of recommended BMI, obese mothers were at increased odds of pregnancies affected by neural tube defects (OR, 1.87; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.62-2.15), spina bifida (OR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.86-2.69), cardiovascular anomalies (OR, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.12-1.51), septal anomalies (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.09-1.31), cleft palate (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.03-1.47), cleft lip and palate (OR, 1.20; 95% CI, 1.03-1.40), anorectal atresia (OR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.12-1.97), hydrocephaly (OR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.19-2.36), and limb reduction anomalies (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.03-1.73). The risk of gastroschisis among obese mothers was significantly reduced (OR, 0.17; 95% CI, 0.10-0.30). |
M |
| 36. Tsai PJ, Loichinger M, Zalud I. Obesity and the challenges of ultrasound fetal abnormality diagnosis. [Review]. Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol. 29(3):320-7, 2015 Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide an evidenced-based perspective on the challenges of performing fetal ultrasound in obese women and to provide a practical guide on how to care for these patients in the ultrasound suite. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 37. Aagaard-Tillery KM, Flint Porter T, Malone FD, et al. Influence of maternal BMI on genetic sonography in the FaSTER trial. Prenat Diagn. 2010;30(1):14-22. |
Observational-Dx |
8555 women. |
To evaluate the influence of maternal body mass index (BMI) on sonographic detection employing data from the FaSTER trial. |
Eight thousand five hundred and fifty-five patients with complete BMI information had detailed genetic sonography. A lower sensitivity with an elevated FNR and MDR was observed in obese women for multiple aneuploid markers (e.g. > or =2 markers 32% sensitivity with 68% FNR among BMI <25 vs 22% and 78% among BMI >30). Similarly, the detection rate for cardiac anomalies among women at BMI <25 was higher (21.6%) at a significantly lower FPR (78.4%; 95% CI 77.3-79.5%) in comparison to obese women (8.3% with FPR 91.7%; 95% CI 90.1-93.2%). In a logistic regression model, maternal obesity significantly decreased the likelihood of sonographic detection of common anomalies (adjusted OR 0.7; 95% CI 0.6-0.9; p = 0.001). |
2 |
| 38. Best KE, Tennant PW, Bell R, Rankin J. Impact of maternal body mass index on the antenatal detection of congenital anomalies. BJOG. 2012;119(12):1503-1511. |
Observational-Dx |
3096 cases. |
To investigate the association between maternal body mass index (BMI) and antenatal ultrasound detection of congenital anomalies. |
Antenatal detection of any anomaly occurred in 1146 of 2483 (46.2%) cases with normal karyotype. The odds of detection were significantly decreased in obese (BMI >/= 30 kg/m(2)) women compared with women of recommended BMI (18.5-24.9 kg/m(2); aOR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.60-0.99; P = 0.046). Cardiovascular system anomalies were suspected antenatally in 109 of 945 (11.5%) cases. The odds of detecting a cardiovascular anomaly were significantly greater in underweight women (BMI < 18.5 kg/m(2)) than in women of recommended BMI (aOR, 2.95; 95% CI, 1.13-7.70; P = 0.027). There was no association between BMI and detection in any other organ system or between BMI and termination of pregnancy for fetal anomaly. |
3 |
| 39. Dashe JS, McIntire DD, Twickler DM. Effect of maternal obesity on the ultrasound detection of anomalous fetuses. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113(5):1001-1007. |
Observational-Dx |
11,135 women. |
To estimate the effect of maternal habitus on detection of fetuses with major structural anomalies during second-trimester standard and targeted ultrasound examinations. |
There were 10,112 standard examinations in low-risk pregnancies and 1,098 targeted examinations in pregnancies with either high-risk indications or with an abnormality detected during standard ultrasonography. Detection of anomalous fetuses decreased with increasing BMI. For normal BMI, overweight, and class I, II, and III obesity, detection with standard ultrasonography was 66%, 49%, 48%, 42%, and 25%, respectively, and with targeted ultrasonography, 97%, 91%, 75%, 88%, and 75%, respectively, both P< or =.03. Residual anomaly risk after a normal ultrasound examination increased with increasing BMI, from 0.4% among women of normal BMI to 1.0% among obese women, P=.001. Anomaly detection was lower among women with pregestational diabetes than in those with other high-risk indications, 38% compared with 88% respectively, P<.001. |
3 |
| 40. Maxwell C, Dunn E, Tomlinson G, Glanc P. How does maternal obesity affect the routine fetal anatomic ultrasound? J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2010;23:1187-92. |
Observational-Dx |
100 women |
To determine the completion rate for the routine anatomic survey in obese pregnant women with body mass index (BMI)=30 as compared to normal weight controls (BMI: 20-25). |
Average BMI in the index cases was 35.7 (range: 30-64.8). Twenty-six (26%) of index cases were considered incomplete as compared to 5 (2.5%) of the 200 controls. The anatomic survey was completed in 74 (74%) of index cases compared with 195 (97.5%) of controls. Visibility was satisfactory in 28 (28%) of index cases, moderate in 46 (46%) and unsatisfactory in 26 (26%). In comparison, 177 (88.5%) were satisfactory, 17 (8.5%) moderate and 6 (3%) were poor in controls. |
3 |
| 41. Fuchs F, Houllier M, Voulgaropoulos A, et al. Factors affecting feasibility and quality of second-trimester ultrasound scans in obese pregnant women. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013;41(1):40-46. |
Observational-Dx |
283 women. |
To evaluate the feasibility of completing in one session a second-trimester ultrasound scan in obese pregnant women, to compare the quality of images obtained with those of non-obese women and to analyze factors that can improve the completion rate. |
The obese group included 223 women and the control group 60; a complete scan in one session was achieved in 70.4% and 81.7% of these, respectively (P = 0.08). The completion rate for each image type was at least 95% in the control group and 90% in the obese group, except for diaphragm and right outflow tract images. Significant factors associated with completing the scan in the multivariate model were: having 10 additional minutes for the scan (P = 0.03), moving the fetus so that the back was in posterior or lateral position (P = 0.01), more experienced sonographer (P = 0.03) and thinner maternal abdominal wall thickness (P = 0.01). Overall, the excellence rate varied from 35% to 92% in the normal BMI group and from 18% to 58% in the obese group, and was significantly lower in the latter for all images except abdominal circumference (P = 0.26) and spine (P = 0.06). Anatomical quality scores were also significantly lower in the obese group (22.3 vs. 27.2; P = 0.001). |
2 |
| 42. Hendler I, Blackwell SC, Bujold E, et al. Suboptimal second-trimester ultrasonographic visualization of the fetal heart in obese women: should we repeat the examination? J Ultrasound Med. 2005;24(9):1205-1209; quiz 1210-1201. |
Observational-Dx |
372 women. |
To determine whether a repeated antenatal ultrasound examination improves fetal cardiac visualization for the obese and non obese population. |
Three hundred seventy-two patients were abstracted from the database. The median gestational age was 19.0 weeks at the initial visit (range, 18.0-21.9 weeks) and 21.4 weeks at the second visit (range, 18.9-23.9 weeks). The median BMI was 32.6 kg/m2 (range, 16.4-58.7 kg/m2). Sixty-three percent of patients were obese (BMI >or=30). Cardiac anatomy continued to have SUV in 11% of the women. The rate of SUV was associated with the obesity class (1.5% for nonobese, 12% for obesity I, 17% for obesity II, and 20% for morbid obesity; P < .0001). A cardiac anomaly was found in 1 of 372 repeated examinations (arteriovenous canal defect) for a patient with BMI of 24.8 kg/m2. |
3 |
| 43. Hendler I, Blackwell SC, Bujold E, et al. The impact of maternal obesity on midtrimester sonographic visualization of fetal cardiac and craniospinal structures. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28(12):1607-1611. |
Observational-Dx |
11,019 women. |
To examine the impact of maternal obesity on the rate of suboptimal ultrasound visualization (SUV) of fetal anatomy and determine the optimal timing of prenatal ultrasound examination for the obese gravida. |
A total of 11,019 pregnancies were studied, of which 38.6% of the patients were obese. Overall, the rate of suboptimal ultrasound visualization (SUV) of the fetal structures was higher for obese compared to nonobese women for both cardiac (37.3 [1723/4200] vs 18.7% [1275/6819]; P<0.0001) and craniospinal structures (42.8 [1798/4200] vs 29.5% [2012/6819]; P<0.0001). Increased severity of maternal obesity was associated with SUV rate for both the cardiac (nonobese 18.7% [1275/6819], class I 29.6% [599/2022], class II 39.0% [472/1123], and extreme obesity 49.3% [580/1055]; P<0.0001) and for the craniospinal structures: (nonobese 29.5% [2012/6819], class I 36.8% [744/2022], class II 43.3% [486/1123], and extreme obesity 53.4% [563/1055]; P<0.0001). With increasing gestational age at examination, the rate of SUV decreased for both obese and nonobese women. However, for obese women there was minimal improvement in visualization after 18-20 weeks. Even after adjustment for gestational age and the type of ultrasound machine, obese women (class I, class II, and extreme obesity) were still associated with increased odds for SUV of the fetal cardiac and craniospinal structures compared to nonobese women. |
3 |
| 44. Timor-Tritsch IE, Bashiri A, Monteagudo A, Arslan AA. Qualified and trained sonographers in the US can perform early fetal anatomy scans between 11 and 14 weeks. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004;191:1247-52. |
Observational-Dx |
223 women |
To determine the extent to which normal fetal anatomy can be detected between 11- and 14-week scan by sonographers in the US. |
Structures other than the posterior fossa, heart, genitalia, and the sacral spine were seen between 64% to 99% for group I, and 72% to 98% for group II. The following structures were detected with statistically significantly higher rates in group II compared with group I: cerebellum, posterior fossa, face, 4-chamber view left ventricular outflow tract, aortic arch, ductal arch, kidneys, and genitalia. Comparing the patients of group I and group II, the transvaginal scans yielded a higher detection rate of structures than do the transabdominal scans. |
3 |
| 45. American College of Radiology. ACR–SPR Practice Parameter for the Safe and Optimal Performance of Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Available at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Practice-Parameters/mr-fetal.pdf |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To promote safe and optimal performance of fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 46. Levine D, Barnes PD, Madsen JR, Li W, Edelman RR. Fetal central nervous system anomalies: MR imaging augments sonographic diagnosis. Radiology. 1997;204(3):635-642. |
Observational-Dx |
10 women. |
To evaluate fetuses with sonographically suspected central nervous system anomalies to determine the frequency with which obstetric magnetic resonance (MR) imaging adds clinically useful information to that provided by ultrasonography (US). |
In 10 (55%) patients, MR imaging demonstrated 11 additional findings. These findings were agenesis of the corpus callosum (n = 4), cerebellar hypoplasia (n = 2), cortical cleft (n = 2), polymicrogyria (n = 1), porencephaly (n = 1), and partial agenesis of the septi pellucidi (n = 1). In seven (39%) patients, additional information provided by MR imaging altered counseling. In one case of suspected agenesis of the corpus callosum, diagnosis at MR imaging was at least partially incorrect. |
3 |
| 47. Whitby E, Paley MN, Davies N, Sprigg A, Griffiths PD. Ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging of central nervous system abnormalities in utero in the second and third trimester of pregnancy: comparison with ultrasound. BJOG. 2001;108(5):519-526. |
Observational-Dx |
21 women. |
To assess the ability of ultrafast magnetic resonance imaging to visualise abnormalities in the central nervous system of third trimester fetuses in utero and to compare the results with the current 'reference standard' of ultrasound and postnatal imaging or post-mortem data. |
The magnetic resonance report was different to the ultrasound in 10/21 (47.6%), magnetic resonance provided information additional to the ultrasound in 5/21 (23.8%), ultrasound and magnetic resonance results agreed in 6/21 cases (28.6%). |
3 |
| 48. Prayer D, Malinger G, Brugger PC, et al. ISUOG Practice Guidelines: performance of fetal magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;49:671-80. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide information on state-of-the-art fetal MRI for those performing the examination, as well as for clinicians interpreting the results. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 49. AIUM practice guideline for the performance of fetal echocardiography. J Ultrasound Med. 2013;32(6):1067-1082. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide practice guidelines for the performance of fetal echocardiography. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 50. Rajiah P, Mak C, Dubinksy TJ, Dighe M. Ultrasound of fetal cardiac anomalies. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;197(4):W747-760. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the ultrasound of fetal cardiac anomalies. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 51. AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of Fetal Echocardiography. J Ultrasound Med 2020;39:E5-E16. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide practice guidelines for fetal echocardiography. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 52. AIUM Practice Parameter for the Performance of Detailed Second- and Third-Trimester Diagnostic Obstetric Ultrasound Examinations. J Ultrasound Med 2019;38:3093-100. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide practice guidelines for detail second and third trimester diagnostic obstetric ultrasound examinations. |
No results stated in abstracts. |
4 |
| 53. Ahman A, Axelsson O, Maras G, Rubertsson C, Sarkadi A, Lindgren P. Ultrasonographic fetal soft markers in a low-risk population: prevalence, association with trisomies and invasive tests. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2014;93(4):367-373. |
Observational-Dx |
10,710 fetuses. |
To investigate the prevalence of soft markers identified at second trimester ultrasound in a low-risk population and the association of these markers with trisomies and invasive testing. |
Second trimester ultrasound was performed on 10 710 fetuses. Markers were detected in 5.9% of fetuses. 5.1% were isolated, 0.7% were multiple and 0.1% were combined with an anomaly. Presence of markers showed a positive likelihood ratio for Down syndrome, but the association (likelihood ratio = 7.1) was only statistically significant for the combined category of any marker (isolated, multiple or combined with anomaly). The risk ratio for invasive testing after the second trimester ultrasound was 24.0 in pregnancies with isolated soft markers compared with those without markers. |
2 |
| 54. Nyberg DA, Luthy DA, Resta RG, Nyberg BC, Williams MA. Age-adjusted ultrasound risk assessment for fetal Down's syndrome during the second trimester: description of the method and analysis of 142 cases. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 1998;12(1):8-14. |
Observational-Dx |
142 fetuses. |
To describe and test a method of individual risk assessment for fetal Down's syndrome based on maternal age and second-trimester ultrasound findings. |
One or more ultrasound markers were identified in 68.3% (97) of fetuses with Down's syndrome compared to 12.5% of fetuses with normal karyotype. Among fetuses with positive ultrasound, 31% of those with Down's syndrome and 80% of those with normal karyotype showed a single non-structural finding. Using AAURA and a threshold of 1: 200, 74% (105 of 142) of fetuses with Down's syndrome were identified, including 61.5% (24 of 39) from women aged less than 35 years, 67.2% (45 of 67) from women aged 35-39 years inclusively, and 100% (36 of 36) from women aged 40 years or older. AAURA of 930 fetuses with normal karyotype showed an overall false-positive rate of 14.7%, including 4% (21 of 519) from women aged less than 35 years, 12.5% (42 of 337) from women aged 35-39 years inclusively, and 100% from women aged 40 years or older. |
3 |
| 55. Stefanovic V. Soft markers for aneuploidy following reassuring first trimester screening: what should be done? Curr Opin Obstet Gynecol. 2015;27(2):151-158. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the current role of the soft markers on the second trimester ultrasound (STUS) in women after reassuring first trimester screening (FTS) in singleton pregnancies. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 56. Smith-Bindman R, Chu P, Goldberg JD. Second trimester prenatal ultrasound for the detection of pregnancies at increased risk of Down syndrome. Prenatal diagnosis 2007;27:535-44. |
Observational-Dx |
9244 women with singleton pregnancies |
To determine the association between second trimester ultrasound findings (genetic sonogram) and the risk of Down syndrome. |
Overall 9244 women with singleton pregnancies were included, including 245 whose fetuses had Down syndrome. Overall, 15.3% of the women had an abnormal genetic sonogram, including 14.2% of pregnancies with normal fetuses and 53.1% of those with Down syndrome. If the genetic sonogram were normal, the risk that a woman had a fetus with Down syndrome was reduced (likelihood ratio 0.55 [95% CI 0.49, 0.62]) However, if the normal genetic sonogram were used to counsel these high-risk women that they could avoid amniocentesis, approximately half of the cases of Down syndrome (115 of 245) would have been missed. The isolated ultrasound soft markers were the most commonly observed abnormality. These were seen in a high proportion of Down syndrome fetuses (13.9%) and normal fetuses (9.3%). In the absence of a structural anomaly, the isolated ultrasound soft markers of choroid plexus cyst, echogenic bowel, renal pyelectasis, clenched hands, clinodactyly, two-vessel umbilical cord, short femur, and short humerus were not associated with Down syndrome. Nuchal fold thickening was a notable exception, as a thick nuchal fold raised the risk of Down syndrome even when it was seen without an associated structural anomaly. |
3 |
| 57. Miguelez J, De Lourdes Brizot M, Liao AW, De Carvalho MH, Zugaib M. Second-trimester soft markers: relation to first-trimester nuchal translucency in unaffected pregnancies. Ultrasound in Obstetrics & Gynecology. 39(3):274-8, 2012 Mar. |
Observational-Dx |
1970 cases |
To investigate the relationship between first-trimester nuchal translucency (NT) and a series of second-trimester soft markers and structural defects in unaffected pregnancies. |
In a dataset of 1970 cases, NT was significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with all second-trimester continuous variables, the correlation being strongest for nuchal-fold thickness (r = 0.10). There was a higher frequency of cases with second-trimester nuchal-fold thickness above the 97.5(th) centile (10.7 vs. 2.2%) and hyperechogenic bowel (2.4 vs. 0.1%) in cases with increased NT. |
3 |
| 58. Odibo AO, Ghidini A. Role of the second-trimester 'genetic sonogram' for Down syndrome screen in the era of first-trimester screening and noninvasive prenatal testing. Prenat Diagn. 2014;34(6):511-517. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To focus on Down syndrome (DS) as the recent developments in noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) and first-trimester screening have had more direct impact on this trisomy. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 59. Norton ME. Follow-up of sonographically detected soft markers for fetal aneuploidy. Semin Perinatol. 2013;37(5):365-369. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the most common second trimester sonographic soft markers that have been associated with fetal aneuploidy. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 60. Winter TC, Rose NC. How to Integrate Cell-Free DNA Screening With Sonographic Markers for Aneuploidy: An Update. AJR. American journal of roentgenology 2018;210:906-12. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To specifically address the management of patients with sonographic markers for six common entities: choroid plexus cysts (CPCs), ventriculomegaly (VM), echogenic intracardiac focus (EIF), urinary tract dilation (UTD), fetal echogenic bowel (FEB), and femoral and humeral shortening. The use of cell-free DNA screening and its relationship to these sonographic findings will be reviewed. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 61. Society for Maternal-Fetal Medicine (SMFM). Electronic address: pubs@smfm.org, Norton ME, Biggio JR, Kuller JA, Blackwell SC. The role of ultrasound in women who undergo cell-free DNA screening. American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology. 216(3):B2-B7, 2017 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the current data on the role of ultrasound in women who have undergone or are considering cell-free DNA screening. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 62. Ameratunga DM, Said JM, Reidy K, Palma-Dias R. Perinatal outcomes following the ultrasound diagnosis of echogenic bowel: an Australian perspective. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2012;31(3):179-184. |
Observational-Dx |
63 women.
|
To describe the association between fetal echogenic bowel (FEB) diagnosed during the second trimester and adverse perinatal outcomes in an Australian antenatal population. |
A total of 66 cases were identified in our database. Three patients (5%) were excluded from further analysis as they were lost to follow-up, leaving 63 (95%) cases in this series. Thirty-two fetuses (52%) underwent karyotyping via amniocentesis, 5 (16%) of which were found to have chromosomal defects. Maternal serology for cytomegalovirus (CMV) was performed in 49 (78%) cases. Investigations indicated a total of 5 women who had CMV infection during their pregnancy. Thirty-three pregnancies (53%) were tested for cystic fibrosis (CF) and 1 baby was confirmed to have CF postnatally. Among the 50 liveborn infants, 3 cases of fetal growth restriction were apparent. Overall, 42 of the 50 liveborn infants (84%) and 67% of the entire cohort of 63 patients with a midtrimester diagnosis of FEB had a normal short-term neonatal outcome. |
3 |
| 63. Buiter HD, Holswilder-Olde Scholtenhuis MA, Bouman K, van Baren R, Bilardo CM, Bos AF. Outcome of infants presenting with echogenic bowel in the second trimester of pregnancy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2013;98(3):F256-259. |
Observational-Dx |
116 women.
|
To determine the outcome of infants who presented with foetal echogenic bowel (FEB) and secondarily to identify additional sonographic findings that might have clinical relevance for the prognosis. |
Of 121 cases, five were lost to follow-up. Of the remaining 116 cases, 48 (41.4%) were assigned to group 1, 15 (12.9%) to group 2, 15 (12.9%) to group 3, 27 (23.2%) to group 4, and 11 (9.5%) to group 5. The outcome for group 1 was uneventful. In group 2 and 3, two anomalies, anorectal malformation and cystic fibrosis, were detected postnatally (6.7%). In group 4, mortality and morbidity were high (78% resp. 22%). Group 5 also had high mortality (82%) and major morbidity (18%). |
3 |
| 64. D'Addario V, Rossi AC. Neuroimaging of ventriculomegaly in the fetal period. Semin Fetal Neonatal Med. 2012;17(6):310-318. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To summarize the neuroimaging of ventriculomegaly in the fetal period. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 65. Griffiths PD, Morris JE, Mason G, et al. Fetuses with ventriculomegaly diagnosed in the second trimester of pregnancy by in utero MR imaging: what happens in the third trimester? AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32(3):474-480. |
Observational-Dx |
41 women. |
To look for structural abnormalities of the fetal brain shown at 30-32 weeks' gestational age but not on the 20-24 weeks' study in fetuses originally referred with isolated ventriculomegaly (VM). In particular, we wished to study the hypothesis that third-trimester fetal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging studies would not show extra brain abnormalities compared with the second-trimester studies in this group. |
There was excellent reproducibility of trigone measurements between the 2 observers, with a mean absolute difference of 1 mm in the 40 fetuses that were ultimately shown to have isolated VM. Twenty-eight of 40 fetuses studied had mild VM on the first iuMR imaging examination, but in just more than half, the category of VM changed between the studies (5 had become normal-sized, 7 had progressed to moderate, 3 had become severe, and 13 remained mild). In 1 case, hypogenesis of the corpus callosum was recognized at 30–32 weeks but had not been reported on the 20–24 weeks’ examination; the other 5 fetuses had brain pathology recognized on both fetal MR studies. |
3 |
| 66. Manganaro L, Tomei A, Fierro F, et al. Fetal MRI as a complement to US in the evaluation of cleft lip and palate. Radiol Med. 2011;116(7):1134-1148. |
Observational-Dx |
27 fetuses. |
To investigate the role of fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a complement to ultrasound (US) in the evaluation of cleft lip and palate (CLP), whether isolated or in association with syndromic conditions. |
Twenty-five of 27 fetuses had a US diagnosis of cleft lip (CL) or cleft lip and palate (CLP). MRI confirmed the diagnosis in 16/25 fetuses and added information about the extent of the cleft and the degree of involvement of the anterior and posterior palate in 8/25 fetuses. MRI ruled out the diagnosis in 1/25 fetuses and identified an alteration of the parameters IFA, FMA and IOD in 6/24 fetuses. |
3 |
| 67. Zajicek M, Achiron R, Weisz B, Shrim A, Gindes L. Sonographic assessment of fetal secondary palate between 12 and 16 weeks of gestation using three-dimensional ultrasound. Prenat Diagn. 2013;33(13):1256-1259. |
Observational-Dx |
45 fetuses. |
To evaluate fetal secondary palate in fetuses at 12 to 16 weeks' gestation by three-dimensional ultrasound. |
Secondary palate was assessed in 45 fetuses with normal face anatomy and 4 fetuses with malformations of the face (one with retrognathia, one with retrognathia and micrognathia, one with cleft lip and one with cleft lip and primary palate). The secondary palate was visualized in 19/49 (38.7%) fetuses: in 2/49, only hard palate was demonstrated; in 6/49, only soft palate and in 11/49, both hard and soft palate were fully demonstrated. |
3 |
| 68. Bornes M, Spaggiari E, Schmitz T, et al. Outcome and etiologies of fetal megacystis according to the gestational age at diagnosis. Prenat Diagn. 33(12):1162-6, 2013 Dec. |
Observational-Dx |
84 patients. |
To investigate the gestational age-specific outcomes and the different etiologies of megacystis diagnosed at screening ultrasound. |
Eighty-four patients were included. An isolated lower urinary tract obstruction was observed in 38/84 (45.2%), ureterovesical reflux in 9/84 (10.7%), an associated congenital abnormality in 32/84 (38.1%) and a normal bladder in 5/84 (6%). Increased gestational age at diagnosis was correlated with an increased rate of live born children (P < 0.01). No cases of megacystis diagnosed in the first trimester were born alive. When diagnosis of posterior urethral valves (PUV) was made in the third trimester, the ultimate survival rate was 11/13 (84.6%) compared with 3/12 (25%) for a diagnosis made in the second trimester (P = 0.02). |
3 |
| 69. Capito C, Belarbi N, Paye Jaouen A, et al. Prenatal pelvic MRI: additional clues for assessment of urogenital obstructive anomalies. J Pediatr Urol. 2014;10(1):162-166. |
Observational-Dx |
31 women. |
To evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared with postnatal surgical findings, and to reinterpret images in light of postnatal diagnoses in order to determine clues for improving prenatal diagnoses of urogenital obstructive anomalies in female fetuses. |
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) excluded the diagnosis of cloacal malformation in nine cases with no false negative. Once a cloaca is ruled out, a different signal between the bladder and the hydrocolpos on T2 sequences is in favor of an isolated genital obstruction. In contrast, in case of urogenital sinus, the vagina is filled with a mixture of genital secretions and urine, which gives it an MRI signal similar to the bladder on T2 sequences. |
3 |
| 70. Devriendt A, Cassart M, Massez A, Donner C, Avni FE. Fetal kidneys: additional sonographic criteria of normal development. Prenat Diagn. 2013;33(13):1248-1252. |
Observational-Dx |
156 fetuses. |
To establish objective criteria for the evaluation of cortical echogenicity (CE), cortical thickness (CT), and medullary thickness (MT), as well as the corticomedullary ratio (CMR), throughout gestation. |
The cortical echogenicity (CE) evolved from a hyperechoic pattern compared with the liver or spleen during early second trimester to a hypoechogenic pattern in the third trimester, with no fetus displaying cortical hyperechogenicity after 32 weeks. cortical thickness (CT) increased from 1.8 to 2.5 mm (p < 0.05) from 21 to 25 to 34 to 37 weeks; medullary thickness (MT) from 2.7 to 5.1 mm (p < 0.0001), and the corticomedullary ratio (CMR) decreased from 0.7 to 0.5 (p < 0.001). |
2 |
| 71. Nguyen HT, Benson CB, Bromley B, et al. Multidisciplinary consensus on the classification of prenatal and postnatal urinary tract dilation (UTD classification system). J Pediatr Urol. 2014;10(6):982-998. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To develop a unified classification system with an accepted standard terminology for the diagnosis and management of prenatal and postnatal Urinary tract (UT) dilation. |
The recommendations proposed in this consensus statement are based on a detailed analysis of the current literature and expert opinion representing common clinical practice. The proposed UTD Classification System (and hence the severity of the UT dilation) is based on six categories in US findings: 1) anterior-posterior renal pelvic diameter (APRPD); 2) calyceal dilation; 3) renal parenchymal thickness; 4) renal parenchymal appearance; 5) bladder abnormalities; and 6) ureteral abnormalities. The classification system is stratified based on gestational age and whether the UT dilation is detected prenatally or postnatally. The panel also proposed a follow-up scheme based on the UTD classification. |
4 |
| 72. Ganesan S, Brook MM, Silverman NH, Moon-Grady AJ. Prenatal findings in total anomalous pulmonary venous return: a diagnostic road map starts with obstetric screening views. J Ultrasound Med. 2014;33(7):1193-1207. |
Observational-Dx |
26 fetuses. |
To identify consistent prenatal sonographic features in this condition in a large cohort in whom the diagnosis was made antenatally and confirmed postnatally. |
Twenty-six patients had prenatal diagnosis of total anomalous pulmonary venous return (TAPVR) (mean gestational age, 24.1 weeks). Four of the fetuses with a prenatal diagnosis represented isolated cases of TAPVR; 22 had heterotaxy syndrome, additional cardiac abnormalities, or both. Prenatally diagnosed abnormal pulmonary venous connections were supracardiac (type I) in 18 cases, cardiac (type II) in 1, and infradiaphragmatic (type III) in 7. Lack of a visible connection of the pulmonary veins to the atrium (100%) and the presence of a visible venous confluence on axial 4-chamber views (96%) were the most consistent findings. Cardiac asymmetry and the presence of additional vertical venous channels on 3-vessel or axial abdominal views were also noted but less consistently. Abnormal pulmonary venous spectral Doppler findings were present in 25 of the 26 fetuses. |
3 |
| 73. Jorgensen DE, Vejlstrup N, Jorgensen C, et al. Prenatal detection of congenital heart disease in a low risk population undergoing first and second trimester screening. Prenat Diagn. 2015;35(4):325-330. |
Observational-Dx |
86,121 infants. |
To evaluate the prenatal detection of congenital heart disease (CHD) in Eastern Denmark. |
Out of 86 121 infants, 831 were born with congenital heart disease (CHD) (0.96%). The prenatal detection rate of 'all CHD' was 21.3%, of 'Major CHD' 47.4%. Full agreement between prenatal and postnatal/autopsy findings was found in 96% of prenatally detected diagnoses. An NT thickness >95(th) percentile was found in 15.0% fetuses with 'Major CHD'. Of 'Major CHDs' detected prenatally, 77% were picked up at the time of the malformation scan at weeks 18-21. |
3 |
| 74. Zhou J, Zhou Q, Zhang M, Zeng S, Peng Q, Tian L. Echocardiographic follow-up and pregnancy outcome of fetuses with cardiac asymmetry at 18-22 weeks of gestation. Prenat Diagn. 2014;34(9):900-907. |
Observational-Dx |
278 fetuses. |
To evaluate the evolution of cardiac findings and assess the pregnancy outcome of fetuses with cardiac asymmetry at midgestation. |
Our study included 278 fetuses with cardiac asymmetry (defined as Z-scores of left ventricle length or diameter of less than -2). A total of 202 (72%) fetuses had normal variations in cardiac growth by prenatal and neonatal echocardiography, 69 (25%) fetuses were confirmed to have HLHS variant by autopsy or neonatal echocardiography (with an overall survival of 4.3%), and seven (3%) fetuses were terminated before 24 weeks of gestation because of abnormal karyotypes. None of the cardiac measurements at the initial echocardiogram was significantly different between HLHS variant and normal cases. In the 69 fetuses ultimately diagnosed with HLHS variant, but not in the 202 normals, the Z-scores of all measured left heart structures decreased progressively between the first and the last prenatal echocardiograms (P < 0.01). |
2 |
| 75. Patenaude Y, Pugash D, Lim K, et al. RETIRED: The use of magnetic resonance imaging in the obstetric patient. [Review]. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 36(4):349-63, 2014 04. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the biological effects and safety of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the obstetric patient and to review procedural issues, indications, and contraindications for obstetrical MRI. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 76. Brugger PC, Prayer D. Development of gastroschisis as seen by magnetic resonance imaging. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2011;37(4):463-470. |
Observational-Dx |
16 fetuses. |
To describe the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) morphology and fetal development of gastroschisis. |
Third-trimester fetuses (n = 16) showed a uniform morphology: the extracorporeal bowel included jejunum, ileum and colon except for parts of the sigmoid and the rectum. Intra-abdominally the stomach was in contact with the left-sided urinary bladder in 15 of these. Second-trimester fetuses (n = 8) differed with respect to the amount of intra-abdominal bowel and had longer sections of the colon and jejunum intra-abdominally. Intrauterine follow-up (n = 3) demonstrated exteriorization of these bowel segments. Three third-trimester fetuses with gastroschisis complicated by small bowel obstruction, in addition to the dilated small bowel loops, had variable lengths of intra-abdominal colon. |
3 |
| 77. Khalil A, Morales-Rosello J, Morlando M, Bhide A, Papageorghiou A, Thilaganathan B. Widening of the femoral proximal diaphysis--metaphysis angle in fetuses with achondroplasia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2014;44(1):69-75. |
Observational-Dx |
453 women. |
To validate the widening of the femoral proximal diaphysis--metaphysis angle in fetuses with achondroplasia in a case–control study, and to investigate its performance in comparison with previously reported features in cases with achondroplasia. |
The femoral angle can be measured accurately by ultrasound, and increases with both increasing gestational age and increasing femur length. The femoral angle-MoM was significantly higher in fetuses with achondroplasia than in the control group (1.36 vs 1.00 MoM, P < 0.001) and in the SGA group (1.36 vs 1.04 MoM, P < 0.001). It measured more than 130 degrees in five of the six cases with achondroplasia (83.3%), which was the most consistent finding other than shortening of the long bones. |
2 |
| 78. Benacerraf BB. The Sherlock Holmes approach to diagnosing fetal syndromes by ultrasound. [Review]. Clin Obstet Gynecol. 55(1):226-48, 2012 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe ‘‘Sherlock Holmes’’ approach to diagnosing a fetal syndrome. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 79. Kul S, Korkmaz HA, Cansu A, et al. Contribution of MRI to ultrasound in the diagnosis of fetal anomalies. J Magn Reson Imaging. 35(4):882-90, 2012 Apr. |
Observational-Dx |
184 women. |
To evaluate the contribution of MRI to ultrasound (US) in the diagnosis of fetal anomalies. |
Both ultrasound and MR imaging correctly diagnosed 93 (50%) cases and failed in 12 (7%) cases. Ultrasound was superior in 7 (4%) cases. MR imaging was superior in 71 (39%) cases (P < 0.001). MR contributed to the prenatal diagnosis by the confirmation of the suspected US diagnosis in 13%, by demonstration of additional findings in 31% and by changing the diagnosis in 56% of the cases. The contribution rates were 55% for the central nervous system (CNS) (P < 0.001), 44% for thorax (P = 0.016), 38% for gastrointestinal system (GIS) (P = 0.031) and 29% for genitourinary system (GUS) (P = 0.003) anomalies. In facial, cardiac and extremity-skeletal system anomalies, there was not a significant contribution of MR imaging over US. |
2 |
| 80. Lyons K, Cassady C, Mehollin-Ray A, Krishnamurthy R. Current Role of Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging in Body Anomalies. [Review]. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 36(4):310-23, 2015 Aug. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the variety of fast imaging sequences available to the fetal imager and describes their applications to both common and unusual congenital pathologies, including of the neck, chest, abdomen/pelvis and musculoskeletal systems. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 81. Nemec SF, Horcher E, Kasprian G, et al. Tumor disease and associated congenital abnormalities on prenatal MRI. Eur J Radiol. 81(2):e115-22, 2012 Feb. |
Observational-Dx |
18 fetuses. |
To demonstrate the visualization of fetal tumors, with regard to congenital abnormalities, on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). |
There were 13/18 (72.2%) benign and 5/18 (27.8%) malignant tumors diagnosed: a cerebral primitive neuroectodermal tumor in 1/18, head-neck teratomas in 4/18; ventricular rhabdomyomas in 4/18; a cardiac teratoma in 1/18; a hepatoblastoma in 1/18; neuroblastomas in 2/18; a cystic hemorrhagic adrenal hyperplasia in 1/18; a pelvic leiomyoma in 1/18; sacrococcygeal teratomas in 3/18. Tumor-related complications were present in 13/18 (72.2%) cases; other congenital abnormalities in 3/18 (16.7%). Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnosis and histology were concordant in 8/11 (72.7%) cases. In 6/12 (50%) cases, US and MRI diagnoses were concordant, and, in 6/12 (50%) cases, additional MRI findings changed the US diagnosis. |
3 |
| 82. Small M, Copel JA. Indications for fetal echocardiography. Pediatr Cardiol. 2004;25(3):210-222. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the indications for fetal echocardiography. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 83. Liu S, Joseph KS, Lisonkova S, et al. Association between maternal chronic conditions and congenital heart defects: a population-based cohort study. Circulation 2013;128:583-9. |
Observational-Dx |
2,278,838 mother-infant pairs |
To quantify the association between maternal medical conditions/illnesses and congenital heart defects (CHDs) among infants. |
The association between maternal conditions and CHDs and its subtypes was modeled using logistic regression with adjustment for maternal age, parity, residence, and other factors. There were 26 488 infants diagnosed with CHDs at birth or at rehospitalization in infancy; the overall CHD prevalence was 116.2 per 10,000 live births, of which the severe CHD rate was 22.3 per 10,000. Risk factors for CHD included maternal age >/=40 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 1.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.39-1.58), multifetal pregnancy (aOR, 4.53; 95% CI, 4.28-4.80), diabetes mellitus (type 1: aOR, 4.65; 95% CI, 4.13-5.24; type 2: aOR, 4.12; 95% CI, 3.69-4.60), hypertension (aOR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.61-2.03), thyroid disorders (aOR, 1.45; 95% CI, 1.26-1.67), congenital heart disease (aOR, 9.92; 95% CI, 8.36-11.8), systemic connective tissue disorders (aOR, 3.01; 95% CI, 2.23-4.06), and epilepsy and mood disorders (aOR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.16-1.72). Specific CHD subtypes were associated with different maternal risk factors. |
4 |
| 84. Amini H, Wikstrom J, Ahlstrom H, Axelsson O. Second trimester fetal magnetic resonance imaging improves diagnosis of non-central nervous system anomalies. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2011;90(4):380-389. |
Observational-Dx |
63 women. |
To evaluate the additional information of second trimester magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) compared with ultrasound in fetuses with identified or suspected non-central nervous system (CNS) anomalies and to study the clinical impact of the MRI information on pregnancy management. |
The mean interval between ultrasound and MRI was 2.6 days (range 0-15 days). In 42 (67%) women MRI was performed within 3 days. All MRI examinations were assessable. In 43 (68%) fetuses MRI provided no additional information, in 17 (27%) MRI added information without changing the management and in three (5%) MRI provided additional information which changed the management. All these three cases had oligohydramnios. In all six cases of diaphragmatic hernia MRI provided additional information. |
2 |
| 85. Breysem L, Bosmans H, Dymarkowski S, et al. The value of fast MR imaging as an adjunct to ultrasound in prenatal diagnosis. Eur Radiol. 2003;13(7):1538-1548. |
Observational-Dx |
40 fetuses. |
To evaluate the role of magnrtic resonance (MR) imaging of the fetus to improve sonographic prenatal diagnosis of congenital anomalies. |
Fetal MRI technique was successful in 36 of 39 examinations and provided additional information in 21 of 40 fetuses (one twin pregnancy with two members to evaluate). More precise anatomy and location of fetal pathology (20 of 40 cases) and additional etiologic information (8 of 40 cases) were substantial advantages in cerebrospinal abnormalities [ventriculomegaly, encephalocele, vein of Galen malformation, callosal malformations, meningo(myelo)cele], in retroperitoneal abnormalities (lymphangioma, renal agenesis, multicystic renal dysplasia), and in neck/thoracic pathology [cervical cystic teratoma, congenital hernia diaphragmatica, congenital cystic adenomatoid lung malformation (CCAM)]. |
3 |
| 86. Frates MC, Kumar AJ, Benson CB, Ward VL, Tempany CM. Fetal anomalies: comparison of MR imaging and US for diagnosis. Radiology. 2004;232(2):398-404. |
Observational-Dx |
27 fetuses. |
To compare prenatal ultrasonography (US) and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for the diagnosis of fetal anomalies. |
In seven diagnostic cases, US and MR imaging findings were in complete agreement with postnatal diagnoses. MR imaging correctly provided additional information to the US-determined diagnosis in another seven and correctly changed the US diagnosis in three. The MR imaging-determined diagnosis was incorrect and the US diagnosis was correct in four cases. In seven cases, the diagnoses at both US and MR imaging were incorrect when correlated with the postnatal outcome. MR imaging was most valuable in the assessment of anomalies of the central nervous system. |
3 |
| 87. Santos XM, Papanna R, Johnson A, et al. The use of combined ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging in the detection of fetal anomalies. Prenat Diagn. 2010;30(5):402-407. |
Observational-Dx |
242 women. |
To compare the referral diagnosis based on prenatal ultrasound to diagnoses made following combined ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) evaluation at the Texas Children's Fetal Center (TCFC) and postnatal diagnosis. |
Two hundred and twenty-four patients were referred who had a fetal US and MRI at TCFC. The most frequent indications were for abnormalities of the central nervous system (38%) and lung/thoracic cavity (34%), with congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) the single most common referral diagnosis (n = 39; 17%). In 99 cases (42.7%) the referral diagnosis was concordant with the post-referral diagnosis, however, in 68 cases (29.3%) the post-referral diagnosis changed completely, and in 65 cases (28%) additional findings were discovered. Prenatal diagnoses following imaging at TCFC were concordant with postnatal diagnoses in 94.9% of cases. |
3 |
| 88. Varavithya V, Phongkitkarun S, Raungrongmorakot K, Rujiwetpongstorn J, Chittacharoen A. The influence of MR imaging on changes in patient counseling in obstetric patients with suspected fetal anomalies by ultrasound. J Med Assoc Thai. 96(7):839-48, 2013 Jul. |
Observational-Dx |
23 women. |
To determine the frequency of additional information provided by magnetic resonance (MR) imaging in supplement to ultrasound (US) in patients with fetal anomaly and to determine the influence of MR imaging findings on patient counseling. |
Magnetic resonance ( MR) imaging in 23 of 26 fetuses was technically successful. MR imaging provided additional information in 14/23 (60.9%) cases. In the other nine (39.1%) cases, MR imaging confirmed US diagnosis but did not give supplementary information. Additional information from MR imaging affected patient counseling in five (21.7%) cases and did not affect patient counseling in the other nine (39.1%) cases. In 14 cases with additional information from MR imaging, there were isolated CNS involvement in five (35.7%) cases, isolated extra-CNS involvement in two (14.3%) cases, multisystem involvement in five (35.7%) cases, and other-category in two (14.3%) case. |
3 |
| 89. Bekiesinska-Figatowska M, Herman-Sucharska I, Romaniuk-Doroszewska A, Jaczynska R, Furmanek M, Bragoszewska H. Diagnostic problems in case of twin pregnancies: US vs. MRI study. J Perinat Med. 41(5):535-41, 2013 Sep 01. |
Review/Other-Dx |
17 cases of twin pregnancies |
To present an experience with twin pregnancies underlining the impact of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) on diagnosis and management. |
In 11 cases (64.7%), MRI was superior to US and supplied additional information, including two cases in which pathology of the second twin suspected on US was ruled out on the basis of MRI. In six cases (35.3%) MRI confirmed US diagnosis and brought no new data. |
4 |
| 90. American College of Radiology. ACR-SPR Practice Parameter for Imaging Pregnant or Potentially Pregnant Patients with Ionizing Radiation. Available at: http://www.acr.org/~/media/ACR/Documents/PGTS/guidelines/Pregnant_Patients.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To assist practitioners in providing appropriate radiologic care for pregnant or potentially pregnant adolescents and women by describing specific training, skills and techniques. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 91. American College of Radiology. ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media. Manual on Contrast Media. Available at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Clinical-Resources/Contrast_Media.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Guidance document to assist radiologists in recognizing and managing the small but real risks inherent in the use of contrast media. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 92. American College of Radiology. ACR Committee on MR Safety. 2024 ACR Manual on MR Safety. Available at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Radiology-Safety/MR-Safety/Manual-on-MR-Safety.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Guidance document to promote the use of magnetic resonance (MR) safe practices. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 93. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction. Available at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Appropriateness-Criteria/RadiationDoseAssessmentIntro.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide evidence-based guidelines on exposure of patients to ionizing radiation. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
