ACR logo

Appropriateness Criteria

Reference Study Type Patients/Events Study Objective(Purpose of Study) Study Results Study Quality
1. National Vital Statistics System, National Center for Health Statistics, CDC. 10 Leading Causes of Death by Age Group, United States.  Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/injury/wisqars/pdf/leading_causes_of_death_by_age_group_2015-a.pdf. Review/Other-Dx N/A To present 10 leading causes of death by age group in United States. No abstract available 4
2. Lee JT, Sobieh A, Bonne S, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Penetrating Torso Trauma. J Am Coll Radiol 2024;21:S448-S63. Review/Other-Dx N/A Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for penetrating torso trauma. No results stated in abstract. 4
3. Shih RY, Burns J, Ajam AA, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Head Trauma: 2021 Update. J Am Coll Radiol 2021;18:S13-S36. Review/Other-Dx N/A Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for head trauma. No results stated in abstract. 4
4. Akoglu H, Celik OF, Celik A, Ergelen R, Onur O, Denizbasi A. Diagnostic accuracy of the Extended Focused Abdominal Sonography for Trauma (E-FAST) performed by emergency physicians compared to CT. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 36(6):1014-1017, 2018 Jun.Am J Emerg Med. 36(6):1014-1017, 2018 Jun. Observational-Dx 140 patients To compare the diagnostic accuracy of the E-FAST exam performed by EM residents with the results of CT scan as a gold standard. A total of 140 patients were recruited from eligible 144 patients. The final study population was 132 for abdominal and 130 for thorax examinations. In this study, AUC of E-FAST was 0.71 for abdominal free fluid, 0.87 for pneumothorax and 1.00 for pleural effusion. The sensitivity was 42.9% and specificity was 98.4%. The +LR for abdominal free fluid was 26.8 and -LR was 0.58. 2
5. Hassankhani A, Freeman CW, Banks J, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Acute Spinal Trauma: 2024 Update. J Am Coll Radiol 2025;22:S48-S66. Review/Other-Dx N/A Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for acute spinal trauma. No results stated in abstract, 4
6. Osterwalder J, Mathis G, Hoffmann B. New Perspectives for Modern Trauma Management - Lessons Learned from 25 Years FAST and 15 Years E-FAST. [Review]. Ultraschall Med. 40(5):560-583, 2019 Oct. Review/Other-Dx N/A To summarize key observations made over recent years and also highlights the extension of FAST into E-FAST in the context of PoCUS and CT developments for modern trauma management. No results stated in abstract. 4
7. Kozar RA, Crandall M, Shanmuganathan K, et al. Organ injury scaling 2018 update: Spleen, liver, and kidney. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2018;85:1119-22. Review/Other-Dx N/A To discuss the organ injury scaling 2018 update. No results stated in the abstract. 4
8. Tsutsumi Y, Fukuma S, Tsuchiya A, et al. Computed tomography during initial management and mortality among hemodynamically unstable blunt trauma patients: a nationwide retrospective cohort study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 25(1):74, 2017 Jul 19. Observational-Dx 5,809 patients To clarify whether CT has harmful effects among these patients, we examined the association between CT during initial management and mortality among unstable blunt trauma patients. Among 5,809 patients who met inclusion criteria, 5,352 (92.1%) underwent CT. The No CT group was more likely to have severe physiological conditions and lower probability of survival than those of the CT group. In IPTW analysis adjusting for measured confounders, we found a significant protective effect of undergoing CT on in-hospital mortality (excess deaths: -20.6 per 100 patients, 95% CI -26.2 to -14.9). In IV analysis adjusting both for measured and unmeasured confounders, the association between CT and mortality was not statistically significant (excess deaths: -4.1 per 100 patients, 95% CI -23.1 to 14.8). 2
9. Huber-Wagner S, Biberthaler P, Haberle S, et al. Whole-body CT in haemodynamically unstable severely injured patients--a retrospective, multicentre study. PLoS ONE. 8(7):e68880, 2013. Observational-Dx 4621 patients To assess whether whole-body CT during trauma-room treatment has an effect on the mortality of severely injured patients. 1494 (32%) of 4621 patients were given whole-body CT. Mean age was 42.6 years (SD 20.7), 3364 (73%) were men, and mean injury-severity score was 29.7 (13.0). SMR based on TRISS was 0.745 (95% CI 0.633-0.859) for patients given whole-body CT versus 1.023 (0.909-1.137) for those given non-whole-body CT (p<0.001). SMR based on the RISC score was 0.865 (0.774-0.956) for patients given whole-body CT versus 1.034 (0.959-1.109) for those given non-whole-body CT (p=0.017). The relative reduction in mortality based on TRISS was 25% (14-37) versus 13% (4-23) based on RISC score. Multivariate adjustment for hospital level, year of trauma, and potential centre effects confirmed that whole-body CT is an independent predictor for survival (p </= 0.002). The number needed to scan was 17 based on TRISS and 32 based on RISC calculation. 4
10. American College of Radiology. ACR–NASCI–SIR–SPR Practice Parameter for the Performance and Interpretation of Body Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA). Available at: https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=164+&releaseId=2. Review/Other-Dx N/A Guidance document to promote the safe and effective use of diagnostic and therapeutic radiology by describing specific training, skills and techniques. No abstract available. 4
11. Ordonez CA, Parra MW, Holguin A, et al. Whole-body computed tomography is safe, effective and efficient in the severely injured hemodynamically unstable trauma patient. [Review]. Colombia Medica. 51(4):e4054362, 2020 Dec 30. Review/Other-Dx N/A to perform a literature review on this subject and to share the experience on the use of whole body computed tomography as a potentially safe, effective and efficient diagnostic tool in cases of severely injured trauma patients regardless of their hemodynamic status. No results stated in abstract. 4
12. Mokrane FZ, Revel-Mouroz P, Saint Lebes B, Rousseau H. Traumatic injuries of the thoracic aorta: The role of imaging in diagnosis and treatment. [Review]. Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging. 96(7-8):693-706, 2015 Jul-Aug. Review/Other-Dx N/A To review how to detect traumatic injuries of thoracic aorta and to describe the imaging signs of serious damage. No results stated in abstract. 4
13. Tataroglu O, Erdogan ST, Erdogan MO, et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of InitiaI Chest X-Rays in Thorax Trauma. Jcpsp, Journal of the College of Physicians & Surgeons - Pakistan. 28(7):546-548, 2018 Jul. Review/Other-Dx 23 patients To evaluate the efficacy, sensitivity and specificity of chest x-ray as a diagnostic imaging tool in management of thorax traumas. Nine of 23 pneumothorax patients were diagnosed by chest X-ray. Sensitivity and specificity of PA chest X-ray in the diagnosis of pneumothorax was 39.1% and 100%, respectively. Positive predictive values of chest X-ray for diagnosis of pneumothorax was 100% and negative predictive value was 97.1%. Twenty-four patients had pleural effusions on CT scans, while only 15 could be diagnosed in chest X-rays. Chest X-rays were 62.5% sensitive and 100% specific with positive and negative predictive values of 100% and 98.1%, respectively. Twenty of 41 rib fractures were diagnosed with X-rays. Chest x rays had a 48.8% sensitivity and 100% specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were 100% and 95.6%, respectively. 4
14. Leede E, Cardenas TCP, Emigh BJ, et al. Chest and Pelvis X-Rays as a Screening Tool for Abdominal Injury in Geriatric Blunt Trauma Patients. American Surgeon. 88(7):1638-1643, 2022 Jul.Am Surg. 88(7):1638-1643, 2022 Jul. Observational-Dx 202,553 patients To evaluate the utility of chest (CXR) and pelvis (PXR) X-ray, as adjuncts to the primary survey, in screening geriatric blunt trauma (GBT) patients for abdominal injury or need for laparotomy. A total of 202,553 patients met criteria. Overall, 9% of patients with either positive X-rays had abdominal injury and 2% laparotomy vs. 1.1% and .3% with both negative (P < .001). The specificity for any positive X-ray was 79% for abdominal injury and 78% for laparotomy. The sensitivity was 69% for abdominal injury and laparotomy. The either positive group had fewer ventilator days (.3 vs. .8, P < .0001), longer length of stay (7 vs. 5, P < .0001), and higher mortality (6% vs. 4%, P < .0001) vs both negative. 2
15. Dammers D, El Moumni M, Hoogland II, Veeger N, Ter Avest E. Should we perform a FAST exam in haemodynamically stable patients presenting after blunt abdominal injury: a retrospective cohort study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 25(1):1, 2017 Jan 03. Observational-Dx 421 patients To investigate the potential of FAST as a risk stratification instrument in haemodynamically (HD) stable patients presenting after BAT by establishing the association between the FAST exam result and final outcome. A total of 421 patients with BAT were included, of which nine had an adverse outcome (2%). FAST was negative in 407 patients. Six of them turned out to have free intraperitoneal fluid (sensitivity 67 [41-86]%). FAST was positive in 14 patients, 12 of whom had free intraperitoneal fluid (specificity 99 [98-100]%). A positive FAST (positive likelihood ratio 34.3 [15.1-78.5]) was stronger associated with an adverse outcome than Injury Severity Score (ISS) or any individual clinical- or biochemical variables measured at presentation in the ED. 3
16. Natarajan B, Gupta PK, Cemaj S, Sorensen M, Hatzoudis GI, Forse RA. FAST scan: is it worth doing in hemodynamically stable blunt trauma patients?. Surgery. 148(4):695-700; discussion 700-1, 2010 Oct. Observational-Dx 2,130 patients To evaluate the results of focused assessment with sonography for trauma in hemodynamically stable blunt trauma patients and to determine its role in the diagnostic evaluation of these patients. In all, 118 false negative focused assessment with sonography for trauma were performed, of which 44 (37.3%) subsequently required exploratory laparotomy. Five patients had false positive focused assessment with sonography for trauma scans. Focused assessment with sonography for trauma scan had an overall sensitivity of 43%, a specificity of 99%, and positive and negative predictive values of 95% and 94%, respectively. Accuracy was 94.1%. In the hemodynamically stable blunt trauma group, there were 60 patients with true positive focused assessment with sonography for trauma examinations and 87 patients with false negative focused assessment with sonography for trauma examinations. In this group of patients, focused assessment with sonography for trauma had a sensitivity of 41%, specificity of 99%, and positive and negative predictive values of 94% and 95%, respectively. The overall accuracy was 95%. 3
17. Sierink JC, Saltzherr TP, Wirtz MR, Streekstra GJ, Beenen LF, Goslings JC. Radiation exposure before and after the introductionof a dedicated total-body CT protocolin multitrauma patients. EMERG. RADIOL.. 20(6):507-12, 2013 Dec. Observational-Dx 301 patients To assess the number of radiological investigations and their associated radiation exposure in multitrauma patients before and after the introduction of a total-body CT protocol as a primary diagnostic tool. In 2008, 20 % of severely injured patients underwent total-body CT scan, compared with 46 % of the patients in 2010. Trauma room radiation doses for conventional radiographs were significantly higher in 2008, while doses for CTscans were significantly lower. The total effective dose of trauma room radiological investigations was 16 milliSieverts (mSv) in 2008 vs. 24 mSv in 2010 (P=0.223). The overall effective dose during the total hospital admission was not significantly different between 2008 and 2010 (20 vs. 24 mSv, P=0.509). 3
18. Caputo ND, Stahmer C, Lim G, Shah K. Whole-body computed tomographic scanning leads to better survival as opposed to selective scanning in trauma patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. [Review]. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 77(4):534-9, 2014 Oct. Meta-analysis 465 publications To determine whether whole-body CT (WBCT), a protocol including a noncontrast scan of the brain and neck and a contrast-enhanced scan of thechest, abdomen, and pelvis, detects more clinically significant injuries as opposed to selective scanning as determined by mortality rates. Of the 465 publications identified, 7 were included, composing of 25,782 trauma patients who received CT scan following trauma. Of the patients, 52% (n = 13,477) received pan scan and 48% (n = 12,305) received selective scanning. Overall ISS was significantly higher for patients receiving WBCT versus those receiving selective scan (29.7 vs. 26.4, p < 0.001, respectively). Overall mortality rate was significantly lower for WBCT versus selective scanning (16.9; 95% confidence interval [CI], 16.3-17.6 vs. 20.3; 95% CI, 19.6-21.1, p < 0.0002, respectively). Pooled odds ratio for mortality rate was 0.75 (95% CI, 0.7-0.79), favoring WBCT. Good
19. Chidambaram S, Goh EL, Khan MA. A meta-analysis of the efficacy of whole-body computed tomography imaging in the management of trauma and injury. Injury. 48(8):1784-1793, 2017 Aug.Injury. 48(8):1784-1793, 2017 Aug. Meta-analysis 11 studies, 32207 patients To present a meta-analysis of the available literature to elucidate the efficacy of whole-body computed tomography (WBCT) in improving the outcomes of trauma, specifically the mortality rate. Eleven studies of 32,207 patients were included. There were lower overall (OR = 0.79; 95% CI 0.74,0.83, p<0.05) and 24 h mortality rates (OR = 0.72, 95% CI 0.66,0.79, p<0.05) in the WBCT cohort. Additionally, patients in the WBCT arm spent less time in the emergency room (MD=-14.81; 95% CI -17.02, -12.60, p<0.00001) and needing ventilation (MD=-2.01; 95% CI -2.41, -1.62, p<0.05) despite a higher baseline injury severity score Good
20. Raja AS, Mower WR, Nishijima DK, et al. Prevalence and Diagnostic Performance of Isolated and Combined NEXUS Chest CT Decision Criteria. Academic Emergency Medicine. 23(8):863-9, 2016 08. Observational-Dx 11,477 patients To determine screening performance of both individual and combined NEXUS Chest CT criteria as predictors of thoracic injury to inform chest CT imaging decisions in "non-low-risk" patients. Across the 11 study sites, rates of chest CT performance ranged from 15.5% to 77.2% (median = 43.6%). We found injuries in 1,493/5,169 patients (28.9%) who had chest CT; 269 patients (5.2%) had major clinical injury (e.g., pneumothorax requiring chest tube). With sensitivity of 73.7 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 68.1 to 78.6) and specificity of 83.9 (95% CI = 83.6 to 84.2) for major clinical injury, abnormal chest-x-ray (CXR) was the single most important screening criterion. When patients had only abnormal CXR, injury and major clinical injury prevalences were 60.7% (95% CI = 52.2% to 68.6%) and 12.9% (95% CI = 8.3% to 19.4%), respectively. Injury and major clinical injury prevalences when any other single criterion alone (other than abnormal CXR) was present were 16.8% (95% CI = 15.2% to 18.6%) and 1.1% (95% CI = 0.1% to 1.8%), respectively. Injury and major clinical injury prevalences among patients when two and three criteria (not abnormal CXR) were present were 25.5% (95% CI = 23.1% to 28.0%) and 3.2% (95% CI = 2.3% to 4.4%) and 34.9% (95% CI = 31.0% to 39.0%) and 2.7% (95% CI = 1.6% to 4.5%), respectively. 2
21. Franz RW, Willette PA, Wood MJ, Wright ML, Hartman JF. A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic screening criteria for blunt cerebrovascular injuries. J Am Coll Surg. 2012 Mar;214(3):313-27. Meta-analysis 3 studies To evaluate which screening criteria may be associated with BCVI. Goals were to confirm inclusion of certain criteria in current screening protocols and possibly eliminate criteria not associated with BCVI. The incidence range of BCVI was between 0.18% and 2.70% among approximately 122,176 blunt trauma admissions. The meta-analysis encompassed 418 BCVI and 22,568 non-BCVI patients. Of the 9 screening criteria analyzed, cervical spine (odds ratio [OR] 5.45; 95% CI 2.24 to 13.27; p < 0.0001) and thoracic (OR 1.98; 95% CI 1.35 to 2.92; p = 0.001) injuries demonstrated a significant association with BCVI. Good
22. Kim DY, Biffl W, Bokhari F, et al. Evaluation and management of blunt cerebrovascular injury: A practice management guideline from the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 88(6):875-887, 2020 06. Review/Other-Dx N/A Practice management guideline for evaluation and management of blunt cerebrovascular injury. No results stated in abstract. 4
23. Joseph TI, Ratnakanthan PJ, Paul E, Clements W. Utility of computed tomography angiography in traumatic lower limb injury: Review of clinical impact in level 1 trauma centre. Injury. 52(10):3064-3067, 2021 Oct. Review/Other-Dx 347 patients To assess the presence or absence of classical 'hard' or 'soft' signs of vascular injury and whether vascular A total of 347 lower limb injuries were identified in 273 men and 74 women. Mean age was 41.5 years ranging from 15-95 years. 268 cases were fractures with 177 open injuries. 301 of injuries were secondary to blunt trauma, 31 penetrating injury occurred and 15 cases were ascribed to blast/gunshot injury. 74 (21.3%) studies were deemed to have a positive finding of vascular injury, 249 (71.8%) were reported as negative and 24 (6.9%) were indeterminate. Of the cases with positive findings, 26 underwent intervention (7.4% of all patients undergoing CTA). No patients with negative CTA required intervention, while three (3, 0.8% of total) with indeterminate findings required intervention. Where there were no clinical signs (absence of any hard or soft signs) 249 CTA's were performed and none required any form of intervention. 4
24. Uyeda JW, LeBedis CA, Penn DR, Soto JA, Anderson SW. Active hemorrhage and vascular injuries in splenic trauma: utility of the arterial phase in multidetector CT. Radiology. 270(1):99-106, 2014 Jan. Observational-Dx 147 patients To determine whether the addition of arterial phase computed tomography (CT) to the standard combination of portal venous and delayed phase imaging increases sensitivity in the diagnosis of active hemorrhage and/or contained vascular injuries in patients with splenic trauma. One hundred forty-seven patients met the inclusion criteria; 32 patients (22%) had active hemorrhage and 22 (15%) had several contained vascular injuries. In 13 ofthe 22 patients with contained injuries, the vascular lesion was visualized only at the arterial phase of image acquisition; the other nine contained vascular injuries were seen at all phases. Surgery or embolization was performed in 11 of the 22 patients with contained vascular injury. 2
25. Lee CH, Haaland B, Earnest A, Tan CH. Use of positive oral contrast agents in abdominopelvic computed tomography for blunt abdominal injury: meta-analysis and systematic review. [Review]. Eur Radiol. 23(9):2513-21, 2013 Sep. Meta-analysis 36 studies To determine whether positive oral contrast agents improve accuracy of abdominopelvic CT compared with no, neutral or negative oral contrast agent. Thirty-two studies were divided into two groups. Group 1 comprised 15 studies comparing CT with positive and without oral contrast agents. Meta-analysis of five studies from group 1 provided no difference in sensitivity or specificity between CT with positive or without oral contrast agents. Group 2 comprised 17 studies comparing CT with positive and neutral or negative oral contrast agents. Systematic review of 12 studies from group 2 indicated that neutral or negativeoral contrasts were as effective as positive oral contrast agents for bowel visualisation. Inadequate
26. Abdel-Aziz H, Dunham CM. Effectiveness of computed tomography scanning to detect blunt bowel and mesenteric injuries requiring surgical intervention: A systematic literature review. American Journal of Surgery. 218(1):201-210, 2019 07. Review/Other-Dx N/A Effectiveness of computed tomography scanning to detect blunt bowel and mesenteric injuries requiring surgical intervention. No results stated in abstract. 4
27. Boscak AR, Bodanapally UK, Elshourbagy T, Shanmuganathan K. Segmental Bowel Hypoenhancement on CT Predicts Ischemic Mesenteric Laceration After Blunt Trauma. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 217(1):93-99, 2021 07. Review/Other-Dx 147 patients The objectives of this study were to examine the performance of CT in the diagnosis of ischemic mesenteric laceration after blunt trauma and to assess the predictive value of various CT signs for this injury. The study included 147 patients (96 men and 51 women; median age, 35 years; age range, 23-52 years). Thirty-three patients had surgically confirmed ischemic mesenteric lacerations. CT signs that correlated with ischemic mesenteric laceration were abdominal wall injury, mesenteric contusion, free fluid, segmental bowel hypoenhancement, and bowel hyperenhancement adjacent to a hypoenhancing segment. The regression model developed after inclusion of clinical variables identified two predictors: segmental bowel hypoenhancement (adjusted odds ratio, 22.9 [95% CI, 7.9-66.2; p < .001] for reviewer 1 and 20.7 [95% CI, 7.2-59.0; p < .001] for reviewer 2) and abdominal wall injury (adjusted odds ratio, 5.26 [95% CI, 1.7-15.9; p = .003] for reviewer 1 and 5.3 [95% CI, 1.9-15.0; p = .002] for reviewer 2), which yielded an AUC of 0.87 for predicting injury. For reviewer 1 and reviewer 2, the sensitivities of CT in detecting the injury were 72.3% (95% CI, 54.5-86.7%) and 78.8% (95% CI, 61.0-91.0%), respectively, whereas the specificities were 94.7% (95% CI, 88.9-98.0%), and 92.1% (95% CI, 85.5-96.3%), respectively. 4
28. Sakowicz A, Dalton S, McPherson JA, Charles AG, Stamilio DM. Accuracy and utilization patterns of intraabdominal imaging for major trauma in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol MFM. 5(5):100915, 2023 05. Observational-Dx 119 patients To estimate the accuracy of focused assessment with sonography for trauma compared with computed tomography of the abdomen/pelvis, validate imaging accuracy with clinical outcomes, and describe clinical factors associated with each imaging mode. Of 119 pregnant trauma patients, 31 (26.1%) experienced a maternal severe adverse pregnancy outcome. Intraabdominal imaging modes included none in 37.0%, focused assessment with sonography for trauma only in 21.0%, computed tomography of the abdomen/pelvis only in 25.2%, and both modes in 16.8%. With computed tomography of the abdomen/pelvis as the reference, focused assessment with sonography for trauma had sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of 11%, 91%, 50%, and 55%, respectively. One patient had a maternal severe adverse pregnancy outcome with a positive focused assessment with sonography for trauma and negative computed tomography of the abdomen/pelvis, and 2 patients with a positive computed tomography of the abdomen/pelvis did not have an adverse outcome. Use of computed tomography of the abdomen/pelvis with or without focused assessment with sonography for trauma was associated with a higher injury severity score, lower systolic blood pressure nadir, higher motor vehicle collision speed, and higher rates of hypotension, tachycardia, bone fracture, maternal severe adverse pregnancy outcome, and fetal demise. The association of computed tomography of the abdomen/pelvis use with higher injury severity score, tachycardia, and lower systolic blood pressure nadir persisted in multivariable analysis. With each 1-point increase in the injury severity score, there was an 11% higher likelihood of using computed tomography of the abdomen/pelvis over focused assessment with sonography for trauma for intraabdominal imaging. 2
29. Mojtabaie P, Redmond CE, Lunt CR, et al. Lower Urinary Tract Injuries: A Guide for the Emergency Radiologist. [Review]. Canadian Association of Radiologists Journal. 72(3):557-563, 2021 Aug. Review/Other-Dx N/A Traumatic lower urinary tract injuries are uncommon and mainly occur in patients with severe trauma and multiple abdominopelvic injuries. No results stated in abstract. 4
30. Haroon SA, Rahimi H, Merritt A, Baghdanian A, Baghdanian A, LeBedis CA. Computed tomography (CT) in the evaluation of bladder and ureteral trauma: indications, technique, and diagnosis. [Review]. Abdominal Radiology. 44(12):3962-3977, 2019 12. Review/Other-Dx N/A To review the anatomic relationships, mechanisms of injury, and clinical presentation to help physicians determine when bladder and ureteral injuries should be suspected and further imaging should be pursued. CT cystography and CT urography are effective tools in identifying potentially serious injuries to the genitourinary system. Timely recognition of these injuries can be crucial for the overall management and prognosis. 4
31. Keihani S, Putbrese BE, Rogers DM, et al. Optimal timing of delayed excretory phase computed tomography scan for diagnosis of urinary extravasation after high-grade renal trauma. The Journal of Trauma and Acute Care Surgery. 86(2):274-281, 2019 02. Observational-Dx 326 patients To hypothesize that there is an association between excretory phase timing and diagnosis of urinary extravasation and aimed to identify the optimal excretory phase timing for diagnosis of urinary extravasation. Overall, 326 patients were included; 245 (75%) had excretory phase CT scans for review either initially (n = 212) or only at their follow-up (n = 33). At initial CT with excretory phase, 46 (22%) of 212 patients were diagnosed with urinary extravasation. Median time between portal venous and excretory phases was 4 minutes (interquartile range, 4-7 minutes). Time of initial excretory phase was significantly greater in those diagnosed with urinary extravasation. Increased time to excretory phase was positively associated with finding urinary extravasation at the initial CT scan after controlling for multiple factors (risk ratio per minute, 1.15; 95% confidence interval, 1.09-1.22; p < 0.001). The optimal delay for detection of urinary extravasation was 9 minutes. 1
32. American College of Radiology. ACR–SPR Practice Parameter for the Safe and Optimal Performance of Fetal Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). Available at: https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=89+&releaseId=2. Review/Other-Dx N/A To promote safe and optimal performance of fetal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). No abstract available. 4
33. American College of Radiology. ACR-SPR Practice Parameter for Imaging Pregnant or Potentially Pregnant Patients with Ionizing Radiation.  Available at: https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=23+&releaseId=2. Review/Other-Dx N/A To assist practitioners in providing appropriate radiologic care for pregnant or potentially pregnant adolescents and women by describing specific training, skills and techniques. No abstract available. 4
34. American College of Radiology. ACR-ACOG-AIUM-SMFM-SRU Practice Parameter for the Performance of Standard Diagnostic Obstetrical Ultrasound. Available at: https://gravitas.acr.org/PPTS/GetDocumentView?docId=28+&releaseId=2. Review/Other-Dx N/A To promote the safe and effective use of diagnostic and therapeutic radiology by describing the key elements of standard ultrasound examinations in the first, second, and third trimesters of pregnancy. No abstract available. 4
35. American College of Radiology. ACR Committee on Drugs and Contrast Media. Manual on Contrast Media.  Available at: https://www.acr.org/Clinical-Resources/Clinical-Tools-and-Reference/Contrast-Manual. Review/Other-Dx N/A Guidance document to assist radiologists in recognizing and managing the small but real risks inherent in the use of contrast media. No abstract available. 4
36. American College of Radiology. ACR Committee on MR Safety. 2024 ACR Manual on MR Safety.  Available at: https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/americancoldf5f-acrorgf92a-productioncb02-3650/media/ACR/Files/Clinical/Radiology-Safety/Manual-on-MR-Safety.pdf. Review/Other-Dx N/A Guidance document to promote the use of magnetic resonance (MR) safe practices. No abstract available. 4
37. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics; Committee on Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. In: Becker T, Chin M, Bates N, eds. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US) Copyright 2022 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.; 2022. Review/Other-Dx N/A Sex and gender are often conflated under the assumptions that they are mutually determined and do not differ from each other; however, the growing visibility of transgender and intersex populations, as well as efforts to improve the measurement of sex and gender across many scientific fields, has demonstrated the need to reconsider how sex, gender, and the relationship between them are conceptualized. No abstract available. 4
38. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction. Available at: https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/americancoldf5f-acrorgf92a-productioncb02-3650/media/ACR/Files/Clinical/Appropriateness-Criteria/ACR-Appropriateness-Criteria-Radiation-Dose-Assessment-Introduction.pdf. Review/Other-Dx N/A To provide evidence-based guidelines on exposure of patients to ionizing radiation. No abstract available. 4
No of Rows: 38