| 1. Rodman RE, Kellman RM. Controversies in the Management of the Trauma Patient. [Review]. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 24(3):299-308, 2016 Aug. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the controversies in the management of the trauma patient. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 2. Meara DJ. Diagnostic Imaging of the Maxillofacial Trauma Patient. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am 2019;27:119-26. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review historical and contemporary imaging studies available in the evaluation and treatment of the patient with maxillofacial trauma. |
No results stated in the abstract |
4 |
| 3. Morrow BT, Samson TD, Schubert W, Mackay DR. Evidence-based medicine: Mandible fractures. [Review]. Plast Reconstr Surg. 134(6):1381-90, 2014 Dec. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To: 1. Describe the anatomy and subunits of the mandible. 2. Review the cause and epidemiology of mandible fractures. 3. Discuss the preoperative evaluation and diagnostic imaging. 4. Understand the principles and techniques of mandible fracture reduction and fixation. |
To present a review of the literature so that the physician may make treatment recommendation based on the best evidence available. |
4 |
| 4. Harrington AW, Pei KY, Assi R, Davis KA. External Validation of University of Wisconsin's Clinical Criteria for Obtaining Maxillofacial Computed Tomography in Trauma. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 29(2):e167-e170, 2018 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To evaluate whether the University of Wisconsin's Criteria is generalizable to external institutions through validation and to report modern practice patterns at a level 1 trauma center. |
The presence of any =1 of the 5 criteria identified on physical examination resulted in 81% sensitivity for any facial fracture, which is lower than the sensitivity initially described (98%) and subsequently internally validated (97%). The absence of all 5 physical examination criteria had a negative predictive value of 60%, again lower than that initially described (87%) and then internally validated (81%). |
4 |
| 5. Allareddy V, Allareddy V, Nalliah RP. Epidemiology of facial fracture injuries. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2011;69:2613-8. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To present epidemiologic estimates of hospital-based emergency department (ED) visits for facial fractures in the United States. |
During 2007 in the United States, 407,167 ED visits concerned a facial fracture. Patients' average age for each ED visit was 37.9 years. Sixty-eight percent of all ED visits concerned male patients, and 85,759 ED visits resulted in further treatment in the same hospital. Three hundred fourteen patients died in EDs, and 2,717 died during hospitalization. Mean charge per each ED visit was $3,192. Total United States ED charges were close to $1 billion. Mean hospitalization charges (ED and inpatient charges) amounted to $62,414. Mean length of stay was 6.23 days, and total hospitalization time in the entire United States was 534,322 days. Frequently reported causes of injuries included assaults (37% of all ED visits), falls (24.6%), and motor vehicle accidents (12.1%). |
4 |
| 6. Erdmann D, Follmar KE, Debruijn M, et al. A retrospective analysis of facial fracture etiologies. Ann Plast Surg 2008;60:398-403. |
Review/Other-Dx |
437 patients |
To discuss a retrospective analysis of facial fractures etiologies. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 7. Follmar KE, Debruijn M, Baccarani A, et al. Concomitant injuries in patients with panfacial fractures. J Trauma 2007;63:831-5. |
Observational-Dx |
437 patients |
A review of concomitant injuries in patients with panfacial fractures. |
Panfacial fractures were present in 38 patients (9% of overall facial fracture population). Twenty (53%) of these patients suffered concomitant injuries. The most common mechanism of trauma was motor vehicle collision, and the most common category of concomitant injury was intracranial injury or hemorrhage. Other commonly occurring categories of injury included abdominal organ injury, pneumothorax, pulmonary contusion, spine fracture, rib or sternum fracture, extremity fracture, and pelvic fractures. There was no significant difference in day of operation for the management of facial fractures between those with isolated facial injuries and those with other concomitant injuries (hospital day 2.1 vs. hospital day 2.9, not significant). |
2 |
| 8. Sreedharan S, Veeramuthu V, Hariri F, Hamzah N, Ramli N, Narayanan V. Cerebral white matter microstructural changes in isolated maxillofacial trauma and associated neuropsychological outcomes. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 49(9):1183-1192, 2020 Sep. |
Observational-Dx |
21 Patients |
To investigate longitudinal microstructural changes of the white matter (WM) tracts based on diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) indices in patients with isolated maxillofacial injuries, immediately and 6 months post-trauma, and to correlate these DTI indices with neuropsychological changes observed. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
2 |
| 9. Uzelac A, Gean AD. Orbital and facial fractures. [Review]. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America. 24(3):407-24, vii, 2014 Aug. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the importance of particular radiologic findings related to facial trauma and their implications for clinical and surgical management. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 10. Smith H, Peek-Asa C, Nesheim D, Nish A, Normandin P, Sahr S. Etiology, diagnosis, and characteristics of facial fracture at a midwestern level I trauma center. J Trauma Nurs. 19(1):57-65, 2012 Jan-Mar. |
Observational-Dx |
154 patients |
To describe facial fracture frequency, demography, injury characteristics, and diagnostic modalities at a Midwestern level I trauma center |
Comparative statistics were conducted on the basis of the number of facial fractures, route of admission, presence of traumatic brain injury, and gender. There were 154 patients diagnosed with 443 facial fractures, representing 5% of the trauma population. Median patient age was 45 years. Median number of fractures was 2. Fractures were frequently present in orbit (32%), malar bone and maxilla (26%), and the nasal bones (19%). Motor vehicle crash was the most common mechanism (47%). Most fractures were diagnosed with maxillofacial computed tomography (78%). Males had an odds ratio of 2.5 (95% confidence interval, 1.15-5.43) for multiple facial fractures and composed 67% of the sample. Traumatic brain injury was diagnosed in 71% of patients. This study of a medium-sized city and its surrounding rural areas revealed differences from studies in large urban centers. Differences included lower gender ratio, older average age, and mechanism of injury. While urban trauma centers report assault as a leading cause of facial fracture, this study noted higher frequencies of motor vehicle crash and falls and fewer assaults. |
2 |
| 11. Salinas NL, Faulkner JA. Facial trauma in Operation Iraqi Freedom casualties: an outcomes study of patients treated from April 2006 through October 2006. J Craniofac Surg. 21(4):967-70, 2010 Jul. |
Review/Other-Dx |
21 patients |
To investigate the postoperative complication rate in American military members treated for fractures of the facial skeleton with either immediate fixation in the Operation Iraqi Freedom combat theater or delayed fixation after transport out of the combat theater |
Based on an army head and neck surgeon's case log, retrospective chart review was performed on 21 American active-duty patients evaluated for facial fractures in Balad, Iraq, between April 16, 2006, and October 30, 2006. Follow-up standardized patient interviews and review of electronic medical records were conducted to assess the postoperative clinical course and identify postoperative complications. Facial fractures involved the mandible (62%), the orbit (62%), nasal bones (48%), the midface (38%), the frontal bone (29%), the zygoma (24%), and the temporal bone (5%). Fourteen patients (67%) with facial fractures were treated definitively with open reduction and internal fixation surgery in Balad. Seven patients (33%) had delayed treatment. Overall, the major complication rate was 7% in the immediate fixation group, compared with 57% in the delayed treatment group (P < 0.04). Infectious complications occurred in 1 patient (7%) from the immediate fixation group requiring removal of exposed hardware, whereas 3 patients (43%) from the delayed treatment group experienced infectious complications requiring reoperation (P < 0.09). Although major complications were associated with both immediate and delayed definitive treatment, major complications were more likely to be associated with delayed treatment. The deployed surgeon should use clinical judgment in repairing facial fractures in theater. If treatment is delayed, every effort should be made to affect a timely repair of the fractures. |
4 |
| 12. Tan JY, Khoo WX, Hing EC, et al. An Algorithm for the Management of Concomitant Maxillofacial, Laryngeal, and Cervical Spine Trauma. Ann Plast Surg. 77 Suppl 1:S36-8, 2016 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
8 patients |
To review the patient data and existing literature to identify the important factors that must be considered for management. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 13. Nastri AL, Gurney B. Current concepts in midface fracture management. [Review]. CURR. OPIN. OTOLARYNGOL. HEAD NECK SURG.. 24(4):368-75, 2016 Aug. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To outline a working approach to the identification and management of such injuries, and the definitive management of common injury patterns. |
Midface trauma, with or without life-threatening and sight-threatening complications, may arise following isolated injury, or be associated with significant injuries elsewhere. Assessment needs to be both systematic and repeated, with the establishment of clearly stated priorities in overall care. |
4 |
| 14. Ray JM, Cestero RF. Initial management of the trauma patient. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 21(1):1-7, 2013 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe the principles in ATLS to guide the initial assessment, resuscitation, and treatment of the multiply injured patient. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 15. Gentile MA, Tellington AJ, Burke WJ, Jaskolka MS. Management of midface maxillofacial trauma. Atlas Oral Maxillofac Surg Clin North Am. 21(1):69-95, 2013 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the management of midface trauma continues to challenge maxillofacial surgeons. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 16. Evans D, Vera L, Jeanmonod D, Pester J, Jeanmonod R. Application of National Emergency X-Ray Utilizations Study low-risk c-spine criteria in high-risk geriatric falls. American Journal of Emergency Medicine. 33(9):1184-7, 2015 Sep. |
Observational-Dx |
660 patients |
To:-determine whether patients' own baseline mental status (MS) could substitute for Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) to meet the criteria "normal alertness. - further sought to refine the definition of "distracting injury. |
Six hundred sixty elderly fall patients were trauma alerts during the study period. Seventeen were excluded for incomplete records/death before imaging, leaving 647. The median age was 81 (interquartile range, 74-87). Fifty patients (8.0%) had C spine or cord injury. Two hundred ninety-four (44.5%) had baseline MS (including GCS 13-15), no spine tenderness, no intoxication, and no focal neurologic deficit. Of these, 18 had C-spine injury. Using physical findings of head trauma as the only "distracting injury," no injury would have been missed (sensitivity, 100% [confidence interval, 91.1-100]; specificity, 14.2%). |
2 |
| 17. Mundinger GS, Dorafshar AH, Gilson MM, Mithani SK, Manson PN, Rodriguez ED. Blunt-mechanism facial fracture patterns associated with internal carotid artery injuries: recommendations for additional screening criteria based on analysis of 4,398 patients. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 71(12):2092-100, 2013 Dec. |
Observational-Dx |
4398 patients |
To determine whether specific facial fracture patterns are associated with increased risk for Blunt internal carotid artery injuries (BCAIs) through an analysis of a single institution’s experience with blunt-force facial fractures |
Seventy BCAIs were identified in 54 of 4,398 patients with facial fractures (1.2%). Bilateral fractures in each facial third, complex midface, Le Fort, and subcondylar fractures, fractures in association with the cervical spine, and basilar skull fractures were high risk for concomitant BCAI. Twenty percent of BCAIswould not have been captured by existing Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma Level III BCVI screening criteria. When patients meeting these screening criteria were removed from the study population, Le Fort I and subcondylar fractures were the only fracture patterns conferring increased risk for BCAI. Addition of these criteria to existing criteria improved the screening negative predictive value. |
3 |
| 18. Sitzman TJ, Hanson SE, Alsheik NH, Gentry LR, Doyle JF, Gutowski KA. Clinical criteria for obtaining maxillofacial computed tomographic scans in trauma patients. Plast Reconstr Surg. 127(3):1270-8, 2011 Mar. |
Observational-Dx |
525 patients |
To discuss the clinical criteria for obtaining maxillofacial computed tomographic scans in trauma patients. |
Injury to the maxillofacial skeleton occurred in 332 patients (63.2 percent). The presence of any of the following five physical examination criteria identified patients at high risk for facial fracture: bony stepoff or instability, periorbital swelling or contusion, Glasgow Coma Scale score less than 14, malocclusion, or tooth absence. These criteria identified all but six of the 332 patients with a facial fracture (sensitivity, 98.2 percent; 95 percent confidence interval, 96.5 to 99.1 percent). The negative predictive value was 87.8 percent (95 percent confidence interval, 76.3 to 94.2 percent). No patient determined by these criteria to be at low risk for a facial fracture required surgical treatment. If these criteria had been applied to the study population, radiographic imaging could have been avoided in 9.3 percent of patients. |
2 |
| 19. Reich W, Surov A, Eckert AW. Maxillofacial trauma - Underestimation of cervical spine injury. J Craniomaxillofac Surg. 44(9):1469-78, 2016 Sep. |
Review/Other-Dx |
3956 patients |
To analyse patients with primary maxillofacial trauma and a concomitant cervical spine injury. It is hypothetised that cervical spine injury is predictable in maxillofacial surgery. |
A monocentric clinical study was conducted over a 10-year period to analyse patients with primary maxillofacial and associated cervical spine injuries. Demographic data, mechanism of injury, specific trauma and treatments provided were reviewed. Additionally a search of relevant international literature was conducted in PubMed by terms "maxillofacial" AND "cervical spine" AND "injury". Of 3956 patients, n = 3732 (94.3%) suffered from craniomaxillofacial injuries only, n = 174 (4.4%) from cervical spine injuries only, and n = 50 (1.3%) from both craniomaxillofacial and cervical spine injuries. In this study cohort the most prevalent craniofacial injuries were: n = 41 (44%) midfacial and n = 21 (22.6%) skull base fractures. Cervical spine injuries primarily affected the upper cervical spine column: n = 39 (58.2%) vs. n = 28 (41.8%). Only in 3 of 50 cases (6%), the cervical spine injury was diagnosed coincidentally, and the cervical spine column was under immobilised. The operative treatment rate for maxillofacial injuries was 36% (n = 18), and for cervical spine injuries 20% (n = 10). The overall mortality rate was 8% (n = 4). The literature search yielded only 12 papers (11 retrospective and monocentric cohort studies) and is discussed before our own results. In cases of apparently isolated maxillofacial trauma, maxillofacial surgeons should be aware of a low but serious risk of underestimating an unstable cervical spine injury. |
4 |
| 20. Shumate R, Portnof J, Amundson M, Dierks E, Batdorf R, Hardigan P. Recommendations for Care of Geriatric Maxillofacial Trauma Patients Following a Retrospective 10-Year Multicenter Review. Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 76(9):1931-1936, 2018 09.J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 76(9):1931-1936, 2018 09. |
Review/Other-Dx |
176 patients |
To analyze maxillofacial trauma sustained by patients at least 75 years old. With the injury patterns identified, treatment recommendations for the contemporary oral and maxillofacial surgeon are made. |
One hundred seventy-six patients at least 75 years old who sustained facial trauma were identified. Ground-level falls caused most cases of maxillofacial trauma in the geriatric population. The median age at the time of trauma was 83 and 85 years for men and women, respectively. The most common injuries were midface fractures. Intracranial hemorrhage was the most common concomitant injury, and all but 1 patient underwent computed tomography of at least the head after their traumatic event. Most maxillofacial injuries were treated without operative repair. |
4 |
| 21. Gelesko S, Markiewicz MR, Bell RB. Responsible and prudent imaging in the diagnosis and management of facial fractures. [Review]. Oral maxillofac. surg. clin. North Am.. 25(4):545-60, 2013 Nov. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the current standard of care in imaging considerations for the diagnosis and management of craniomaxillofacial trauma |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 22. Winegar BA, Murillo H, Tantiwongkosi B. Spectrum of critical imaging findings in complex facial skeletal trauma. [Review]. Radiographics. 33(1):3-19, 2013 Jan-Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss spectrum of critical imaging findings in complex facial skeletal trauma. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 23. Hopper RA, Salemy S, Sze RW. Diagnosis of midface fractures with CT: what the surgeon needs to know. [Review] [9 refs]. Radiographics. 26(3):783-93, 2006 May-Jun. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe the major fracture patterns of the midface buttresses and their surgical relevance. The goal is to aid radiologists in the description of complex midface fractures using terms directly relevant to the surgical triage and treatment of the injury. |
No results stated in abstract |
4 |
| 24. Kennedy TA, Corey AS, Policeni B, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Orbits Vision and Visual Loss. J Am Coll Radiol 2018;15:S116-S31. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for orbits, vision and visual loss. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 25. Shih RY, Burns J, Ajam AA, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Head Trauma: 2021 Update. J Am Coll Radiol 2021;18:S13-S36. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for head trauma. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 26. Schroeder JW, Ptak T, Corey AS, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Penetrating Neck Injury. J Am Coll Radiol 2017;14:S500-S05. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for penetrating neck injury. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 27. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®: Cerebrovascular Disease. Available at: https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69478/Narrative/. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for a specific clinical condition. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 28. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®: Cerebrovascular Diseases-Aneurysm, Vascular Malformation, and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Available at: https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/3149013/Narrative/. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for a specific clinical condition. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 29. Beckmann NM, West OC, Nunez D, Jr., et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Suspected Spine Trauma. J Am Coll Radiol 2019;16:S264-S85. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for suspected spine trauma. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 30. Chukwulebe S, Hogrefe C. The Diagnosis and Management of Facial Bone Fractures. [Review]. Emerg Med Clin North Am. 37(1):137-151, 2019 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To focus on the clinical presentations, physical examination findings, diagnostic imaging, consultations, and follow-up that patients with facial fractures need related to their emergency department management |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 31. Bernstein MP.. The Imaging of Maxillofacial Trauma 2017. [Review]. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 28(3):509-524, 2018 Aug. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide a clinical review of imaging aspects involved in maxillofacial trauma and to delineate its relevance to patient management. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 32. Patel R, Reid RR, Poon CS. Multidetector computed tomography of maxillofacial fractures: the key to high-impact radiological reporting. [Review]. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 33(5):410-7, 2012 Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To highlight the features of facial fractures that are the most important to the surgeons and provides a framework for effective radiological reporting. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 33. Louis PJ, Morlandt AB. Advancements in Maxillofacial Trauma: A Historical Perspective. [Review]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 76(11):2256-2270, 2018 11. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the past and examine advancements in the management of facial trauma. Several important advances in the management of maxillofacial trauma have resulted in improved outcomes. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 34. Lee HJ, Kim YJ, Seo DW, et al. Incidence of intracranial injury in orbital wall fracture patients not classified as traumatic brain injury. Injury. 49(5):963-968, 2018 May. |
Observational-Dx |
1220 patients |
To evaluate the incidence and risk factors of intracranial injury in patients with orbital wall fracture (OWF), who were classified with a chief complaint of facial injury rather than TBI. |
A total of 1220 patients with OWF were finally enrolled. CT of the head was performed on 677 patients, and the incidence of concomitant intracranial injury was found to be 9% (62/677). Patients with definite TBI were excluded. Symptoms raising a suspicion of TBI, such as loss of consciousness, alcohol intoxication, or vomiting, were present in 347 of the patients, with 44 of these patients (13%) showing a concomitant intracranial injury. Of the 330 patients without such symptoms, 18 (6%) demonstrated a concomitant intracranial injury. In OWF patients, superior wall fracture (odds ratio [OR], 4.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.06-8.34; P < 0.001), associated frontal bone fracture (OR, 4.38; 95% CI, 2.08-9.23; P < 0.001), and older age (decades) (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04; P = 0.002) were independent risk factors for concomitant intracranial injury. |
2 |
| 35. Fraioli RE, Branstetter BFt, Deleyiannis FW. Facial fractures: beyond Le Fort. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 2008;41:51-76, vi. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To present a systematic approach for interpreting a craniofacial CT scan that is clinically useful to the reconstructive surgeon |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 36. Rohrich RJ, Hollier LH. Management of frontal sinus fractures. Changing concepts. Clin Plast Surg 1992;19:219-32. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To present a graduated anatomic algorithm for treatment of frontal sinus fractures based on the degree of fracture displacement and nasofrontal duct involvement and presence of CSF leak. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 37. Lynham A, Tuckett J, Warnke P. Maxillofacial trauma. Aust Fam Physician. 41(4):172-80, 2012 Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe the common typical clinical and radiographic findings in maxillofacial injuries that require further specialist treatment. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 38. Adeyemo WL, Akadiri OA. A systematic review of the diagnostic role of ultrasonography in maxillofacial fractures. [Review]. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 40(7):655-61, 2011 Jul. |
Review/Other-Dx |
17 articles |
To discuss the systematic review of the diagnostic value of ultrasonography in maxillofacial fractures. |
17 articles published between 1992 and 2009 were reviewed: two on midfacial fractures, nine on orbital fractures, three on nasal fractures, and two on mandibular fractures. One article described case series of ultrasonographic diagnosis of mandibular and midfacial fractures. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in detecting orbital fractures were 56-100% and 85-100%, respectively, whilst that of nasal fractures were 90-100% and 98-100%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography in detecting zygomatic fractures were >90%. For mandibular fractures, the sensitivity and specificity was 66-100% and 52-100%, respectively. Much evidence justifies the use of diagnostic ultrasonography in maxillofacial fractures, especially fractures involving the nasal bone, orbital walls, anterior maxillary wall and zygomatic complex. The sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography is generally comparable with CT. |
4 |
| 39. Strong EB, Gary C. Management of Zygomaticomaxillary Complex Fractures. [Review]. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 25(4):547-562, 2017 Nov. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the management of zygomaticomaxillary complex fractures |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 40. Dreizin D, Nam AJ, Diaconu SC, Bernstein MP, Bodanapally UK, Munera F. Multidetector CT of Midfacial Fractures: Classification Systems, Principles of Reduction, and Common Complications. [Review]. Radiographics. 38(1):248-274, 2018 Jan-Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To facilitate the involvement of radiologists in the delivery of individualized multidisciplinary care to adults who have sustained blunt trauma and have midfacial fractures by providing a clinically relevant review of the role of multidetector CT in the management of each midfacial subunit. |
The structural, diagnostic, and therapeutic complexity of the individual midfacial subunits, including the nose, the naso-orbito-ethmoidal region, the internal orbits, the zygomaticomaxillary complex, and the maxillary occlusion-bearing segment, are not adequately reflected in the Le Fort classification system, which provides only a general framework and has become less relevant in contemporary practice. The purpose of this article is to facilitate the involvement of radiologists in the delivery of individualized multidisciplinary care to adults who have sustained blunt trauma and have midfacial fractures by providing a clinically relevant review of the role of multidetector CT in the management of each midfacial subunit. Surgically relevant anatomic structures, search patterns, critical CT findings and their management implications, contemporary classification systems, and common posttraumatic and postoperative complications are emphasized. |
4 |
| 41. Dreizin D, Nam AJ, Hirsch J, Bernstein MP. New and emerging patient-centered CT imaging and image-guided treatment paradigms for maxillofacial trauma. [Review]. EMERG. RADIOL.. 25(5):533-545, 2018 Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the conceptual framework, available evidence, and practical considerations pertaining to nascent and emerging advances in patient-centered CT-imaging and CT-guided surgery for maxillofacial trauma |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 42. Dreizin D, Nam AJ, Tirada N, et al. Multidetector CT of Mandibular Fractures, Reductions, and Complications: A Clinically Relevant Primer for the Radiologist. [Review]. Radiographics. 36(5):1539-64, 2016 Sep-Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To focus on the use of multidetector CT for pre- and postoperative evaluation of mandibular fractures and outlines fundamental concepts of diagnosis and management-beginning with an explanation of common fracture patterns and their biomechanical underpinnings, and followed by a review of the common postoperative appearances of these fractures after semirigid and rigid fixation procedures |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 43. Gohel A, Oda M, Katkar AS, Sakai O. Multidetector Row Computed Tomography in Maxillofacial Imaging. [Review]. Dent Clin North Am. 62(3):453-465, 2018 Jul. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the use of multidetector row computed tomography in maxillofacial imaging. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 44. Rizzi CJ, Ortlip T, Greywoode JD, Vakharia KT, Vakharia KT, A novel computer algorithm for modeling and treating mandibular fractures: A pilot study. Laryngoscope. 127(2):331-336, 2017 02. |
Review/Other-Dx |
15 patients |
To describe a novel computer algorithm that can model mandibular fracture repair. To evaluate the algorithm as a tool to model mandibular fracture reduction and hardware selection. |
Ten mandible fracture cases were analyzed and processed. There were 15 survey respondents. The mean score for overall similarity between the images was 8.41 ± 0.91; the mean score for similarity of fracture reduction was 8.61 ± 0.98; and the mean score for hardware appearance was 8.27 ± 0.97. There were no significant differences between attending and resident responses. There were no significant differences based on fracture location. |
4 |
| 45. Jarrahy R, Vo V, Goenjian HA, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of maxillofacial trauma two-dimensional and three-dimensional computed tomographic scans: comparison of oral surgeons, head and neck surgeons, plastic surgeons, and neuroradiologists. Plast Reconstr Surg. 127(6):2432-40, 2011 Jun. |
Review/Other-Dx |
40 Patients |
To study differences in diagnostic accuracy between two- and three-dimensional computed tomographic scans and among the specialties of plastic surgery, head and neck surgery, oral surgery, and neuroradiology, since this had not previously been done. |
For two- and three-dimensional scans, two-dimensional was more accurate for orbital floor/medial wall (40 percent and 34 percent) and frontal sinus (26 percent for diagnostic) fractures. Two-dimensional examinations took 2.3 times longer but were preferred (85 percent). Experts and novices had similar accuracy with three-dimensional scanning, but experts were more accurate with the two-dimensional scanning. Experts were 3.3 times faster with two-dimensional scanning but not with three-dimensional scanning. Accuracy of diagnosis among subspecialists was similar, except that oral surgery was less accurate with orbitozygomatic fractures (79 percent versus 90 to 92 percent); neuroradiology was less accurate with indications for surgery (65 percent versus 87 to 93 percent). |
4 |
| 46. Avery LL, Susarla SM, Novelline RA. Multidetector and three-dimensional CT evaluation of the patient with maxillofacial injury. [Review]. Radiol Clin North Am. 49(1):183-203, 2011 Jan. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review facial anatomy as it pertains to traumatic injury, emphasizes the clinical findings associated with various types of facial injury, and simplifies the diagnosis of facial injury on CT. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 47. Ko AC, Satterfield KR, Korn BS, Kikkawa DO. Eyelid and Periorbital Soft Tissue Trauma. [Review]. Facial Plast Surg Clin North Am. 25(4):605-616, 2017 Nov. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide an overview of the current literature involving soft tissue trauma of the eyelid and periorbital tissue, and highlights key steps in patient evaluation and management with various types of injuries. |
No results stated i the abstract. |
4 |
| 48. Reginelli A, Santagata M, Urraro F, et al. Foreign bodies in the maxillofacial region: assessment with multidetector computed tomography. Seminars in Ultrasound, CT & MR. 36(1):2-7, 2015 Feb.Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 36(1):2-7, 2015 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the assessment foreign bodies in the maxillofacial region using multidetector computed tomography. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 49. Kim E, Russell PT. Prevention and management of skull base injury. [Review]. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 43(4):809-16, 2010 Aug. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To present ways in which a surgeon may work to prevent or minimize injury to the skull base and describes management of skull base injuries when they do occur, reviews the current literature, and describes various reconstruction techniques used in free tissue grafts and pedicled grafts. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 50. de Santana Santos T, Avelar RL, Melo AR, de Moraes HH, Dourado E. Current approach in the management of patients with foreign bodies in the maxillofacial region. [Review]. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 69(9):2376-82, 2011 Sep. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe and discuss the gamut of current diagnostic and therapeutic modalities regarding impacted foreign bodies in the head and neck region, addressing xeroradiography, magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, and ultrasonography as diagnostic aids and stressing the importance of a multidisciplinary team in the treatment of such injuries. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 51. Bailitz J, Starr F, Beecroft M, et al. CT should replace three-view radiographs as the initial screening test in patients at high, moderate, and low risk for blunt cervical spine injury: a prospective comparison. J Trauma. 66(6):1605-9, 2009 Jun. |
Observational-Dx |
1,505 consecutive patients |
Prospective blinded study to compare the sensitivity of cervical CT to cervical spine radiographs in the initial diagnosis of blunt CSI for patients meeting one or more of the NEXUS criteria. |
Of 1,505 patients, 78 (4.9%) had evidence of a radiographic injury by cervical spine radiographs or cervical CT. Of these 78 patients with radiographic injury, 50 (3.3%) patients had clinically significant injuries. Cervical CT detected all patients with clinically significant injuries (100% sensitive), whereas cervical spine radiographs detected 18 (36% sensitive). Of the 50 patients, 15 were at high risk, 19 at moderate risk, and 16 at low risk for CSI according to previously published risk stratification. Cervical spine radiographs detected clinically significant injury in 7 high risk (46% sensitive), 7 moderate risk (37% sensitive), and 4 low risk patients (25% sensitive). Results demonstrate the superiority of cervical CT compared with cervical spine radiographs for the detection of clinically significant CSI. The improved ability to exclude injury rapidly provides further evidence that cervical CT should replace cervical spine radiographs for the initial evaluation of blunt CSI in patients at any risk for injury. |
2 |
| 52. Tuckett JW, Lynham A, Lee GA, Perry M, Harrington U. Maxillofacial trauma in the emergency department: a review. [Review]. Surg.. 12(2):106-14, 2014 Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide a concise, contemporary guide for the treatment of maxillofacial trauma in the emergency setting. |
Physicians are becoming increasingly exposed to major maxillofacial injuries. Resuscitative measures can be complex and require prompt decisions especially in gaining a secure airway. A proposed treatment algorithm for maxillofacial trauma patients has been devised by the authors. |
4 |
| 53. Mulligan RP, Friedman JA, Mahabir RC. A nationwide review of the associations among cervical spine injuries, head injuries, and facial fractures. J Trauma 2010;68:587-92. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the incidence of facial fractures, c-spine injuries, and head injuries at trauma centers across the United States. |
The incidence of facial fracture was 13.5% in patients with a c-spine injury, 21.7% in patients with a head injury, and 24.0% of patients with a combined c-spine and head trauma. Head injuries were found in 40.2% of patients with a c-spine injury, 67.9% of patients with a facial fracture, and 71.5% of patients with a combined c-spine injury and facial fracture. C-spine injuries were reported in 6.7% of facial fractures, 7.0% of head injuries, and 7.8% of patients with a combined facial fracture and head injury. |
4 |
| 54. Pietzka S, Kammerer PW, Pietzka S, Maxillofacial injuries in severely injured patients after road traffic accidents-a retrospective evaluation of the TraumaRegister DGU R 1993-2014. Clin Oral Investig. 24(1):503-513, 2020 Jan. |
Observational-Dx |
62,196 patients |
To analyse the prevalence of maxillofacial trauma (MFT) in severely injured patients after road traffic accidence (RTA) and to investigate associated factors. |
During the investigation period, n = 62,196 patients were enclosed with a prevalence of maxillofacial injuries of 20.3% (MFT positive). The injury severity score of MFT-positive patients was higher than in the MTF-negative subgroup (27 ± 12.8 vs. 23.0 ± 12.7). If MFT positive, 39.8% show minor, 37.1% moderate, 21.5% serious and 1.6% severe maxillofacial injuries. Injuries of the midface occurred in 60.3% of MTF-positive patients. A relevant blood loss (> 20% of total blood volume) occurred in 1.9%. MFT-positive patients had a higher coincidence with cervical spine fractures (11.3% vs. 7.8%) and traumatic brain injuries (62.6% vs. 34.8%) than MFT-negative patients. There was a noticeable decrease in the incidence of facial injuries in car/truck drivers during the study period. |
2 |
| 55. Jamal BT, Diecidue R, Qutob A, Cohen M. The pattern of combined maxillofacial and cervical spine fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2009;67:559-62. |
Observational-Dx |
701 patients |
To describe the different patterns of combinations of maxillofacial and cervical spine (C-spine) injuries to provide guidance in diagnosis and care of patients with combined injuries. |
A 6.28% incidence rate of combined C-spine and maxillofacial fractures is noted in this study. The most common cause of trauma was motor vehicle accidents (45.5%), followed by falls (36.4%). In regards to the types of maxillofacial fractures, 27.3% of the cases presented with isolated orbital fractures and 13.6% with isolated mandibular fractures. A total of 68.2% of the combined C-spine and facial fracture cases involved orbital fractures of some form. The most frequent level of C-spine fracture was isolated C2 fractures (31.8%) followed by isolated C4 and C6 fractures (6.8% each). When the mechanism of trauma were compared to the types of C-spine and maxillofacial fractures, falls were found to be the most frequent mechanism causing both isolated orbital and C2 fractures. |
2 |
| 56. Lewis VL, Jr., Manson PN, Morgan RF, Cerullo LJ, Meyer PR, Jr. Facial injuries associated with cervical fractures: recognition, patterns, and management. J Trauma 1985;25:90-3. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the recognition, patterns, and management facial injuries associated with cervical fractures. |
The study concludes that examination of the face for soft-tissue and bony injuries may give important clues on the direction and intensity of the force injuring the cervical spine. |
4 |
| 57. Mulligan RP, Mahabir RC. The prevalence of cervical spine injury, head injury, or both with isolated and multiple craniomaxillofacial fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 2010;126:1647-51. |
Review/Other-Dx |
1.3 million trauma patients |
To establish the prevalence of cervical spine injuries and/or head injuries with isolated and multiple craniomaxillofacial fractures at trauma centers across the United States. |
In the setting of an isolated mandible, nasal, orbital floor, malar/maxilla, or frontal/parietal bone fracture, cervical spine injury ranged from 4.9 to 8.0 percent, head injury ranged from 28.7 to 79.9 percent, and concomitant cervical spine and head injury was present in 2.8 to 5.8 percent. In the setting of two or more facial fractures, the prevalence of cervical spine injury ranged from 7.0 to 10.8 percent. The prevalence of head injury ranged from 65.5 to 88.7 percent, and the prevalence of concomitant cervical spine and head injury ranged from 5.8 to 10.1 percent. |
4 |
| 58. Wang L, Lee TS, Wang W, Yi DI, Sokoya M, Ducic Y. Surgical Management of Panfacial Fractures. Facial Plast Surg. 35(6):565-577, 2019 Dec. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To:-describe basic facial skeletal anatomy, considerations for airway securing, and common concurrent injuries.-discuss primary and secondary reconstructions of facial trauma including sequencing of repair, available landmarks, and the utility of intraoperative computed tomography imaging and virtual surgical planning with custom implants. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 59. Rodriguez ED, Stanwix MG, Nam AJ, et al. Twenty-six-year experience treating frontal sinus fractures: a novel algorithm based on anatomical fracture pattern and failure of conventional techniques. Plast Reconstr Surg 2008;122:1850-66. |
Observational-Dx |
1097 patients |
To discuss the retrospective review that was conducted on frontal sinus fracture patients from 1979 to 2005. |
One thousand ninety-seven frontal sinus fracture patients were identified; 87 died and 153 were excluded because of insufficient data, leaving a cohort of 857 patients. The most common injury was simultaneous displaced anteroposterior walls (38.4 percent). Nasofrontal outflow tract injury constituted the majority (70.7 percent), with 67 percent having a diagnosis of obstruction. Of the 857 patients, 504 (58.8 percent) underwent surgery, with a 10.4 percent complication rate; and 353 were observed, with a 3.1 percent complication rate. All complications except one involved nasofrontal outflow tract injury (98.5 percent). Nasofrontal outflow tract injuries with obstruction were best managed by obliteration or cranialization (complication rates: 9 and 10 percent, respectively). Fat obliteration and osteoneogenesis had the highest complication rates (22 and 42.9 percent, respectively). The authors' treatment algorithm provides a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.8621. |
2 |
| 60. Nakahara K, Shimizu S, Utsuki S, et al. Linear fractures occult on skull radiographs: a pitfall at radiological screening for mild head injury. J Trauma. 2011;70(1):180-182. |
Observational-Dx |
278 patients |
To compare the visualization of atypical linear fractures that is not easily seen on routine skull radiographs with their detection on CT scans and alert to diagnostic pitfalls. |
Of the 278 patients aged between 2 months and 66 years, 8 (2.9%) manifested a linear fracture on CT scans that presented as a cross section of the fracture oblique to the direction of the x-rays. 4/8 developed acute epidural hematoma; 2 of these patients underwent craniotomy. |
4 |
| 61. Burlew CC, Biffl WL, Moore EE. Blunt cerebrovascular injuries in children: broadened screening guidelines are warranted. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2012;72:1120-1. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss blunt cerebrovascular injuries in children. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 62. Kerwin AJ, Bynoe RP, Murray J, et al. Liberalized screening for blunt carotid and vertebral artery injuries is justified. J Trauma 2001;51:308-14. |
Observational-Dx |
48 patients |
To:- determine the incidence of blunt carotid injuries and vertebral artery injuries (BCI/BVI) in our institution. - determine the incidence of abnormal four-vessel cerebral angiograms ordered for injuries and signs believed to be associated with BCI/BVI - determine whether the screening protocol developed was appropriate. |
Over the 18-month study period, 48 patients were angiographically screened, with 21 patients (44%) being identified as having a total of 19 BCIs and 10 BVIs. Nine patients had unilateral carotid artery injuries and three patients had bilateral carotid artery injuries. Vertebral artery injuries were unilateral in six patients. One patient had bilateral carotid artery injuries and a unilateral vertebral artery injury. One patient had a unilateral carotid artery injury and a unilateral vertebral artery injury, and one patient had a unilateral carotid artery injury and bilateral vertebral artery injuries. During the same study period, 2,331 trauma patients were admitted, with 1,941 (83%) secondary to blunt trauma. The overall incidence of BCI/BVI was 1.1%. The frequency of abnormal angiograms ordered for cerebrovascular accident or transient ischemic attack, massive epistaxis, or severe cervical spine fractures was 100%. The frequency of abnormal angiograms ordered for the other indications was as follows: fracture through foramen transversarium, 60%; unexplained mono- or hemiparesis, 44%; basilar skull fracture, 42%; unexplained neurologic examination, 38%; anisocoria, 33%; and severe facial fractures, 0%. |
2 |
| 63. Yang WG, Chen CT, de Villa GH, Lai JP, Chen YR. Blunt internal carotid artery injury associated with facial fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 2003;111:789-96. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review blunt internal carotid artery injury associated with facial fractures. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 64. Munera F, Cohn S, Rivas LA. Penetrating injuries of the neck: use of helical computed tomographic angiography. J Trauma 2005;58:413-8. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To evaluate the authors' current protocol for penetrating neck wounds and identifies indications for helical CT angiography. |
the authors believe HCTA can replace conventional angiography for the initial evaluation of stable patients with penetrating neck injuries. As compared with conventional angiography, CT angiography is less costly and faster, does not require assembly of an angiographic team for performance of the study, and has fewer potential complications. |
4 |
| 65. Stallmeyer MJ, Morales RE, Flanders AE. Imaging of traumatic neurovascular injury. Radiol Clin North Am 2006;44:13-39, vii. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To present a general approach to the patient with suspected neurovascular injury. This includes a discussion of the histopathologic spectrum, clinical presentation, mechanisms, radiologic work-up, pertinent issues of the most common lesions, and some of the endovascular techniques used in their management. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 66. Maung AA, Johnson DC, Barre K, et al. Cervical spine MRI in patients with negative CT: A prospective, multicenter study of the Research Consortium of New England Centers for Trauma (ReCONECT). J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 82(2):263-269, 2017 02. |
Observational-Dx |
767 patients |
To determine the rates of abnormal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) after a negative cervical spine Computed Tomography (CSCT) . |
A total of 767 patients had MRI because of cervicalgia (43.0%), inability to evaluate (44.1%), or both (9.4%). MRI was abnormal in 23.6% of all patients, including ligamentous injury (16.6%), soft tissue swelling (4.3%), vertebral disc injury (1.4%), and dural hematomas (1.3%). Rates of abnormal neurological signs or symptoms were not different among patients with normal versus abnormal MRI. (15.2 vs. 18.8%, p = 0.25). The c-collar was removed in 88.1% of patients with normal MRI and 13.3% of patients with an abnormal MRI. No patient required halo placement, but 11 patients underwent cervical spine surgery after the MRI results. Six of the eleven had neurological signs or symptoms. |
2 |
| 67. Nagpal P, Policeni BA, Bathla G, Khandelwal A, Derdeyn C, Skeete D. Blunt Cerebrovascular Injuries: Advances in Screening, Imaging, and Management Trends. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2017. |
Review/Other-Dx |
NA |
To review and compare these scales and criteria and the data supporting clinical efficacy and to make recommendations for future research in this area. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 68. Vertinsky AT, Schwartz NE, Fischbein NJ, Rosenberg J, Albers GW, Zaharchuk G. Comparison of multidetector CT angiography and MR imaging of cervical artery dissection. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(9):1753-1760. |
Observational-Dx |
18 patients |
To compare the ability of multidetector CT/CTA and MR imaging/MRA to detect common imaging findings of dissection. |
Eighteen patients with 25 dissected vessels (15 internal carotid arteries [ICA] and 10 vertebral arteries [VA]) met the inclusion criteria. CT/CTA identified more intimal flaps, pseudoaneurysms, and high-grade stenoses than MR imaging/MRA. CT/CTA was preferred for diagnosis in 13 vessels (5 ICA, 8 VA), whereas MR imaging/MRA was preferred in 1 vessel (ICA). The 2 techniques were deemed equal in the remaining 11 vessels (9 ICA, 2 VA). A significant preference for CT/CTA was noted for VA dissections (P < .05), but not for ICA dissections. |
2 |
| 69. Biffl WL, Ray CE Jr, Moore EE, Mestek M, Johnson JL, Burch JM. Noninvasive diagnosis of blunt cerebrovascular injuries: a preliminary report. J Trauma. 53(5):850-6, 2002 Nov. |
Observational-Dx |
46 patients |
To determine the accuracy of CTA and MRA in identifying blunt cerebrovascular injuries in asymptomatic patients. Studies evaluated in a blinded manner. |
CTA had sensitivity of 68%, specificity 67%, PPV 65%, NPV of 70%. CTA missed 55% of grade I injuries, 14% of grade II injuries, and 13% of grade III injuries. 16 patients had both MRA and arteriography. One (11%) had a false-negative MRA result, and 4 (57%) had false-positive MRA results (75% sensitivity, 67% specificity, 43% PPV, 89% NPV). Arteriography remains the gold standard but CTA should be used if not available for screening purposes. |
1 |
| 70. Paulus EM, Fabian TC, Savage SA, et al. Blunt cerebrovascular injury screening with 64-channel multidetector computed tomography: more slices finally cut it. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 76(2):279-83; discussion 284-5, 2014 Feb. |
Observational-Dx |
594 patients |
To determine the diagnostic accuracy of the 64-channel multidetector computed tomographic angiography (CTA) for trauma patients with blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI). |
A total of 594 patients met criteria for BCVI screening and underwent both CTA and Digital subtraction angiography (DSA). One hundred twenty-eight patients (22% of those screened) had 163 injured vessels: 99 (61%) carotid artery injuries and 64 (39%) vertebral artery injuries. Sixty-four-channel CTA demonstrated an overall sensitivity per vessel of 68% and specificity of 92%. The 52 false-negative findings on CTA were composed of 34 carotid artery injuries and 18 vertebral artery injuries; 32 (62%) were Grade I injuries. Overall, positive predictive value was 36.2%, and negative predictive value was 97.5%. Six procedure-related complications (1%) occurred with DSA, including two iatrogenic dissections and one stroke. |
3 |
| 71. Payabvash S, McKinney AM, McKinney ZJ, Palmer CS, Truwit CL. Screening and detection of blunt vertebral artery injury in patients with upper cervical fractures: the role of cervical CT and CT angiography. Eur J Radiol. 83(3):571-7, 2014 Mar. |
Observational-Dx |
210 patients |
To evaluate the clinical utility of nonenhanced CT (NECT)-based screening criteria and CTA in detection of blunt vertebral artery injury (BVAI) in trauma patients with C1 and/or C2 fractures. |
210 patients were included; of these, 124 underwent CTA (21/124 with digital subtraction angiography, DSA), and 2 underwent DSA only. Overall, 30/126 suffered BVAI. Among 21 patients who underwent both CTA and DSA, there was 1 false negative and 1 false positive (both grade 1). There was strong interobserver agreement regarding CTA-based BVAI detection (kappa=0.93, p<0.001) and grading (kappa=0.90, p<0001). Only 3/30 BVAI patients suffered a posterior circulation stroke; none of the patients who had a negative CTA or were not selected for CTA, based on NECT screening criteria, suffered symptomatic stroke. While C1/C2 comminuted fracture was more common in patients with high grade BVAI (p=0.039), simultaneous C3-C7 comminuted fracture increased the overall BVAI risk (p=0.011). |
3 |
| 72. Wang AC, Charters MA, Thawani JP, Than KD, Sullivan SE, Graziano GP. Evaluating the use and utility of noninvasive angiography in diagnosing traumatic blunt cerebrovascular injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 72(6):1601-10, 2012 Jun. |
Observational-Dx |
38 patients |
To explore the utility, effectiveness, and cost of noninvasive computed tomography angiography (CTA) and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) screening for blunt cerebrovascular injury (BCVI). |
Of reviewed patients, 196 received CTA or MRA. Thirty-eight patients (19.4%) were diagnosed with BCVI. Screening yield in patients symptomatic at presentation was 48.8%. Large-vessel internal carotid, vertebral, anterior spinal, and basilar artery occlusion were associated with a positive screen, as were concurrent stroke and spinal cord injury (p < 0.01). Of patients with injuries found with noninvasive imaging, 50.0% of BCVI involved C1-3 fracture, 34.2% involved subluxation, and 65.8% involved foramina transversaria. In both symptomatic and asymptomatic patients, CTA screening was more cost effective than Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) . |
3 |
| 73. Noyek AM, Kassel EE, Wortzman G, Jazrawy H, Greyson ND, Zizmor J. Contemporary radiologic evaluation in maxillofacial trauma. Otolaryngol Clin North Am 1983;16:473-508. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the contemporary radiologic evaluation in maxillofacial trauma. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 74. Leipziger LS, Manson PN. Nasoethmoid orbital fractures. Current concepts and management principles. Clin Plast Surg 1992;19:167-93. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the current steps and management principles nasoethmoid orbital fractures. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 75. Garg RK, Hartman MJ, Lucarelli MJ, Leverson G, Afifi AM, Gentry LR. Nasolacrimal System Fractures: A Description of Radiologic Findings and Associated Outcomes. Ann Plast Surg. 75(4):407-13, 2015 Oct. |
Observational-Dx |
104 patients |
To describe radiologic findings and associated outcomes. |
We identified 104 patients with NLS fractures among 1980 patients with craniofacial trauma who had at least 1 year of follow-up. Eleven patients (10.6%) developed epiphora or dacryocystitis, and 2 patients (1.9%) required dacryocystorhinostomy (DCR). Ten radiographic injury patterns were characterized. Avulsion of the lacrimal crest, bone fragment in the lacrimal sac fossa or duct, duct compression greater than 50%, and nasomaxillary buttress displacement were significantly associated with the development of epiphora or dacryocystitis (P < 0.05). Nasomaxillary buttress displacement was significantly associated with the eventual need for DCR (P = 0.03). |
2 |
| 76. Kelamis JA, Mundinger GS, Feiner JM, Dorafshar AH, Manson PN, Rodriguez ED. Isolated bilateral zygomatic arch fractures of the facial skeleton are associated with skull base fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg. 128(4):962-70, 2011 Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review a large trauma database to determine whether this fracture pattern exists and, if so, to elucidate the mechanism of injury and associated concomitant injuries. |
Five patients (0.24 percent of all zygoma fractures, 3.18 percent of bilateral zygoma fractures) were found to have isolated bilateral zygomatic arch fractures. All five patients had evidence of skull impact with at least one skull fracture and one skull base fracture. Glasgow Coma Scale scores (range, 6 to 14; average, 8.2) were significantly lower (t test, two-sided, p=0.01) compared with all patients (average, 12.2) with facial trauma during the study period. |
4 |
| 77. Pathria MN, Blaser SI. Diagnostic imaging of craniofacial fractures. Radiol Clin North Am 1989;27:839-53. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To reviews common fractures involving the facial skeleton and describes their typical radiographic appearance. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 78. Markowitz BL, Manson PN, Sargent L, et al. Management of the medial canthal tendon in nasoethmoid orbital fractures: the importance of the central fragment in classification and treatment. Plast Reconstr Surg 1991;87:843-53. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the the importance of the central fragment in classification and treatment. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 79. Kochhar A, Byrne PJ. Surgical management of complex midfacial fractures. [Review]. Otolaryngol Clin North Am. 46(5):759-78, 2013 Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To presents an overview of surgical management for complex midfacial fractures for the practicing otolaryngologist-head and neck surgeon. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 80. Mast G, Ehrenfeld M, Cornelius CP, Litschel R, Tasman AJ. Maxillofacial Fractures: Midface and Internal Orbit-Part I: Classification and Assessment. [Review]. Facial Plast Surg. 31(4):351-6, 2015 Aug. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe the anatomy and the current classification systems in use, the related clinical symptoms, and the essential diagnostic measures to obtain precise information about the injury pattern. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 81. Chawla H, Malhotra R, Yadav RK, Griwan MS, Paliwal PK, Aggarwal AD. Diagnostic Utility of Conventional Radiography in Head Injury. J Clin Diagn Res 2015;9:TC13-5. |
Observational-Dx |
42 patients |
To determine the accuracy of X-ray in detecting skull fractures, comparing the same with autopsy and CT evaluation. |
When compared with autopsy, X-ray missed 19.1% of fractures while 11.9% fractures missed in contrast to CT scan. |
2 |
| 82. Bromberg WJ, Collier BC, Diebel LN, et al. Blunt cerebrovascular injury practice management guidelines: the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma. J Trauma. 68(2):471-7, 2010 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
68 articles |
EBM guideline for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of BCVI by the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma organization Practice Management Guidelines committee. |
The East Practice Management Guidelines Committee suggests guidelines that should be safe and efficacious for the screening, diagnosis, and treatment of BCVI. Risk factors for screening are identified, screening modalities are reviewed indicating that although angiography remains the gold standard, multi-planar (=8 slice) CTA may be equivalent, and treatment algorithms are evaluated. It is noted that change in the diagnosis and management of this injury constellation is rapid due to technological advancement and the difficulties inherent in performing randomized prospective trials in this patient population. |
4 |
| 83. Epstein JB, Klasser GD, Kolbinson DA, Mehta SA, Johnson BR. Orofacial injuries due to trauma following motor vehicle collisions: part 1. Traumatic dental injuries. [Review]. J Can Dent Assoc. 76:a171, 2010. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To focus on orofacial injury and dental complaints following motor vehicle collisions, while part 2 focuses on temporomandibular symptoms. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 84. Ellis E, 3rd, Scott K. Assessment of patients with facial fractures. Emerg Med Clin North Am 2000;18:411-48, vi. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To assess patients with fractures of the facial skeleton and to make appropriate referrals are provided. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 85. Lee MH, Cha JG, Hong HS, et al. Comparison of high-resolution ultrasonography and computed tomography in the diagnosis of nasal fractures. J Ultrasound Med 2009;28:717-23. |
Observational-Dx |
140 patients |
To compare the value of high-resolution ultrasonography (HRUS) and computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of nasal fractures. |
The accuracy rates for HRUS, CT, and conventional radiography in detecting nasal fractures were 100%, 92.1%, and 78.6%, respectively. Compared with HRUS, CT revealed only 196 of 233 lateral nasal bone fractures; its accuracy was 80%. In high-grade fractures, the accuracy of CT was 87%, but it decreased to 68% in low-grade fractures. |
2 |
| 86. Hong HS, Cha JG, Paik SH, et al. High-resolution sonography for nasal fracture in children. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2007;188:W86-92. |
Review/Other-Dx |
26 patients |
To evaluate the diagnostic value of sonography as compared with conventional radiography and clinical findings to determine whether sonography can be a primary technique for evaluating nasal fracture in children. |
Conventional radiographs depicted 14 (54%) of 26 fractures. Sonographic scans were able to show all the fracture lines. One case was diagnosed as an old nasal fracture on the basis of a physical examination, even though a visible fracture line was seen on sonography. The sonographic findings of nasal fracture were disruption of the bone continuity with or without separation of the fractured segment (7/26), displacement of the bone segment as being depressed or overriding (20/26), associated septal deviation (7/26), and separation of the pyriform aperture of the maxilla and nasal bone (2/26). The associated findings were soft-tissue edema and hypoechoic hematoma near the fracture lines in 25 cases. The fractures involved both sides of the nasal bones in 11 of 26 cases, the midline part of the bones in six of 26 cases, and the unilateral paramedian or lateral part of the bones in 12 of 26 cases. Among the 10 CT scans, one CT scan did not depict the fracture, showing only soft-tissue swelling, and one scan showed fractures of the orbital floor and maxilla. |
4 |
| 87. Hirai T, Manders EK, Nagamoto K, Saggers GC. Ultrasonic observation of facial bone fractures: report of cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1996;54:776-9; discussion 79-80. |
Review/Other-Dx |
5 patients |
To discuss the report cases of the ultrasonic observation of facial bone fracture. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 88. Friedrich RE, Heiland M, Bartel-Friedrich S. Potentials of ultrasound in the diagnosis of midfacial fractures*. Clin Oral Investig 2003;7:226-9. |
Observational-Dx |
91 patients |
To evaluate the application and limitation of ultrasound in the diagnosis of midfacial fractures. |
Eighty-one patients with radiologically proved fractures of the facial skeleton were included in this study. Examinations were performed using a 7.5-MHz small-part applicator. Another ten patients without facial fractures served as controls with normal sonoanatomical findings. The most important deficiency of ultrasound in the diagnosis of midfacial fractures is the difficult detection of non-dislocated fractures. According to our own experiences, the application of ultrasound in midfacial fractures is most useful for visualization of the zygomatic arch and the anterior wall of the frontal sinus, with immediate imaging after closed reduction avoiding radiation exposure. Moreover, it is restricted to fractures of the orbital margin and nasal bone. If ultrasound is performed as the first imaging modality in cases of suspected facial fractures by an experienced investigator, the visualization of fracture lines can avoid conventional imaging, so that only an indicated CT scan can be added. In doubtful cases, an individual combination of conventional radiographs would be the next step. By this, an overall reduction of radiation exposure seems possible. |
2 |
| 89. Lou YT, Lin HL, Lee SS, et al. Conductor-assisted nasal sonography: an innovative technique for rapid and accurate detection of nasal bone fracture. J Trauma Acute Care Surg. 72(1):306-11, 2012 Jan. |
Observational-Dx |
71 females |
To investigate the role of conductor-assisted nasal sonography (CANS) in patients with nasal trauma. |
Of these patients (52 males and 19 females; mean age, 40 years ± 19.8 years), 52 of 71 were diagnosed with nasal fractures by facial CT scans. No demographic difference was found in fracture and nonfracture groups. In addition to nasal sonography and facial CT scan, 23 patients also received nasal X-ray examination, 17 experienced skull X-rays, and 12 underwent Waters' view survey. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of nasal X-ray were 89%, 25%, 85%, and 33%, respectively. The skull X-ray showed a poor sensitivity of 50%, with 100% specificity, 100% PPV, and 30% NPV. The Waters' view survey gave the worst sensitivity of 13% and a high specificity of 100%, with a PPV of 100% and a NPV of 36%. CANS proved to be the most reliable in detection of nasal fracture, with 100% sensitivity and 89% specificity, 96% PPV, and 100% NPV. |
2 |
| 90. Nemati S, Jandaghi AB, Banan R, Aghajanpour M, Kazemnezhad E. Ultrasonography findings in nasal bone fracture; 6-month follow-up: can we estimate time of trauma?. European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 272(4):873-876, 2015 Apr. |
Observational-Dx |
45 patients |
To demonstrate the value of high-resolution ultrasonography (HRUS) in determining the time of nasal bone fracture. |
A longitudinal, descriptive-analytic study was done on 45 patients with a clinical manifestation of acute unilateral nasal bone fracture. After a thorough rhinologic physical examination, HRUS was performed by an expert consultant who was blinded to the clinical data of the patients. All patients were followed-up for 6 months: in the first 5 days, 3rd, 6th, 12th and 24th weeks after the trauma. In each session, the ultrasonographic findings were recorded. Thirty-six cases (mean age, 27 years) completed the study course successfully. On HRUS, subperiosteal hematoma, with a mean thickness of 1.14 mm (0.79-1.31 mm) was highly sensitive (100 %) for the diagnosis of nasal bone fracture during the first few days after the trauma, but it was present in 13 cases in the 6th week, with a mean thickness of 0.71 mm (0.62-0.80 mm), and disappeared in all patients in the 24th week, with a mean thickness of 0.47 mm (almost equal to the non-traumatic side). According to the changes of subperiosteal reaction on the traumatic side and by means of generalized linear model and generalized estimating equations, we proposed an equation to estimate the time of nasal bone trauma. In conclusion, HRUS is a reliable diagnostic tool for estimating the time of nasal bone fracture. |
2 |
| 91. Becker OJ. Nasal fractures; an analysis of 100 cases. Arch Otolaryngol 1948;48:344-61. |
Observational-Dx |
100 patients |
To discuss the analyses of nasal fracture cases. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
2 |
| 92. Clayton MI, Lesser TH. The role of radiography in the management of nasal fractures. J Laryngol Otol 1986;100:797-801. |
Observational-Dx |
54 patients |
To discuss the role of radiography in the management of nasal fractures. |
Radiographs were not found to be useful in the routine management of nasal fractures. |
2 |
| 93. Hwang K, You SH, Kim SG, Lee SI. Analysis of nasal bone fractures; a six-year study of 503 patients. J Craniofac Surg 2006;17:261-4. |
Review/Other-Dx |
503 patients |
To classify the nasal bone fractures based on computed tomography (CT) analysis and patterns of the nasal bone fractures, and review 503 cases treated between 1998-2004 at the Department of Plastic Surgery, Inha University Hospital, Incheon, South Korea. |
The age, sex, etiology, associated injuries, pattern of fractures and treatments were reviewed and a radiographic study was analyzed. Plain simple radiographs of lateral and Waters view of the nasal bones combined with computed tomography scans were done. Nasal bone fractures were classified into six types: Type I) Simple without displacement; Type II) Simple with displacement/without telescoping; IIA; Unilateral; IIAs) Unilateral with septal fracture; IIB) Bilateral; IIBs) Bilateral with septal fracture; Type III) Comminuted with telescoping or depression. Diagnosis of nasal bone fractures were made positively by plain x-ray films in 82% of cases, negative finding was 9.5% and 8.5% of cases were suspicious of the fractures. Reliability of the plain film radiographs of the nasal bone fracture was 82% in this study. In the most of the fractured nasal bones (93%) the closed reduction was done, open reduction in 4% and no surgical intervention in 3%. Nasal reduction was carried out in average 6.5 days post the injury. The patterns of the nasal bones fractures classified by CT findings were type IIA (182 cases, 36%), IIBs (105 cases, 21%), IIB (90 cases, 18%), IIAs (66 cases, 13%), I (39 cases, 8%) and III (21 cases, 4.3%). We think the CT is necessary for diagnosing nasal bone fracture because the reliability of the plain film was only 82%. |
4 |
| 94. Logan M, O'Driscoll K, Masterson J. The utility of nasal bone radiographs in nasal trauma. Clin Radiol 1994;49:192-4. |
Observational-Dx |
100 patients |
To assess the value of nasal bone radiographs taken in the accident and emergency department. |
The study population consisted of 100 consecutive patients who had nasal bone radiographs in our accident and emergency (A&E) department following trauma. We looked at the casualty officers', radiologists' and ENT surgeons' assessment of the cases. Thirty months later we reviewed the patients' notes to identify the number who sought medico-legal reports on their injury in that interval. We found sporting injuries to be the commonest mechanism of injury, followed closely by accidental falls. The remaining third was made up predominantly of cases of personal assault and road traffic accidents. Only two patients had a naso-pharyngeal history recorded on their visit to A&E. Thirty-five patients were referred to ENT out-patients, only 24 kept their appointment. Thirty-one of the 35 ENT referrals were felt to have a fracture demonstrated on their radiographs. However, 19 of those discharged were also thought to have an X-ray-proven fracture. Thirty months later only two patients had requested a medico-legal report. We demonstrate that the decisions regarding treatment of nasal trauma are based on clinical findings and that nasal bone radiography has no place in the decision making process and should therefore be abandoned. |
2 |
| 95. Rhee SC, Kim YK, Cha JH, Kang SR, Park HS. Septal fracture in simple nasal bone fracture. Plast Reconstr Surg 2004;113:45-52. |
Review/Other-Dx |
52 patients |
To assess the patterns of septal fractures in simple nasal bone fractures. |
This study confirms that there are differences between radiologic findings and perioperative findings. To reduce the incidence of posttraumatic nasal deformity, meticulous physical examinations with subsequent septoplasty or submucosal resection are needed in the treatment of simple nasal bone fracture. |
4 |
| 96. Lee K. Global trends in maxillofacial fractures. Craniomaxillofac Trauma Reconstr 2012;5:213-22. |
Review/Other-Dx |
2563 patients |
To identify changes in maxillofacial fractures over time. |
A total of 2563 patients presented during the study period, 1158 patients in the first half and 1404 patients in the second half. Male-to-female ratio was 4:1 in both periods and males in 16- to 30-year group accounted for about half of all patients. Interpersonal violence was the most common cause of injuries, and there was a decrease in injuries caused by motor vehicle accidents. Approximately half of all patients required hospitalization and surgery, and the most common method of treatment was open reduction and internal fixation. |
4 |
| 97. Fridrich KL, Pena-Velasco G, Olson RA. Changing trends with mandibular fractures: a review of 1,067 cases. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1992;50:586-9. |
Review/Other-Dx |
1,067 patients |
To evaluate current trends in facial trauma, records from 1,067 patients sustaining 1,515 mandibular fractures from 1979 to 1989 were reviewed. |
The greatest number of fractures occurred between the ages of 20 to 29 years. Sex distribution was approximately three males to one female. Altercations were found to have caused about half of the fractures, and motor vehicle accidents accounted for nearly one-third. Angle fractures were most common, constituting 26.7% of the total. The most common site of mandibular fracture resulting from altercation was the angle (39.1%); condylar, symphysis, and alveolar fractures less commonly resulted from altercations than from motorcycle and automobile accidents. |
4 |
| 98. Hammond D, Welbury R, Sammons G, Toman E, Harland M, Rice S. How do oral and maxillofacial surgeons manage concussion?. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 56(2):134-138, 2018 02. |
Review/Other-Dx |
500 patients |
To identify how oral and maxillofacial surgeons manage concussion. |
We reviewed the records of 500 consecutive patients who presented with facial fractures at the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, Birmingham, to identify whether patients had been screened for concussion, and how they had been managed. Of the 500 cases 186 (37%) had concussion, and 174 (35%) had a more severe traumatic brain injury. The maxillofacial team documented loss of consciousness in 314 (63%) and pupillary reactions in 215 (43%). Ninety-three (19%) were referred for a neurosurgical opinion, although most of these were patients who presented with a Glasgow coma scale (GCS) of =13. Only 37 patients (7%) were referred to the traumatic brain injury clinic. Recent reports have indicated that 15% of all patients diagnosed with concussion have symptoms that persist for longer than two weeks. These can have far-reaching effects on recovery, and have an appreciable effect on the psychosocial aspects of the patients' lives. As we have found, over one third of patients with craniofacial trauma are concussed. We think, therefore, that all patients who have been referred to OMFS with craniofacial trauma should be screened for concussion on admission, and at the OMFS follow up clinic. In addition, there should be an agreement between consultants that such patients should be referred to the traumatic brain injury clinic for follow up. |
4 |
| 99. Roth FS, Kokoska MS, Awwad EE, et al. The identification of mandible fractures by helical computed tomography and panorex tomography. J Craniofac Surg 2005;16:394-9. |
Observational-Dx |
N/A |
To to compare the sensitivity, physician interpretation error, and interphysician agreement of HCT and PT in the identification of mandible fractures. |
In 1989, a faster, higher-resolution spiral or helical CT (HCT) became widely available, and its efficacy in multiplanar evaluation and diagnosis of fractures of the upper two thirds of the face has been well established. The sensitivity of this new-generation HCT in comparison to PT in the detection of mandible fractures has not been determined. The purpose of this study was to compare the sensitivity, physician interpretation error, and interphysician agreement of HCT and PT in the identification of mandible fractures. The number and anatomical location of mandible fractures identified by HCT and PT was not significantly different. However, the number and location of 96% of fractures identified by HCT was agreed on by neuroradiologists compared with only 91% of fractures identified by PT. Furthermore, the interphysician agreement when no fracture was identified was 96% by HCT versus only 81% by PT. In conclusion, HCT has enhanced imaging quality, equivalent sensitivity in identification of fractures, decreased interpretation error, and greater interphysician agreement in the identification of mandible fractures. HCT has surpassed PT as the current gold standard for the radiographic evaluation and diagnosis of mandible fractures. |
2 |
| 100. Wilson IF, Lokeh A, Benjamin CI, et al. Prospective comparison of panoramic tomography (zonography) and helical computed tomography in the diagnosis and operative management of mandibular fractures. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;107:1369-75. |
Observational-Dx |
42 patients |
To compare the sensitivity of panoramic tomography (zonography) and helical computed tomography (CT) in diagnosing 73 mandibular fractures in 42 consecutive patients and correlated the results with known surgical findings |
The purpose of the study was to determine the optimal radiologic examination for the diagnosis and operative management of mandibular fractures. The attending surgeons' interpretations of panoramic tomograms and helical CT images in the axial plane were compared with the patients' known surgical findings. A series of questions assessed the relative contribution of these two radiologic examinations in formulating an optimal operative plan for each patient. In the 42 patients studied, the sensitivity of helical CT was 100 percent in diagnosing mandibular fractures; this compared with 86 percent (36 of 42) for panoramic tomography, in which significantly more fractures were missed (p = 0.0412). In the six patients with fractures not visualized, the operative management was altered because of the new fracture visualized on helical CT. Of the seven missed fractures, six were in the posterior portion of the mandible. Comparing fracture detection by region, seven fractures found on helical CT were not visualized on panoramic tomography. Helical CT improved the understanding of the nature of mandibular fractures by providing additional information regarding fracture displacement and comminution and by locating injuries missed using panoramic tomography. This study suggests that helical CT alone may be more diagnostic than panoramic tomography alone in evaluating mandibular fractures. Helical CT sufficiently demonstrated details of fractures in 41 of 42 patients; in one patient, the nature of a dental root fracture was better delineated by panoramic tomography. |
2 |
| 101. Viozzi CF.. Maxillofacial and Mandibular Fractures in Sports. [Review]. Clin Sports Med. 36(2):355-368, 2017 Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss maxillofacial and mandibular Fractures in Sports. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 102. Scarfe WC. Imaging of maxillofacial trauma: evolutions and emerging revolutions. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol Endod 2005;100:S75-96. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide additional information that can positively influence medical or surgical patient management |
No results state din the abstract. |
4 |
| 103. Wilson IF, Lokeh A, Benjamin CI, et al. Contribution of conventional axial computed tomography (nonhelical), in conjunction with panoramic tomography (zonography), in evaluating mandibular fractures. Ann Plast Surg 2000;45:415-21. |
Review/Other-Dx |
39 patients |
To determine whether assessing whether axial CT (nonhelical) could now provide additional clinically useful information and enhance our understanding of mandibular fractures, beyond that obtained from panoramic tomography alone. |
In their study, 5 staff surgeons initially evaluated the panoramic tomograms and then the CT scans of 39 patients with 66 fractures. A series of four questions assessed the relative contribution of these two radiological exams in formulating an optimal operative plan for each patient. The authors found that axial CT provided supplementary information regarding missed fractures, comminution, and the exact size and degree of displacement of fracture fragments. This additional data could have changed the operative plan in a substantial proportion of patients (17 of 39). Axial CT demonstrated two missed parasymphyseal fractures (2 of 39 patients) that were not seen on these patients' panoramic tomograms. Axial CT also revealed undiscovered comminution or demonstrated fracture displacement more precisely in 39% of patients (15 of 39) and 24% of fractures (16 of 66). This study demonstrates that axial CT was clinically useful as an additional investigation to panoramic tomography. Axial CT helped elucidate further the nature of suspected mandibular fractures. |
4 |
| 104. Gerhard S, Ennemoser T, Rudisch A, Emshoff R. Condylar injury: magnetic resonance imaging findings of temporomandibular joint soft-tissue changes. Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;36:214-8. |
Observational-Dx |
19 patients |
To investigate whether MRI findings of disc displacement, capsular tear and haemarthrosis are linked to the degree of condylar injury. |
Nineteen patients were assigned a diagnosis of uni- or bilateral condylar fracture (n=17), or condylar contusion with a uni- or bilateral diagnosis of TMJ sprain/strain (n=2). Condylar injuries were classified as grade I (absence of condylar fracture), grade II (type I, II or III condylar fracture), and grade III (type IV, V or VI condylar fracture). Bilateral sagittal and coronal MR images were obtained immediately after injury to establish the presence or absence of disc displacement, haemarthrosis and capsular tear. The data revealed a significant relationship between the degree of condylar injury and the MRI findings of capsular tear (P=0.000) and haemarthrosis (P=0.000), and between the MRI diagnoses of capsular tear and haemarthrosis (P=0.000). There was good diagnostic agreement between the presence of grade III condylar injury and the MRI diagnoses of capsular tear (K=0.62) and haemarthrosis (K=0.60). The results suggest that degree of condylar injury is related to MRI findings of capsular tear and haemarthrosis, and that MRI to supplement diagnosis of grade III condylar injury is warranted. |
2 |
| 105. Emshoff R, Rudisch A, Ennemoser T, Gerhard S. Magnetic resonance imaging findings of temporomandibular joint soft tissue changes in type V and VI condylar injuries. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2007;65:1550-4. |
Observational-Dx |
11 patients |
To describe the incidence of acute temporomandibular joint (TMJ) soft tissue lesions associated with the occurrence of type V (high condylar fractures with dislocation) and type VI condylar fractures (condylar head fractures). |
There was 1 condylar fracture site showing signs of disc disruption (16.7%). Tears in the capsule and retrodiscal tissue were found with an incidence of 77% and 71%, respectively, while the incidence of hemarthrosis accounted for 100%. MR imaging failed to show any signs of soft tissue lesions for condylar nonfracture sites. |
2 |
| 106. Chayra GA, Meador LR, Laskin DM. Comparison of panoramic and standard radiographs for the diagnosis of mandibular fractures. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1986;44:677-9. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To compare the panoramic radiograph with the standard hospital mandibular series for the diagnosis of mandibular fractures. |
It was therefore concluded that the panoramic view is superior to the standard hospital series for the diagnosis of mandibular fractures. |
4 |
| 107. Yamaoka M, Furusawa K, Iguchi K, Tanaka M, Okuda D. The assessment of fracture of the mandibular condyle by use of computerized tomography. Incidence of sagittal split fracture. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1994;32:77-9. |
Review/Other-Dx |
33 patients |
To clarify the incidence of sagittal splitting fracture of the mandibular condyle using computerized tomography. |
There were 33 patients, between 11 and 67 years of age, with displaced or dislocated mandibular condylar process fractures (41 cases), seen at our clinic between 1986 and 1992. The incidence of no displacement was 4.9%; deviation and displacement, 34.1%; dislocation, 46.3%; and complete avulsion, 4.9%. A sagittal splitting fracture of condyle occurred with an incidence of 9.8%. Conservative treatment was effective in the treatment of sagittal splitting fracture. Therefore, classification of fracture of mandibular condyle should include the sagittal split fracture, and investigations should include computerized tomography. |
4 |
| 108. Raustia AM, Pyhtinen J, Oikarinen KS, Altonen M. Conventional radiographic and computed tomographic findings in cases of fracture of the mandibular condylar process. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1990;48:1258-62; discussion 63-4. |
Review/Other-Dx |
40 patients |
To discuss conventional radiographic and computed tomographic findings in cases of fracture of the mandibular condylar process |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 109. Escott EJ, Branstetter BF. Incidence and characterization of unifocal mandible fractures on CT. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2008;29:890-4. |
Observational-Dx |
102 patients |
To determine the incidence of unifocal mandible fractures on the basis of detection with dedicated facial bone CT scans and to characterize these fractures. |
One hundred two patients met the inclusion criteria. The incidence of unifocal mandible fractures was 42% (43/102). Three unifocal fracture patterns identified were the following: simple fractures (25/42, 58%), comminuted fractures (11/42, 26%), and fractures associated with condylar subluxations (7/42, 16%). Most fractures had none to mild displacement or distraction. |
2 |
| 110. Braasch DC, Abubaker AO. Management of mandibular angle fracture. [Review]. Oral maxillofac. surg. clin. North Am.. 25(4):591-600, 2013 Nov. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provides an overview of the special anatomic and biomechanical features of the mandibular angle and their impact on the management of these fractures. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 111. Shankar DP, Manodh P, Devadoss P, Thomas TK. Mandibular fracture scoring system: for prediction of complications. Oral Maxillofac Surg. 16(4):355-60, 2012 Dec. |
Review/Other-Dx |
116 patients |
To evaluate the suitability of the proposed scoring system, a prospective study on a series of 116 patients was performed. |
A good correlation between the proposed scoring system and the incidence of complications was detected. |
4 |
| 112. Schneidereit NP, Simons R, Nicolaou S, et al. Utility of screening for blunt vascular neck injuries with computed tomographic angiography. Journal of Trauma-Injury Infection & Critical Care. 60(1):209-15; discussion 215-6, 2006 Jan. |
Observational-Dx |
1,313 patients |
To prospectively study the impact of implementing a computed tomographic angiography (CTA)-based screening protocol on the detected incidence and associated morbidity and mortality of blunt vascular neck injury (BVNI). |
A total of 1,313 blunt trauma patients were evaluated. One hundred seventy screening CTAs were performed, of which 33 disclosed abnormalities. Twenty-three were evaluated angiographically, of which 15 were considered to have significant BVNIs, as were 4 of the 10 patients with abnormal CTAs and no angiogram. The incidence of angiographically proven BVNIs in our series was 1.1%. If four patients who were treated for BVNIs based on CTA alone are included, the incidence rises to 1.4%. This is significantly higher than the 0.17% incidence before screening (p < 0.001). In addition, the delayed stroke rate and injury-specific mortality fell significantly from 67% to 0% (p < 0.001) and 38% to 0% (p = 0.002), respectively. Overall mortality also fell significantly, from 38% to 10.5% (p = 0.049). Univariate logistic regression identified the presence of cervical spine injury as a significant predictor of BVNI (p < 0.001). |
2 |
| 113. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction. Available at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Appropriateness-Criteria/RadiationDoseAssessmentIntro.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide evidence-based guidelines on exposure of patients to ionizing radiation. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
