| 1. Salehi S, Suri K, Najafi MH, et al. Computed Tomography Angiographic Features of Anomalous Origination of the Coronary Arteries in Adult Patients: A Literature Review and Coronary Computed Tomography Angiographic Illustrations. [Review]. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 51(2):204-216, 2022 Mar-Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review rare origination anomalies of coronary arteries and illustrate their characteristics through computed tomography images. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 2. Eckart RE, Scoville SL, Campbell CL, et al. Sudden death in young adults: a 25-year review of autopsies in military recruits. Ann Intern Med 2004;141:829-34. |
Review/Other-Dx |
126 patients |
To determine the causes of nontraumatic sudden death among a cohort of military recruits. |
Of 126 nontraumatic sudden deaths (rate, 13.0/100,000 recruit-years), 108 (86%) were related to exercise. The most common cause of sudden death was an identifiable cardiac abnormality (64 of 126 recruits [51%]); however, a substantial number of deaths remained unexplained (44 of 126 recruits [35%]). The predominant structural cardiac abnormalities were coronary artery abnormalities (39 of 64 recruits [61%]), myocarditis (13 of 64 recruits [20%]), and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (8 of 64 recruits [13%]). An anomalous coronary artery accounted for one third (21 of 64 recruits) of the cases in this cohort, and, in each, the left coronary artery arose from the right (anterior) sinus of Valsalva, coursing between the pulmonary artery and aorta. |
4 |
| 3. Maron BJ, Doerer JJ, Haas TS, Tierney DM, Mueller FO. Sudden deaths in young competitive athletes: analysis of 1866 deaths in the United States, 1980-2006. Circulation 2009;119:1085-92. |
Review/Other-Dx |
1,866 patients |
To report the analysis of a large registry spanning 27 years, with a primary focus on the number of sudden deaths occurring in young US athletes. |
To estimate the absolute number of sudden deaths in US competitive athletes, we have assembled a large registry over a 27-year period using systematic identification and tracking strategies. A total of 1866 athletes who died suddenly (or survived cardiac arrest), 19+/-6 years of age, were identified throughout the United States from 1980 to 2006 in 38 diverse sports. Reports were less common during 1980 to 1993 (576 [31%]) than during 1994 to 2006 (1290 [69%], P<0.001) and increased at a rate of 6% per year. Sudden deaths were predominantly due to cardiovascular disease (1049 [56%]), but causes also included blunt trauma that caused structural damage (416 [22%]), commotio cordis (65 [3%]), and heat stroke (46 [2%]). Among the 1049 cardiovascular deaths, the highest number of events in a single year was 76 (2005 and 2006), with an average of 66 deaths per year (range 50 to 76) over the last 6 years; 29% occurred in blacks, 54% in high school students, and 82% with physical exertion during competition/training, whereas only 11% occurred in females (although this increased with time; P=0.023). The most common cardiovascular causes were hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (36%) and congenital coronary artery anomalies (17%). |
4 |
| 4. Batlle JC, Kirsch J, Bolen MA, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Chest Pain-Possible Acute Coronary Syndrome. J Am Coll Radiol 2020;17:S55-S69. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for chest pain-possible acute coronary syndrome. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 5. Litmanovich D, Hurwitz Koweek LM, Ghoshhajra BB, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Chronic Chest Pain-High Probability of Coronary Artery Disease: 2021 Update. J Am Coll Radiol 2022;19:S1-S18. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for chronic chest pain-high probability of coronary artery disease. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 6. Shah AB, Kirsch J, Bolen MA, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Chronic Chest Pain-Noncardiac Etiology Unlikely-Low to Intermediate Probability of Coronary Artery Disease. J Am Coll Radiol 2018;15:S283-S90. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for chronic chest pain, noncardiac etiology unlikely, low to intermediate probability of coronary artery disease. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 7. Krishnamurthy R, Suman G, Chan SS, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Congenital or Acquired Heart Disease. J Am Coll Radiol 2023;20:S351-S81. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for congenital or acquired heart disease. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 8. Yamanaka O, Hobbs RE. Coronary artery anomalies in 126,595 patients undergoing coronary arteriography. Cathet Cardiovasc Diagn 1990;21:28-40. |
Review/Other-Dx |
1,686 patients |
To define the anatomical patterns, frequency of occurrence, and clinical significant of coronary artery anomalies in patients studied angiographically. |
Of the 1,686 patients, 1,461 (87%) had anomalies of origin and distribution, and 225 (13%) had coronary artery fistulae. Most coronary anomalies did not result in signs, symptoms, or complications, and usually were discovered as incidental findings at the time of catheterization. Eighty-one percent were "benign" anomalies: 1) separate origin of the left anterior descending and circumflex from the left sinus of Valsalva; 2) ectopic origin of the circumflex from the right sinus of Valsalva; 3) ectopic coronary origin from the posterior sinus of Valsalva; 4) anomalous coronary origin from the ascending aorta; 5) absent circumflex; 6) intercoronary communications; and 7) small coronary artery fistulae. Other anomalies may be associated with potentially serious sequelae such as angina pectoris, myocardial infarction, syncope, cardiac arrhythmias, congestive heart failure, or sudden death. Potentially serious anomalies include: 1) ectopic coronary origin from the pulmonary artery; 2) ectopic coronary origin from the opposite aortic sinus; 3) single coronary artery; and 4) large coronary fistulae. Coronary artery anomalies require accurate recognition, and at times, surgical correction. |
4 |
| 9. Ghadri JR, Kazakauskaite E, Braunschweig S, et al. Congenital coronary anomalies detected by coronary computed tomography compared to invasive coronary angiography. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 14:81, 2014 Jul 08. |
Observational-Dx |
138 (CCTA patients), 203 (ICA patients) |
To evaluate the incidence, clinical and morphological features of the anatomy of patients with coronary anomalies detected either by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) with prospective ECG-triggering or invasive coronary angiography (ICA). |
The prevalence of coronary anomalies was 7.9% (n = 138) in CCTA and 2.1% in ICA (n = 203; p < 0.01). The most commonly coronary anomaly detected by CCTA was myocardial bridging 42.8% (n = 59) vs. 21.2% (n = 43); p < 0.01, while with ICA an absent left main trunk was the most observed anomaly 36.0% (n = 73; p < 0.01). In 9.4% (n = 13) of identified coronary anomalies in CCTA 9.4% were potentially serious coronary anaomalies, defined as a course of the coronary artery between aorta and pulmonary artery were identified. |
3 |
| 10. Akpinar I, Sayin MR, Karabag T, et al. Differences in sex, angiographic frequency, and parameters in patients with coronary artery anomalies: single-center screening of 25 368 patients by coronary angiography. Coron Artery Dis. 24(4):266-71, 2013 Jun. |
Review/Other-Dx |
238 cases with coronary anomalies |
To compare several angiographic parameters (fluoroscopy time, number of images, and catheters used) in addition to frequency and sex data. |
The angiographic frequency of coronary artery anomalies was 0.94%. The most common coronary anomaly was a left anterior descending-circumflex artery originating from separate ostia (0.29%). The second most common anomaly was a right coronary artery (RCA) originating from the left sinus of Valsalva (sV) (0.23%). Overall, coronary artery anomalies (1.28 vs. 0.80%; P<0.001) and a left anterior descending-circumflex artery originating from separate ostia (41.3 vs. 25.3%, P=0.010) were more frequent in women than in men. The percentage of patients requiring more than two catheters during the procedure was significantly higher for an RCA originating from the left sV (45.7 vs. 16.7%, P<0.001) and in hypertensive patients (85.7 vs. 70.8%, P=0.015). On comparing the three most common coronary anomalies, an anomalous RCA originating from the left sV had a significantly higher value for at least one angiographic parameter. |
4 |
| 11. Shinbane JS, Shriki J, Fleischman F, et al. Anomalous coronary arteries: cardiovascular computed tomographic angiography for surgical decisions and planning. World J Pediatr Congenit Heart Surg. 4(2):142-54, 2013 Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the importance of cardiovascular computed tomographic angiography (CCTA) which provides an understanding of the three-dimensional (3D) coronaryartery anatomy in relation to cardiovascular thoracic structures important to the surgical management of anomalous coronaryarteries (ACAs). |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 12. Grani C, Kaufmann PA, Windecker S, Buechel RR. Diagnosis and Management of Anomalous Coronary Arteries with a Malignant Course. Interv Cardiol 2019;14:83-88. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the diagnosis and management of anomalous coronary arteries with a malignant course. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 13. Bluemke DA, Achenbach S, Budoff M, et al. Noninvasive coronary artery imaging: magnetic resonance angiography and multidetector computed tomography angiography: a scientific statement from the american heart association committee on cardiovascular imaging and intervention of the council on cardiovascular radiology and intervention, and the councils on clinical cardiology and cardiovascular disease in the young. Circulation. 2008; 118(5):586-606. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Discuss and summarize two noninvasive modalities, MRA and CTA, which may be used for coronary artery evaluation. |
Noninvasive coronary CTA and MRA represent substantial advances that may ultimately be valuable for diagnosis of significant CAD. The chief advantages of coronary CTA compared with MRA are wider availability, higher spatial resolution, and more consistent, shorter examinations with better patient adherence. Advantages associated with coronary MRA are a lack of ionizing radiation and a lack of administration of iodinated contrast material. Both tests are presently suboptimal for patients with atrial fibrillation and other arrhythmias, and image quality may be further reduced by high body mass. |
4 |
| 14. Schroeder S, Achenbach S, Bengel F, et al. Cardiac computed tomography: indications, applications, limitations, and training requirements: report of a Writing Group deployed by the Working Group Nuclear Cardiology and Cardiac CT of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Council of Nuclear Cardiology. Eur Heart J 2008;29:531-56. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
This report of a Writing Group deployed by the Working Group Nuclear Cardiology and Cardiac CT (WG 5) of the European Society of Cardiology and the European Council of Nuclear Cardiology summarizes the present state of cardiac computed tomography (CT) technology, as well as the currently available data concerning its accuracy and applicability in certain clinical situations. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 15. Warnes CA, Williams RG, Bashore TM, et al. ACC/AHA 2008 guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines (Writing Committee to Develop Guidelines on the Management of Adults With Congenital Heart Disease). Developed in Collaboration With the American Society of Echocardiography, Heart Rhythm Society, International Society for Adult Congenital Heart Disease, Society for Cardiovascular Angiography and Interventions, and Society of Thoracic Surgeons. J Am Coll Cardiol 2008;52:e143-e263. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide guidelines for the management of adults with congenital heart disease. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 16. Albrecht MH, Varga-Szemes A, Schoepf UJ, et al. Diagnostic Accuracy of Noncontrast Self-navigated Free-breathing MR Angiography versus CT Angiography: A Prospective Study in Pediatric Patients with Suspected Anomalous Coronary Arteries. Acad Radiol. 26(10):1309-1317, 2019 10. |
Observational-Dx |
21 children |
To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of a prototype noncontrast, free-breathing, self-navigated 3D (SN3D) MR angiography (MRA) technique for the assessment of coronary artery anatomy in children with known or suspected coronary anomalies, using CT angiography (CTA) as the reference standard. |
Fourteen children showed coronary artery abnormalities on CTA. The visualization of coronary segments was rated significantly higher for CTA compared to MRA (p <0.015), except for the left main coronary artery (p = 0.301), with good to excellent interobserver agreement (ICC = 0.62-0.94). Diagnostic confidence was higher for CTA (p = 0.046). Sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of MRA were 92%, 92%, 96%, and 87% for the detection of coronary artery anomalies, 85%, 85%, 74%, and 92% for high origin, 71%, 92%, 82%, and 87% for interarterial, and 41%, 96%, 87%, and 80% for intramural course. |
1 |
| 17. White CS, Laskey WK, Stafford JL, NessAiver M. Coronary MRA: use in assessing anomalies of coronary artery origin. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1999;23:203-7. |
Review/Other-Dx |
8 patients (4 male, 4 female) |
The purpose of this work was to describe the use of coronary MR angiography (MRA) in the clinical evaluation of a series of patients with anomalous origin of the coronary arteries suspected on coronary angiography. |
Of six patients with anomalous origin of the right coronary artery on angiography, two were shown by MRA to have an interarterial course of the anomalous vessel. Neither of two left coronary arteries with ectopic origin coursed between the great arteries, although one passed through the septum. |
4 |
| 18. Chevalier L, Corneloup L, Carre F, et al. Aortic dilatation: Value of echocardiography in the systematic assessment of elite rugby players in the French National Rugby League (LNR). Scand J Med Sci Sports. 31(5):1078-1085, 2021 May. |
Observational-Dx |
336 patients |
The aim of this prospective study was to quantify the proportion of aortic abnormalities in a population of young rugby players and to evaluate the potential diagnostic contribution of systematic echocardiography (ECHO) in addition to the routine cardiovascular screening recommended by the European Society of Cardiology with respect to the risk of sudden death in elite professional rugby players. |
336 rugby players in French professional divisions (Top 14, Pro D2) were prospectively assessed with electrocardiogram and echocardiography. 75% were Caucasian, 16.4% Pacific Islanders, and 8.6% Afro-Caribbean. Six (1.8%) players had electrocardiogram abnormalities, exclusively negative T waves. Twenty-one (6.25%) of them had abnormal echocardiography findings: one possible early hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, one anomalous origin of coronary artery, two left ventricular dilatations, one isolated bicuspid aortic valve, two aortic regurgitations, and 14 ascending aortic dilatations. The median aortic diameter was modestly correlated with age: 32 mm [23-48] in players aged =25 years vs 33.5 mm [24-50] in those aged >25 years (P = 0.02, correlation coefficient -.01). This tendency increased with cumulative hours of weight training: 34 mm [24-50] in forwards vs 32 mm [25-44] in backs (P = 0.01); and ethnicity, with Pacific Islanders having higher values in both raw data and body surface area or height-indexed data than Afro-Caribbeans and Caucasians: 34 [25-50] vs 32 [27-48] and 33 [23-49] mm (P = 0.017); 15 [12.2-21] vs 14.8 [11-19.9] and 14.8 [10-20.9] mm/m2 (P < 0.0001); 18.5 [14-25] mm/m vs 17.4 [14.8-25] mm/m and 17.6 [12.2-25.3] mm/m (P = 0.0125). In a population of professional rugby players, echocardiography was contributive. The main anomaly was aortic dilatation (14/336, 4.2%). While this is proportionally much higher than in other sports, the cutoffs need to be defined more precisely by including the criterion of ethnicity, as is already the case for electrocardiography. |
2 |
| 19. Lin S, Xie M, Lv Q, et al. Misdiagnosis of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery by echocardiography: Single-center experience from China. Echocardiography. 37(1):104-113, 2020 01. |
Observational-Dx |
16 patients |
To identify the risk factors causing misdiagnosis by echocardiography and missed diagnosis of anomalous origin of the left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA). |
Echocardiography diagnosed 11 cases with an accuracy rate of 68.8%. Five cases were misdiagnosed, three cases as endocardial fibroelastosis, one case as mitral prolapse with severe insufficiency, and one case as coronary-pulmonary artery fistula. Display rate of the specific echocardiographic features for confirmed group and misdiagnosed group was statistically significantly different(P = .014). But the working years of the operator for confirmed group and misdiagnosed group were not statistically significantly different(P = .267). Some special pathological anatomy and pathophysiological features could be also the cause of misdiagnosis. |
3 |
| 20. Bonilla-Ramirez C, Molossi S, Caldarone CA, Binsalamah ZM. Anomalous Aortic Origin of the Coronary Arteries - State of the Art Management and Surgical Techniques. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg Pediatr Card Surg Annu 2021;24:85-94. |
Review/Other-Tx |
N/A |
To describe and compare the management and surgical techniques for patients with anomalous aortic origin of a coronary artery (AAOCA) . |
Patients presenting to the Coronary Artery Anomalies Program are evaluated and managed following a standardized approach. Our approach and data were compared to other single-center and multi-institutional data and results. Patients with AAOCA present as an incidental finding approximately 50% of the time. Advanced axial imaging is essential to define the anatomic characteristics of this lesion. Preoperative and postoperative assessment of myocardial perfusion with provocative testing is feasible and contributes to risk stratification. The surgical techniques for AAOCA repair include coronary unroofing, transection and reimplantation, and neo-ostium creation, among others. In general, surgical repair of AAOCA can mitigate the risk of ischemia with low mortality. The specific morbidities and complications of each different technique should be considered during the surgical planning. Surgical repair of AAOCA can mitigate the risk of ischemia with a low associated mortality but with clinically relevant morbidities. Long-term follow-up is necessary to accurately balance the risks of repaired and unrepaired AAOCA. |
4 |
| 21. Ashrafpoor G, Danchin N, Houyel L, Ramadan R, Belli E, Paul JF. Anatomical criteria of malignancy by computed tomography angiography in patients with anomalous coronary arteries with an interarterial course. Eur Radiol. 25(3):760-6, 2015 Mar. |
Observational-Dx |
19 patients (18 males) |
To determine the relation between major adverse cardiac events (MACE) and anatomical criteria assessed by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) in patients with an anomalous coronary artery with an interarterial course (ACAIAC). |
There were 19 patients (18 males) with an ACAIAC during the study period (incidence 0.46 %). Seven patients with prior MACE were younger (26 years vs 59 years, p < 0.001), had a smaller minimal lumen area (3.6 mm(2) vs 9.0 mm(2), p = 0.001), a higher degree of area stenosis (57 % vs 24 %, p = 0.001), a longer interarterial course (14.7 vs 8.6 mm, p = 0.003) and a smaller proximal segment width (1.6 mm vs 2.5 mm, p = 0.02) compared with the 12 patients without prior MACE. All patients with MACE had the following concomitant anatomical characteristics: minimum lumen area =4 mm(2), an area stenosis =50 % and intra-arterial length >10 mm |
3 |
| 22. Stagnaro N, Moscatelli S, Cheli M, Bondanza S, Marasini M, Trocchio G. Dobutamine Stress Cardiac MRI in Pediatric Patients with Suspected Coronary Artery Disease. Pediatr Cardiol 2023;44:451-62. |
Observational-Dx |
13 pediatric patients (age: 12 ± 2 years) |
The aim of our pilot study is to assess the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of Dobutamine stress cMRI compared to the current procedures (stress Echocardiography, Cardio-Pulmonary Exercise Test, Coronary Angiography). |
The prospective study is focused on pediatric patients, at risk for or with previously diagnosed coronary artery disease: d-looped TGA after arterial Switch, Kawasaki disease, and anomalous origin of left coronary artery from pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) after coronary artery reimplantation. We have compared the results of MRI coronary angiography, and Dobutamine stress cMRI with traditional tests. All these diagnostic exams were acquired in a timeframe of 3 month, in a blinded fashion. All the 13 patients (age: 12 ± 2 years, median 12,7 y) recruited, completed the study without major adverse events. The mean heart rate-pressure product was 25,120 ± 5110 bpm x mm Hg. The target heart rate of 85% of the maximal theoretical was reached by 10 (77%) patients. The comparison between cardiac MRI coronarography versus the gold standard Coronary Angiography to identify the patency of the origin and the proximal pathway of the coronary arteries shows a sensitivity of 100% (confidence interval: 2,5-100%), specificity 92% (confidence interval: 64-100%). The stress test was well tolerated for the 77% of the patients and completed by the totality of patients (Table 3). Three patients (23%) had mild symptoms: nausea, vomiting, or general discomfort. In pediatric patients with a potential or definite diagnosis of coronary artery disease, stress cMRI combines an effective assessment of proximal coronary arteries anatomy with cardiac function, myocardial perfusion, and viability in a single examination. Stress cMRI can be proposed as alternative, standalone test. |
2 |
| 23. Grani C, Benz DC, Possner M, et al. Fused cardiac hybrid imaging with coronary computed tomography angiography and positron emission tomography in patients with complex coronary artery anomalies. Congenit. heart dis.. 12(1):49-57, 2017 Jan. |
Review/Other-Dx |
7 patients |
To provide data on the value of fused cardiac hybrid imaging with coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA) and positron emission tomography myocardial perfusion imaging (PET-MPI) in patients with complex coronary artery anomalies (CCAA). |
Out of the seven patients with CCAA, two patients had Bland-White-Garland anomaly, two patients showed a coronary artery fistula, two patients showed a "single right," and one patient showed a "single left" coronary artery. Semiquantitative fused hybrid CCTA/PET-MPI depicted inferolateral scar matching the territory of a nonanomalous vessel with significant concomitant coronary artery disease (CAD) in one patient only. In contrast, analysis of quantitative myocardial blood flow (MBF) as assessed by fused hybrid CCTA/PET-MPI revealed abnormally reduced flow capacities in the territories subtended by the anomalous vessels in 4 patients. |
4 |
| 24. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics; Committee on Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. In: Becker T, Chin M, Bates N, eds. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US) Copyright 2022 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.; 2022. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Sex and gender are often conflated under the assumptions that they are mutually determined and do not differ from each other; however, the growing visibility of transgender and intersex populations, as well as efforts to improve the measurement of sex and gender across many scientific fields, has demonstrated the need to reconsider how sex, gender, and the relationship between them are conceptualized. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 25. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction. Available at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Appropriateness-Criteria/RadiationDoseAssessmentIntro.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide evidence-based guidelines on exposure of patients to ionizing radiation. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
