1. Surabhi VR, Menias CO, Amer AM, et al. Tumors and Tumorlike Conditions of the Anal Canal and Perianal Region: MR Imaging Findings. [Review]. Radiographics. 36(5):1339-53, 2016 Sep-Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review tumors and tumorlike conditions of the anal canal and perianal region. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
2. Siegel RL, Miller KD, Wagle NS, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2023. CA Cancer J Clin 2023;73:17-48. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Each year, the American Cancer Society estimates the numbers of new cancer cases and deaths in the United States and compiles the most recent data on population-based cancer occurrence and outcomes using incidence data collected by central cancer registries and mortality data collected by the National Center for Health Statistics. |
In 2023, 1,958,310 new cancer cases and 609,820 cancer deaths are projected to occur in the United States. Cancer incidence increased for prostate cancer by 3% annually from 2014 through 2019 after two decades of decline, translating to an additional 99,000 new cases; otherwise, however, incidence trends were more favorable in men compared to women. For example, lung cancer in women decreased at one half the pace of men (1.1% vs. 2.6% annually) from 2015 through 2019, and breast and uterine corpus cancers continued to increase, as did liver cancer and melanoma, both of which stabilized in men aged 50 years and older and declined in younger men. However, a 65% drop in cervical cancer incidence during 2012 through 2019 among women in their early 20s, the first cohort to receive the human papillomavirus vaccine, foreshadows steep reductions in the burden of human papillomavirus-associated cancers, the majority of which occur in women. Despite the pandemic, and in contrast with other leading causes of death, the cancer death rate continued to decline from 2019 to 2020 (by 1.5%), contributing to a 33% overall reduction since 1991 and an estimated 3.8 million deaths averted. This progress increasingly reflects advances in treatment, which are particularly evident in the rapid declines in mortality (approximately 2% annually during 2016 through 2020) for leukemia, melanoma, and kidney cancer, despite stable/increasing incidence, and accelerated declines for lung cancer. In summary, although cancer mortality rates continue to decline, future progress may be attenuated by rising incidence for breast, prostate, and uterine corpus cancers, which also happen to have the largest racial disparities in mortality. |
4 |
3. Ciombor KK, Ernst RD, Brown G. Diagnosis and Diagnostic Imaging of Anal Canal Cancer. [Review]. Surg Oncol Clin N Am. 26(1):45-55, 2017 01. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the diagnosis and diagnostic imaging of anal canal cancer. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
4. Eng C, Messick C, Glynne-Jones R. The Management and Prevention of Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. [Review]. Am. Soc. Clin. Oncol. educ. book. 39:216-225, 2019 Jan. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the current established management of care and associated prevention strategies of anal squamous cell carcinoma (SCCA). |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
5. Golia Pernicka JS, Sheedy SP, Ernst RD, Minsky BD, Ganeshan D, Rauch GM. MR staging of anal cancer: what the radiologist needs to know. [Review]. Abdom Radiol. 44(11):3726-3739, 2019 11. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To focus on the necessary information radiologists need to know to understand this rare and unique disease and to be familiar with staging of anal cancer on MRI. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
6. Hemachandran N, Goyal A, Bhattacharjee HK, Sharma R. Radiology of anal and lower rectal cancers. [Review]. Clin Radiol. 76(12):871-878, 2021 12. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To study the radiology aspect of anal and lower rectal cancers. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
7. Gourtsoyianni S, Goh V. MRI of anal cancer: assessing response to definitive chemoradiotherapy. [Review]. Abdom Imaging. 39(1):2-17, 2014 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review MRIs of anal cancer. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
8. Amin MB, Edge S, Greene F, et al. AJCC Cancer Staging Manual. 8th ed. New York, NY: Springer; 2017. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To classify patients with cancer, define prognosis, and determine the best treatment approaches. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
9. Torkzad MR, Kamel I, Halappa VG, Beets-Tan RG. Magnetic resonance imaging of rectal and anal cancer. [Review]. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 22(1):85-112, 2014 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To explain the role of MRI in rectal and anal cancers. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
10. Maas M, Tielbeek JAW, Stoker J. Staging of Anal Cancer: Role of MR Imaging. [Review]. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 28(1):127-140, 2020 Feb. |
Observational-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the role of MR imaging in the staging of anal cancer. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
11. Bannas P, Weber C, Adam G, et al. Contrast-enhanced [(18)F]fluorodeoxyglucose-positron emission tomography/computed tomography for staging and radiotherapy planning in patients with anal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 81(2):445-51, 2011 Oct 01. |
Observational-Dx |
22 patients |
To evaluate the feasibility and diagnostic accuracy of contrast-enhanced [(18)F]fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose ([(18)F]FDG)-positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) for staging and radiotherapy planning of anal cancer. |
ce-PET/CT revealed locoregional lymph node metastasis in 11 of 22 patients (50%). After simultaneous reading of PET and CT data sets by experienced observers, 3 patients (14%) were found to have sites of disease not seen on CT that were identified on PET. Two patients had sites of disease not seen on PET that were identified on CT. In summary, 2 patients were upstaged, and 4 patients were downstaged due to ce-PET/CT. However, radiotherapy fields were changed due to the results from ce-PET/CT in 23% of cases compared to CT or PET results alone. |
3 |
12. Mistrangelo M, Pelosi E, Bello M, et al. Role of positron emission tomography-computed tomography in the management of anal cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys. 84(1):66-72, 2012 Sep 01. |
Observational-Dx |
53 patients |
To compare PET/CT with CT scan, sentinel node biopsy results of inguinal lymph nodes, and anal biopsy results in staging and in follow-up of anal cancer. |
At pretreatment assessment, anal cancer was identified by PET/CT in 47 patients (88.7%) and by CT in 30 patients (75%). The detection rates rose to 97.9% with PET/CT and to 82.9% with CT (P=.042) when the 5 patients who had undergone surgery prior to this assessment and whose margins were positive at histological examination were censored. Perirectal and/or pelvic nodes were considered metastatic by PET/CT in 14/53 patients (26.4%) and by CT in 7/40 patients (17.5%). Sentinel node biopsy was superior to both PET/CT and CT in detecting inguinal lymph nodes. PET/CT upstaged 37.5% of patients and downstaged 25% of patients. Radiation fields were changed in 12.6% of patients. PET/CT at 3 months was more accurate than PET/CT at 1 month in evaluating outcomes after chemoradiation therapy treatment: sensitivity was 100% vs 66.6%, and specificity was 97.4% vs 92.5%, respectively. Median follow-up was 20.3 months. |
3 |
13. Jones M, Hruby G, Solomon M, Rutherford N, Martin J. The Role of FDG-PET in the Initial Staging and Response Assessment of Anal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. [Review]. Ann Surg Oncol. 22(11):3574-81, 2015 Oct. |
Meta-analysis |
12 studies |
To compare the role of FDG-positron emission tomography (PET) or PET/computed tomography (CT) with conventional imaging in the detection of primary and nodal disease in anal cancer, and to assess the impact of PET or PET/CT on the management of anal cancer. |
Twelve studies met the inclusion criteria. For the detection of primary disease, CT and PET had a sensitivity of 60 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 45.5-75.2) and 99 % (95 % CI 96-100), respectively. Compared with conventional imaging, PET upstaged 15 % (95 % CI 10-21) and downstaged 15 % (95 % CI 10-20) of nodal disease. This led to a change in nodal staging in 28 % of patients (95 % CI 18-38). When only studies performing contemporary PET/CT were considered, the rate of nodal upstaging was 21 % (95 % CI 13-30) and the TNM stage was altered in 41 % of patients. Following chemoradiotherapy, 78 % (95 % CI 65-88) of patients had a complete response on PET. |
Good |
14. Mahmud A, Poon R, Jonker D. PET imaging in anal canal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. [Review]. Br J Radiol. 90(1080):20170370, 2017 Dec. |
Meta-analysis |
17 studies |
To systematically review the literature to synthesize and summarize the evidence surrounding the clinical utility of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging in patients with anal canal cancer. |
17 studies met the inclusion criteria. For the detection of primary tumour in situ, the pooled sensitivity was 99% for PET or PET/CT and 67% for CT. For the detection of inguinal lymph nodes, PET/CT had an overall sensitivity of 93% and specificity of 76%. PET or PET/CT upstaged 5.1 to 37.5% of patients and downstaged 8.2 to 26.7% of patients. Treatment plans were modified in 12.5 to 59.3% of patients, which consisted mainly of radiotherapy dose or field changes. Complete response on PET or PET/CT is a good prognostic factor for overall and progression-free survival. |
Good |
15. Albertsson P, Alverbratt C, Liljegren A, et al. Positron emission tomography and computed tomographic (PET/CT) imaging for radiation therapy planning in anal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. [Review]. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol. 126:6-12, 2018 Jun. |
Meta-analysis |
10 studies |
to assess impact on survival, quality of life, symptom score, change in target definition and treatment intention. |
The summary estimate of the proportion of patients in which PET/CT had an impact on the target definition, was 23% (95% CI 16;33). The corresponding summary estimate of a change in treatment intent from curative to palliative was 3% (95% CI 2;6). |
Good |
16. Caldarella C, Annunziata S, Treglia G, Sadeghi R, Ayati N, Giovanella L. Diagnostic performance of positron emission tomography/computed tomography using fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose in detecting locoregional nodal involvement in patients with anal canal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. [Review]. ScientificWorldJournal. 2014:196068, 2014. |
Meta-analysis |
12 studies |
To study the diagnostic performance of positron emission tomography/computed tomography using fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose in detecting locoregional nodal involvement in patients with anal canal cancer. |
Seven retrospective and five prospective studies have been reviewed. Six studies allowed assessing pooled sensitivity; five studies allowed assessing pooled specificity. Sensitivity and specificity values of FDG-PET/CT on a lesion-based analysis ranged from 31 to 100% and from 53 to 98%, with pooled estimates of 56% (95% CI: 45-67%) and 90% (95% CI: 86-93%), respectively. |
Good |
17. Mirshahvalad SA, Mesci A, Murad V, et al. [18F]-FDG PET in anal canal cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. [Review]. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine & Molecular Imaging. 51(1):258-277, 2023 Dec. |
Meta-analysis |
15 studies |
To provide comprehensive data on the diagnostic and prognostic value of [18F]-FDG PET (PET) in anal canal cancer patients. |
After the screening, 28 studies were eligible to enter the meta-analytic calculations, and data from 15 were reported descriptively. For distinguishing T3/T4 from other T-stages, PET had pooled sensitivity and specificity of 91%(95%CI:72%-97%) and 96%(95%CI:88%-98%), respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for detecting metastatic (regional and/or distant) disease were 100% (95%CI:82%-100%) and 95% (95%CI:90%-98%), respectively. For therapy response assessment, the sensitivity and specificity of PET were 96%(95%CI:78%-99%) and 86%(95%CI:75%-93%), respectively. Higher pre-treatment total metabolic tumour volume was predictive of poorer survival. Conversely, for those achieving complete metabolic response, the 2-year PFS was 94%(95%CI:91%-97%) versus 51%(95%CI:42%-59%) for others (p-value < 0.001). |
Good |
18. Otto SD, Lee L, Buhr HJ, Frericks B, Hocht S, Kroesen AJ. Staging anal cancer: prospective comparison of transanal endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. J Gastrointest Surg. 13(7):1292-8, 2009 Jul. |
Observational-Dx |
45 patients |
To evaluate whether tumor staging is concordant between transanal endoscopic ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. |
High concordance was found in the assessment of tumor size and nodal status (kappa index 0.63 and 0.77). Cancer patients were correctly identified with 100% sensitivity (45/45) by endoscopic ultrasound and with 88.9% (40/45) sensitivity by magnetic resonance imaging. In the six operated patients, T stage was correctly assessed in four of six patients by endoscopic ultrasound and in three of six patients by magnetic resonance imaging. |
3 |
19. Golia Pernicka JS, Rauch GM, Gangai N, et al. Imaging of Anal Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Survey Results and Expert Opinion from the Rectal and Anal Cancer Disease-Focused Panel of the Society of Abdominal Radiology. [Review]. Abdominal Radiology. 48(9):3022-3032, 2023 09. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To conduct a comprehensive literature review of anal cancer imaging to understand the relative merits of these new technologies which developed after computed tomography (CT), e.g., MRI and positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT). |
No results in abstract. |
4 |
20. Bhuva NJ, Glynne-Jones R, Sonoda L, Wong WL, Harrison MK. To PET or not to PET? That is the question. Staging in anal cancer. Ann Oncol. 23(8):2078-2082, 2012 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
88 patients |
To examine the role of PET in the staging of anal cancer. |
In 18 patients, the PET/CT stage differed from MRI. PET/CT altered the stage in 42% of patients but changes in subsequent management were not implemented. |
3 |
21. Min LA, Vacher YJL, Dewit L, et al. Gross tumour volume delineation in anal cancer on T2-weighted and diffusion-weighted MRI - Reproducibility between radiologists and radiation oncologists and impact of reader experience level and DWI image quality. Radiother Oncol. 150:81-88, 2020 09. |
Observational-Dx |
25 patients |
To assess how gross tumour volume (GTV) delineation in anal cancer is affected by interobserver variations between radiologists and radiation oncologists, expertise level, and use of T2-weighted MRI (T2W-MRI) vs. diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), and to explore effects of DWI quality. |
Interobserver agreement between radiologists vs. radiation oncologists and between junior vs. senior readers was good-excellent, with similar agreement for T2W-MRI and DWI (e.g. ICCs 0.72-0.94 for T2W-MRI and 0.68-0.89 for DWI). There was a trend towards smaller GTVs on DWI, but only for the radiologists (P?=?0.03-0.07). Moderate-severe DWI-artefacts were observed in 11/25 (44%) cases. Agreement tended to be lower in these cases. |
3 |
22. Prezzi D, Mandegaran R, Gourtsoyianni S, et al. The impact of MRI sequence on tumour staging and gross tumour volume delineation in squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal. Eur Radiol. 28(4):1512-1519, 2018 Apr. |
Observational-Dx |
45 patients |
To compare maximum tumour diameter (MTD) and gross tumour volume (GTV) measurements between T(2)-weighted (T(2)-w) and diffusion-weighted (DWI) MRI in squamous cell carcinoma of the anal canal (SCCA) and assess sequence impact on tumour (T) staging. |
GTV and MTD were significantly and systematically lower on DWI versus T(2)-w sequences by 14.80%/9.98% (MTD) and 29.70%/12.25% (GTV) for each reader, respectively, causing T staging discordances in approximately a quarter of cases. Bland-Altman limits of agreement were narrower and intraclass correlation coefficients higher for DWI. Delineation confidence was greater on DWI: 40/42 cases were scored confidently (4 or 5) by each reader, respectively, versus 31/36 cases based on T(2)-w images. |
3 |
23. Rusten E, Rekstad BL, Undseth C, et al. Target volume delineation of anal cancer based on magnetic resonance imaging or positron emission tomography. Radiat. oncol.. 12(1):147, 2017 Sep 06. |
Observational-Dx |
19 patients |
To compare target volume delineation of anal cancer using positron emission tomography (PET) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with respect to inter-observer and inter-modality variability. |
The median volume of the GTVs was 27 and 31 cm(3) for PET and MRI, respectively, while it was 6 and 11 cm(3) for GTV(T). Both GTV and GTV(T) volumes were highly correlated between delineators (r = 0.90 and r = 0.96, respectively). The median Dice similarity coefficient was 0.75 when comparing the GTVs based on PET/CT (GTV(PET)) with the GTVs based on MRI and CT (GTV(MRI)). The median Dice coefficient was 0.56 when comparing the visible tumor volume evaluated by PET (GTV(T_PET)) with the same volume evaluated by MRI (GTV(T_MRI)). Margins of 1-2 mm in the axial plane and 7-8 mm in superoinferior direction were required for coverage of the individual observer's GTVs. |
3 |
24. Reginelli A, Granata V, Fusco R, et al. Diagnostic performance of magnetic resonance imaging and 3D endoanal ultrasound in detection, staging and assessment post treatment, in anal cancer. Oncotarget. 8(14):22980-22990, 2017 Apr 04. |
Observational-Dx |
58 patients |
To compare Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and 3D Endoanal Ultrasound (EAUS) imaging performance to confirm anal carcinoma and to monitor treatment response. |
All lesions were detected by EAUS while MRI detected 93.1% of anal cancer. MRI showed a good correlation with EAUS, anoscopy and clinical examination. The residual tissue not showed significant difference in EAUS assessment and T2-W SI in pre and post treatment. We found significant difference in dynamic study, in SI of DWI, in ADC map and values among responder's patients in pre and post treatment. The neoplastic nodes were hypoecoic on EAUS, with hyperintense signal on T2-W sequences and hypointense signal on T1-W. The neoplastic nodes showed SI on DWI sequences and ADC value similar to anal cancer. |
3 |
25. Glynne-Jones R, Tan D, Hughes R, Hoskin P. Squamous-cell carcinoma of the anus: progress in radiotherapy treatment. [Review]. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 13(7):447-59, 2016 07. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the progress of radiotherapy treatment in squamous-cell carcinoma of the anus. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
26. Wells IT, Fox BM. PET/CT in anal cancer - is it worth doing?. Clin Radiol. 67(6):535-40, 2012 Jun. |
Observational-Dx |
44 patients |
To evaluate the role of 2-[(18)F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-d-glucose (FDG) positron-emission tomography (PET)/ computed tomography (CT) in the current multidisciplinary management of anal cancer, both in initial staging and in follow-up post-treatment. |
Fifty PET/CT examinations were performed on 44 patients with anal cancer. Thirty were part of initial staging, and 20 were post-chemo/radiotherapy or surgery. Two PET/CTs produced inadequate contemporaneous conventional imaging to allow comparison. Overall PET/CT increased the stage of the anal cancer in 17% of cases (8/48), decreased the stage in 19% (9/48), and did not alter the stage in 65% (31/48). The tumour stage was altered more frequently in initial staging than in follow up imaging. The PET/CT findings altered patient management in 29% (14/48) of cases. The majority (11) of these were cases in which PET/CT was used as part of initial staging. |
3 |
27. Chernyak V, Horowitz JM, Kamel IR, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Liver Lesion-Initial Characterization. J Am Coll Radiol 2020;17:S429-S46. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for liver lesion-initial characterization. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
28. Susko MS, Lazar AA, Wang CJ, et al. Use of advanced PET-volume metrics predicts risk of local recurrence and overall survival in anal cancer. PLoS ONE. 16(2):e0246535, 2021. |
Observational-Dx |
168 patients |
To estimate whether advanced PET metrics predicts risk of local recurrence and overall survival in anal cancer. |
From 2008 to 2017 there were 72 patients who had pre-treatment PET/CT, 61 (85%) had a single follow up PET/CT, and 35 (49%) had two follow up PET/CTs. The median clinical follow-up time was 25 months (IQR: 13-52) with a median imaging follow up time of 16 months (IQR: 7-29). On pre-treatment PET/CT higher MTV2.5 and TLG were significantly associated with higher risk of local recurrence (HR 1.11, 95% CI: 1.06-1.16, p<0.001; and HR 1.12, 95% CI: 1.05-1.19, p<0.001), and worse PFS (HR 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04-1.13, p<0.001; and HR 1.09, 95% CI: 1.03-1.12, p = 0.003) and OS (HR 1.09, 95% CI: 1.04-1.16, p = 0.001; and HR 1.11, 95% CI: 1.04-1.20, p = 0.004). IPW-adjusted pre-treatment PET/CT showed higher MTV2.5 (HR 1.09, 95% CI: 1.02-1.17, p = 0.012) and TLG (HR 1.10, 95% CI: 1.00-1.20, p = 0.048) were significantly associated with worse PFS, and post-treatment MTV2.5 was borderline significant (HR 1.16, 95% CI: 1.00-1.35, p = 0.052). |
3 |
29. Adusumilli P, Elsayed N, Theophanous S, et al. Combined PET-CT and MRI for response evaluation in patients with squamous cell anal carcinoma treated with curative-intent chemoradiotherapy. Eur Radiol. 32(8):5086-5096, 2022 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
75 patients |
To assess the effectiveness of fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron-emission tomography-computed tomography (PET-CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for response assessment post curative-intent chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC). |
MRI (accuracy 76%, PPV 44.8%, NPV 95.7%) and PET-CT (accuracy 69.3%, PPV 36.7%, NPV 91.1%) performance metrics were similar; when combined, there were statistically significant improvements (accuracy 94.7%, PPV 78.9%, NPV 100%). Kaplan-Meier analysis demonstrated significant differences in PFS between responders and non-responders at PET-CT (p = 0.007), MRI (p = 0.005), and consensus evaluation (p < 0.001). Cox regression analysis of PFS demonstrated a lower hazard ratio (HR) and narrower 95% confidence intervals for consensus findings (HR = 0.093, p < 0.001). Seventy-five patients, of which 52 (69.3%) were females, with median follow-up of 17.8 months (range 5-32.6) were included. Fifteen of the 75 (20%) had persistent anorectal and/or nodal disease after CRT. Three patients died, median time to death 6.2 months (range 5-18.3). |
4 |
30. Kochhar R, Renehan AG, Mullan D, Chakrabarty B, Saunders MP, Carrington BM. The assessment of local response using magnetic resonance imaging at 3- and 6-month post chemoradiotherapy in patients with anal cancer. Eur Radiol. 27(2):607-617, 2017 Feb. |
Observational-Dx |
74 patients |
To assess the use of MRI-determined tumour regression grading (TRG) in local response assessment and detection of salvageable early local relapse after chemoradiotherapy (CRT) in patients with anal squamous cell carcinoma (ASCC). |
Seven patients had early local relapse. TRG 1/2 scores at 3 and 6 months had a 100 % negative predictive value; TRG 4/5 scores at 6 months had a 100 % positive predictive value. All seven patients underwent salvage R0 resections. We identified a novel 'tram-track' sign on MRI in over half of patients, with an NPV for early local relapse of 83 % at 6 months. No imaging characteristic or TRG score independently prognosticated for late relapse or 3-year DFS. |
3 |
31. Prezzi D, Muthuswamy K, Amlani A, et al. Diffusion-weighted imaging complements T2-weighted MRI for tumour response assessment in squamous anal carcinoma. European Radiology. 33(11):7575-7584, 2023 Nov. |
Observational-Dx |
85 patients with squamous anal carcinoma undergoing MRI before and within 3 months of completing chemoradiotherapy |
To investigate whether the addition of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) improves tumour response assessment in the early post treatment period. |
Eighty-five patients were included (mean age, 59 years ± 12 [SD]; 55 women). T2-weighted TRG-3 scores from all readers combined halved from 24% (82/340) to 12% (41/340) with DWI (p < 0.001). TRG-3 scores changed most frequently (41%, 34/82) to DWI-TRG-2 (excellent response). Complete tumour response was recorded clinically in 77/85 patients (91%). Scoring confidence increased using DWI (p < 0.001), with scores of 4 or 5 in 84% (287/340). Interobserver agreement remained fair to moderate (kappa range, 0.28-0.58). |
3 |
32. Peterson CY, Weiser MR, Paty PB, et al. Does endoscopic ultrasound improve detection of locally recurrent anal squamous-cell cancer?. Dis Colon Rectum. 58(2):193-8, 2015 Feb. |
Observational-Dx |
175 patients |
To compare the effectiveness of digital rectal examination and endoscopic ultrasound in detecting locally recurrent disease during routine follow-up of patients with anal cancer. |
Eight hundred fifty-five endoscopic ultrasounds and 873 digital rectal examinations were performed during 35 months median follow-up. Overall, ultrasound detected 7 (0.8%) mesorectal and 32 (3.7%) anal canal abnormalities; digital examination detected 69 (7.9%) anal canal abnormalities. Locally recurrent disease was found on biopsy in 8 patients, all detected first or only with digital examination. Four patients did not have an ultrasound at the time of diagnosis of recurrence. The concordance of ultrasound and digital examination in detecting recurrent disease was fair at 0.37 (SE, 0.08; 95% CI, 0.21-0.54), and there was no difference in crude cancer detection rate, sensitivity, specificity, and negative or positive predictive values. |
3 |
33. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics; Committee on Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. In: Becker T, Chin M, Bates N, eds. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US) Copyright 2022 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.; 2022. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Sex and gender are often conflated under the assumptions that they are mutually determined and do not differ from each other; however, the growing visibility of transgender and intersex populations, as well as efforts to improve the measurement of sex and gender across many scientific fields, has demonstrated the need to reconsider how sex, gender, and the relationship between them are conceptualized. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
34. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction. Available at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Appropriateness-Criteria/RadiationDoseAssessmentIntro.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide evidence-based guidelines on exposure of patients to ionizing radiation. |
No abstract available. |
4 |