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Appropriateness Criteria

Reference Study Type Patients/Events Study Objective(Purpose of Study) Study Results Study Quality
1. Flaxman AD, Wittenborn JS, Robalik T, et al. Prevalence of Visual Acuity Loss or Blindness in the US: A Bayesian Meta-analysis. JAMA Ophthalmology. 139(7):717-723, 2021 Jul 01.JAMA Ophthalmol. 139(7):717-723, 2021 Jul 01. Meta-analysis N/A To produce estimates of visual acuity loss and blindness by age, sex, race/ethnicity, and US state. Main outcomes or measures: The prevalence of visual acuity loss (defined as a best-corrected visual acuity greater than or equal to 0.3 logMAR) and blindness (defined as a logMAR of 1.0 or greater) in the better-seeing eye. Results: For 2017, this meta-analysis generated an estimated US prevalence of 7.08 (95% uncertainty interval, 6.32-7.89) million people living with visual acuity loss, of whom 1.08 (95% uncertainty interval, 0.82-1.30) million people were living with blindness. Of this, 1.62 (95% uncertainty interval, 1.32-1.92) million persons with visual acuity loss are younger than 40 years, and 141 000 (95% uncertainty interval, 95 000-187 000) persons with blindness are younger than 40 years. Inadequate
2. Graves JS, Galetta SL. Acute visual loss and other neuro-ophthalmologic emergencies: management. Neurol Clin 2012;30:75-99, viii. Review/Other-Dx N/A To review the approach to acute visual loss, the abnormal optic disc, double vision, and the neuro-ophthalmologic signs of neurologic emergencies, including hydrocephalus, herniation syndromes, vascular lesions, and trauma. No results stated in the abstract. 4
3. Muller-Forell W, Pitz S. Orbital pathology. Eur J Radiol. 2004; 49(2):105-142. Review/Other-Dx N/A Review orbital pathology with emphasis on different kinds of tumors, inflammatory, vascular, and traumatic diseases. Discuss specific presentation of lesions on CT and MRI. CT is method of choice for orbital trauma. CT enables both accurate visibility of bony and soft-tissue lesions and exact localization of (mostly ferromagnetic) foreign bodies without risk of dislocation. 4
4. Chen CC, Chang PC, Shy CG, Chen WS, Hung HC. CT angiography and MR angiography in the evaluation of carotid cavernous sinus fistula prior to embolization: a comparison of techniques. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2005;26(9):2349-2356. Observational-Dx 53 patients To compared CT angiography (CTA), MR angiography (MRA), and digital subtraction angiography (DSA) in elucidating the size and location of carotid cavernous sinus fistulas (CCFs) before embolization treatment. CTA did not differ significantly from DSA (P = .155), and both CTA (P = .001) and DSA (P = .007) performed significantly better than MRA in the population as a whole. Differences in performance among the methods, however, depended upon the segmental location of the fistula along the internal carotid artery (ICA). CTA and MRA were similar in detection of CCFs in patients with a fistula at segment 3. CTA significantly outperformed MRA in patients with a fistula at segment 4, who accounted for approximately half of the population. 3
5. Utukuri PS, Shih RY, Ajam AA, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Headache: 2022 Update. J Am Coll Radiol 2023;20:S70-S93. Review/Other-Dx N/A Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for headache. No results stated in abstract. 4
6. Shih RY, Burns J, Ajam AA, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Head Trauma: 2021 Update. J Am Coll Radiol 2021;18:S13-S36. Review/Other-Dx N/A Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for head trauma. No results stated in abstract. 4
7. Tantiwongkosi B, Salamon N. Imaging of Retrochiasmal and Higher Cortical Visual Disorders. [Review]. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America. 25(3):411-24, 2015 Aug. Review/Other-Dx N/A Retrochiasmal visual pathways include optic tracts, lateral geniculate nuclei, optic radiations, and striate cortex (V1). No results stated in abstract. 4
8. Zhang X, Kedar S, Lynn MJ, Newman NJ, Biousse V. Homonymous hemianopias: clinical-anatomic correlations in 904 cases. Neurology. 66(6):906-10, 2006 Mar 28. Review/Other-Dx 852 patients To describe the clinical characteristics and clinical-anatomic correlations of homonymous hemianopia (HH). A total of 904 HH were found in 852 patients. A total of 340 HH (37.6%) were complete and 564 HH (62.4%) were incomplete. Homonymous quadrantanopia (264 HH, 29%) was the most common type of incomplete HH, followed by homonymous scotomatous defects (116 HH, 13.5%), partial HH (114 HH, 13%), and HH with macular sparing (66 HH, 7%). A total of 407 HH (45.0%) were isolated. Causes of HH included stroke (629 HH, 69.6%), trauma (123, 13.6%), tumor (102, 11.3%), brain surgery (22, 2.4%), demyelination (13, 1.4%), other rare causes (13, 1.4%), and unknown etiology (2, 0.2%). The lesions were most commonly located in the occipital lobes (45%) and the optic radiations (32.2%). Every type of HH, except for unilateral loss of temporal crescent and homonymous sectoranopia, was found in all lesion locations along the retrochiasmal visual pathways. 4
9. Jager HR. Loss of vision: imaging the visual pathways. [Review] [28 refs]. European Radiology. 15(3):501-10, 2005 Mar.Eur Radiol. 15(3):501-10, 2005 Mar. Review/Other-Dx N/A Overview of diseases presenting with visual impairment, which aims to provide an understanding of the anatomy and pathology of the visual pathways. No results stated in abstract. 4
10. Ledbetter LN, Burns J, Shih RY, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria R Cerebrovascular Diseases-Aneurysm, Vascular Malformation, and Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. Journal of the American College of Radiology. 18(11S):S283-S304, 2021 11.J. Am. Coll. Radiol.. 18(11S):S283-S304, 2021 11. Review/Other-Dx N/A Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for cerebrovascular diseases-aneurysm, vascular malformation, and subarachnoid hemorrhage. No results stated in abstract. 4
11. Pannell JS, Corey AS, Shih RY, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Cerebrovascular Diseases-Stroke and Stroke-Related Conditions. J Am Coll Radiol 2024;21:S21-S64. Review/Other-Dx N/A Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for cerebrovascular diseases-stroke and stroke-related conditions. No results stated in abstract. 4
12. Ferreira TA, Saraiva P, Genders SW, Buchem MV, Luyten GPM, Beenakker JW. CT and MR imaging of orbital inflammation. [Review]. Neuroradiology. 60(12):1253-1266, 2018 Dec. Review/Other-Dx N/A Orbital inflammation can be idiopathic or in the context of a specific disease and it can involve different anatomical orbital structures. A decision tree for the evaluation of these patients is provided. First, a combination of clinical and radiological clues is used to recognize inflammation, in particular to differentiate it both from orbital infection and tumor. Subsequently, different radiological patterns are recognized, often allowing the differentiation of the several orbital inflammatory diseases. 4
13. Chazen JL, Lantos J, Gupta A, Lelli GJ Jr, Phillips CD. Orbital soft-tissue trauma. [Review]. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America. 24(3):425-37, vii, 2014 Aug. Review/Other-Dx N/A In the clinical assessment of orbital trauma, visual acuity and extraocular muscle motility are critical for rapid evaluation of injury severity. No results stated in abstract. 4
14. Jank S, Emshoff R, Etzelsdorfer M, Strobl H, Nicasi A, Norer B. Ultrasound versus computed tomography in the imaging of orbital floor fractures. Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 62(2):150-4, 2004 Feb.J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 62(2):150-4, 2004 Feb. Observational-Dx 58 patients To investigate whether orbital ultrasonography (US) with a curved-array transducer could be an alternative imaging method to computed tomography (CT) to detect orbital wall fractures and fractures of the infraorbital rim. CT evaluation of the infraorbital rim yielded a sensitivity of 79%, a specificity of 90%, and an accuracy of 94%. The positive predictive value (PPV) and the negative predictive value (NPV) of the infraorbital rim reached 69% and 83%, respectively. CT evaluation of the orbital floor showed a sensitivity of 96%, a specificity of 71%, and an accuracy of 96%. PPV and NPV resulted in 71% and 93%, respectively. US investigation of the infraorbital rim yielded a sensitivity of 77%, a specificity of 89%, and an accuracy of 97%, whereas PPV and NPV reached 65% and 83%, respectively. US investigation of the orbital floor reached a sensitivity of 94%, a specificity of 57%, and an accuracy of 96%, whereas PPV and NPV yielded 57% and 91%, respectively. No significant difference was found between US and CT in the investigation of the infraorbital rim (P =.809) and the orbital floor (P =.729). 3
15. Karolczak-Kulesza M, Rudyk M, Niestrata-Ortiz M. Recommendations for ultrasound examination in ophthalmology. Part II: Orbital ultrasound. Journal of Ultrasonography. 18(75):349-354, 2018.J Ultrason. 18(75):349-354, 2018. Review/Other-Dx N/A Imaging plays a significant role in both diagnosis and treatment monitoring in patients with an orbital pathology No results stated in abstract. 4
16. Kilker BA, Holst JM, Hoffmann B. Bedside ocular ultrasound in the emergency department. [Review]. European Journal of Emergency Medicine. 21(4):246-53, 2014 Aug.Eur J Emerg Med. 21(4):246-53, 2014 Aug. Review/Other-Dx N/A This article reviews common emergency ophthalmic pathologies diagnosed with ultrasound in the emergency setting and a mnemonic for the use of bedside ocular ultrasound is proposed to aid in thoroughly scanning the eye and its surrounding structures. No results stated in abstract. 4
17. Aumann S, Donner S, Fischer J, Muller F. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT): Principle and Technical Realization. In: Bille JF, ed. High Resolution Imaging in Microscopy and Ophthalmology: New Frontiers in Biomedical Optics. Cham (CH); 2019:59-85. Review/Other-Dx N/A Book chapter. No abstract available. 4
18. Moffatt J, Hughes D, Bhatti N, Holmes S. Orbital Bone Fractures in a Central London Trauma Center: A Retrospective Study of 582 Patients. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 32(4):1334-1337, 2021 Jun 01. Review/Other-Dx 582 patients To evaluate the injury patterns and etiology of orbital bone fractures treated at a busy level one trauma center. Of 582 patients, 82% (n = 476) were male and 18% (n = 106) were female, with those in the age group 20 to 29 years most affected (36%; n = 212). The most common etiology was interpersonal violence (55%; n = 320), followed by falls (20%; n = 118) and road traffic accidents (12%, n = 68). The most common isolated orbital bone fracture site was the orbital floor (40%; n = 234). Of the impure orbital fractures, the zygoma was the most commonly involved structure adjacent to the orbit (19%, n = 110). 4
19. Priore P, Di Giorgio D, Marchese G, et al. Orbital bone fractures: 10 years' experience at the Rome trauma centre: retrospective analysis of 543 patients. British Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery. 60(10):1368-1372, 2022 12. Review/Other-Dx 1,393 patients Orbital fractures are among the most frequent facial traumas. In total, 1393 patients presented with orbital trauma, 543 of whom met the inclusion criteria and underwent surgery (394 males (72.6%) and 149 females (27.4%); mean (range) age 39.2 (7-90) years). Assault (n = 165, 30.4%) was the most common cause of trauma, followed by road traffic accidents and sports-related incidents. Diplopia was the major symptom at diagnosis (n = 183, 33.6%). Open reduction and internal fixation via a sub-eyelid approach was the preferred treatment, achieving a significant reduction in the functional changes induced by fracture (p < 0.05). 4
20. Uzelac A, Gean AD. Orbital and facial fractures. [Review]. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America. 24(3):407-24, vii, 2014 Aug. Review/Other-Dx N/A To review the importance of particular radiologic findings related to facial trauma and their implications for clinical and surgical management. No results stated in abstract. 4
21. Shah HA, Shipchandler TZ, Sufyan AS, Nunery WR, Lee HB. Use of fracture size and soft tissue herniation on computed tomography to predict diplopia in isolated orbital floor fractures. American Journal of Otolaryngology. 34(6):695-8, 2013 Nov-Dec. Review/Other-Dx 56 patients To determine the role of fracture size and soft tissue herniation as measured by computed tomography in predicting the development of persistent diplopia in patients with isolated orbital floor fractures. Fifty-six patients fulfilled inclusion criteria. Eighteen of 56 patients (32%) had preoperative diplopia. In Type A fractures, 0/9 (0%) small, 1/8 (12.5%) medium, and 2/14 (14%) large fractures had diplopia. For Type B fractures, 3/4 (75%) small, 9/13 (69%) medium, and 4/8 (50%) large fractures had diplopia. Type B fractures were significantly more likely to cause diplopia than Type A fractures in the small (p = 0.003) and medium (p = 0.007) size groups but not in the large groups (p = 0.07). 4
22. Frohwitter G, Wimmer S, Goetz C, et al. Evaluation of a computed-tomography-based assessment scheme in treatment decision-making for isolated orbital floor fractures. Journal of Cranio-Maxillo-Facial Surgery. 46(9):1550-1554, 2018 Sep. Review/Other-Dx 106 patients Treatment decisions for fractures of the orbital floor are based on clinical appearance, ophthalmological examination, and computed tomography (CT) scans. The defect size of the fracture appeared to be significantly associated with the presence of diplopia. CT-morphological parameters and preoperative ophthalmological results showed statistical significance for diplopia and incarceration of inferior rectus muscle (IRM), diplopia and displacement of IRM, decreased mobility and incarceration of IRM, and decreased mobility and displacement of IRM. 4
23. Kim YH, Park Y, Chung KJ. Considerations for the Management of Medial Orbital Wall Blowout Fracture. [Review]. Archives of Plastic Surgery. 43(3):229-36, 2016 May.Arch. plast. surg.. 43(3):229-36, 2016 May. Review/Other-Dx N/A To review the literature, and overview the accumulated knowledge about the orbital anatomy, fracture mechanisms, surgical approaches, reconstruction materials, and surgical methods. No results stated in abstract. 4
24. Caranci F, Cicala D, Cappabianca S, Briganti F, Brunese L, Fonio P. Orbital fractures: role of imaging. [Review]. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 33(5):385-91, 2012 Oct. Review/Other-Dx N/A To determine the role of imaging. Computed tomography is considered the imaging modality of choice in this circumstance, as it is deemed to be the most accurate method in detecting fractures. The protocol is based on obtaining thin-section axial scans and multiplanar reformatted images, both are useful tools to guide treatment. Orbital fractures are not considered an ophthalmologic emergency unless there is visual impairment or globe injury. Surgical repair is indicated for patients who have persistent diplopia or cosmetic concerns (enophthalmos) and generaly is not performed until swelling subsides 7-10 days after injury 4
25. Sakong Y, Chung KJ, Kim YH. The Incidence of Traumatic Optic Neuropathy Associated With Subtypes of Orbital Wall Fracture. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 33(1):93-96, 2022 Jan-Feb 01. Review/Other-Dx 27 patients To evaluate the incidence of TON in each orbital wall fracture. Among 2629 patients with orbital wall fractures, 27 patients were diagnosed with TON with an incidence of 1.02%. In single wall fracture, only lateral wall showed significantly high TON incidence, which only zygomatic fracture was included in single lateral wall fracture. In multiple wall fracture, it was statistically significant in the superior wall. 4
26. Santamaria J, Mehta A, Reed D, Blegen H, Bishop B, Davies B. Orbital roof fractures as an indicator for concomitant ocular injury. Graefes Archive for Clinical & Experimental Ophthalmology. 257(11):2541-2545, 2019 Nov. Review/Other-Dx 340 orbital wall fractures To characterize orbital roof fracture patterns and quantify the rate of acute intervention as compared with non-roof involving orbital wall fractures. Assault (40.7%) was the most common cause of non-roof-involving fractures while falls from height (20.0%) were associated with a higher rate of roof fractures. Roof-involving orbital wall fractures were associated with a higher prevalence of corneal abrasions (16.3%), lid lacerations (23.4%), and traumatic optic neuropathy (10.4%). A reliable subjective exam on initial ophthalmic consultation was not achieved in a larger proportion of roof fracture patients (30%). Despite this, the rate of acute intervention in this group (34%) was almost double, including lateral canthotomy and cantholysis. 4
27. Bodanapally UK, Shanmuganathan K, Shin RK, et al. Hyperintense Optic Nerve due to Diffusion Restriction: Diffusion-Weighted Imaging in Traumatic Optic Neuropathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015;36(8):1536-1541. Observational-Dx 29 patients To evaluate optic nerve hyperintensity on diffusion-weighted imaging, we compared the group differences of apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values between the injured and uninjured contralateral nerve and identified the relation between measured ADC values and admission visual acuity. Hyperintensity of the optic nerve was demonstrated in 8 of the 29 patients, with a sensitivity of 27.6% (95% CI, 12.8-47.2) and a specificity of 100% (95% CI, 87.9-100). ADC values were obtained in 25 patients. The mean ADC in the posterior segment of the injured nerve was significantly lower than that in the contralateral uninjured nerve (Welch ANOVA, F = 9.7, P = .003). There was a moderate-to-strong correlation between low ADC values and poor visual acuity in 10 patients in whom visual acuity could be obtained at admission (R = 0.7, P = .02). Patients with optic nerve hyperintensity presented with worse visual acuity. 2
28. Levin LA, Beck RW, Joseph MP, Seiff S, Kraker R. The treatment of traumatic optic neuropathy: the International Optic Nerve Trauma Study. Ophthalmology 1999;106:1268-77. Review/Other-Dx 133 patients To compare the visual outcome of traumatic optic neuropathy treated with corticosteroids, treated with optic canal decompression surgery, or observed without treatment. Visual acuity increased by > or = 3 lines in 32% of the surgery group, 57% of the untreated group, and 52% of the steroid group (P = 0.22). The surgery group had more patients whose initial vision was no light perception. After adjustment for the baseline visual acuity, there were no significant differences between any of the treatment groups. There was no indication that the dosage or timing of corticosteroid treatment or the timing of surgery was associated with an increased probability of visual improvement. 4
29. Zimmerer R, Rana M, Schumann P, Gellrich NC. Diagnosis and treatment of optic nerve trauma. [Review]. Facial Plastic Surgery. 30(5):518-27, 2014 Oct. Review/Other-Dx N/A To diagnosis and treatment of traumatic visual pathway damage with the ultimate goal of preserving visual acuity. No results stated in abstract. 4
30. Winegar BA, Gutierrez JE. Imaging of Orbital Trauma and Emergent Non-traumatic Conditions. [Review]. Neuroimaging Clinics of North America. 25(3):439-56, 2015 Aug. Review/Other-Dx N/A Diagnostic imaging has become critical in the care of patients suffering from traumatic or nontraumatic emergent orbital conditions. No results stated in abstract. 4
31. Kondoff M, Nassrallah G, Ross M, Deschenes J. Incidence and outcomes of retrobulbar hematoma diagnosed by computed tomography in cases of orbital fracture. Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology. 54(5):606-610, 2019 10. Review/Other-Dx 292 orbits To identify the incidence and describe the outcomes of these CT-diagnosed RBH. 292 orbits with wall fractures were identified. 94 (32.2%) were documented by CT to have RBH. Of these orbits, only one (1.1%) was diagnosed with OCS receiving canthotomy and cantholysis. 53 orbits with initial CT-diagnosed retrobulbar hematoma were seen in follow-up a week or more later, none of which had developed signs of OCS or needed medical or surgical intervention for OCS. 4
32. McCallum E, Keren S, Lapira M, Norris JH. Orbital Compartment Syndrome: An Update With Review Of The Literature. [Review]. Clinical Ophthalmology. 13:2189-2194, 2019.Clin. ophthalmol.. 13:2189-2194, 2019. Review/Other-Dx N/A Orbital compartment syndrome (OCS) is a potentially blinding condition characterized by a rapid increase in intra-orbital pressure. No results stated in abstract. 4
33. Pontell ME, Jackson K, Golinko M, Drolet BC. Influence of Radiographic Soft Tissue Findings on Clinical Entrapment in Patients With Orbital Fractures. Journal of Craniofacial Surgery. 32(4):1427-1431, 2021 Jun 01. Review/Other-Dx N/A Radiographic assessment of facial fractures with computed tomography (CT) scanning has become standard of care. Sixty-seven percent of radiology reports mentioned "entrapped" or "entrapment," while the incidence of clinical entrapment was 2.8%. The odds of entrapment, diplopia, and abnormal EOM motility were higher in those with EOM herniation; however, EOM herniation had a positive predictive value of 7.9% for clinical entrapment. Fat herniation alone and EOM contour irregularity had positive predictive values of 4.2% and 4.8%, respectively. 4
34. Huang LK, Wang HH, Tu HF, Fu CY. Simultaneous head and facial computed tomography scans for assessing facial fractures in patients with traumatic brain injury. Injury. 48(7):1417-1422, 2017 Jul. Review/Other-Dx 200 patients To investigate the value of simultaneous facial CT scans in assessing facial fractures in patients with TBI. In our cohort, 200 patients (12.1%) had at least one facial fracture shown on the CT scans. Patients with facial fractures were more likely to have initial loss of consciousness (ILOC; p<0.001), a Glasgow coma scale of 8 or less (p<0.001), moderate or severe degrees of head injury severity scale (p<0.001), positive physical examination findings (p<0.001), and positive CT cranial abnormalities (p<0.001). A total of 166 (83.0%) patients with facial fractures required further facial CT scans instead of conventional head CT scans alone. Surgical intervention was mandatory in 73 (44.0%) of the 166 patients, who more frequently exhibited fractures of the lower third of the face (p<0.001) and orbital fractures (p=0.019). 4
35. Lee HJ, Kim YJ, Seo DW, et al. Incidence of intracranial injury in orbital wall fracture patients not classified as traumatic brain injury. Injury. 49(5):963-968, 2018 May. Observational-Dx 1220 patients To evaluate the incidence and risk factors of intracranial injury in patients with orbital wall fracture (OWF), who were classified with a chief complaint of facial injury rather than TBI. A total of 1220 patients with OWF were finally enrolled. CT of the head was performed on 677 patients, and the incidence of concomitant intracranial injury was found to be 9% (62/677). Patients with definite TBI were excluded. Symptoms raising a suspicion of TBI, such as loss of consciousness, alcohol intoxication, or vomiting, were present in 347 of the patients, with 44 of these patients (13%) showing a concomitant intracranial injury. Of the 330 patients without such symptoms, 18 (6%) demonstrated a concomitant intracranial injury. In OWF patients, superior wall fracture (odds ratio [OR], 4.15; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.06-8.34; P < 0.001), associated frontal bone fracture (OR, 4.38; 95% CI, 2.08-9.23; P < 0.001), and older age (decades) (OR, 1.03; 95% CI, 1.01-1.04; P = 0.002) were independent risk factors for concomitant intracranial injury. 2
36. Ibanez L, Navallas M, de Caceres IA, Martinez-Chamorro E, Borruel S. CT Features of Posttraumatic Vision Loss. [Review]. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 217(2):469-479, 2021 08.AJR Am J Roentgenol. 217(2):469-479, 2021 08. Review/Other-Dx N/A Clinical evaluation of patients with trauma is challenging, especially in the presence of neurologic injuries. No results stated in abstract. 4
37. LeBedis CA, Sakai O. Nontraumatic orbital conditions: diagnosis with CT and MR imaging in the emergent setting. [Review] [26 refs]. Radiographics. 28(6):1741-53, 2008 Oct.Radiographics. 28(6):1741-53, 2008 Oct. Review/Other-Dx N/A Imaging provides crucial information regarding emergent orbital abnormalities, and the radiologist fulfills an important role in guiding patient care and contributing to favorable outcomes. No results stated in abstract. 4
38. Kapur R, Sepahdari AR, Mafee MF, et al. MR imaging of orbital inflammatory syndrome, orbital cellulitis, and orbital lymphoid lesions: the role of diffusion-weighted imaging. Ajnr: American Journal of Neuroradiology. 30(1):64-70, 2009 Jan.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 30(1):64-70, 2009 Jan. Review/Other-Dx N/A To identify the role of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in differentiating these 3 diagnoses. A significant difference was noted in DWI intensities, ADC, and ADC ratio between OIS, orbital lymphoid lesions, and orbital cellulitis (P < .05). Lymphoid lesions were significantly brighter than OIS, and OIS lesions were significantly brighter than cellulitis. Lymphoid lesions showed lower ADC than OIS and cellulitis. A trend was seen toward lower ADC in OIS than in cellulitis (P = .17). 4
39. Ketenci I, Unlu Y, Vural A, Dogan H, Sahin MI, Tuncer E. Approaches to subperiosteal orbital abscesses. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 270(4):1317-27, 2013 Mar. Review/Other-Dx 36 females (13 females aged from 3 to 76) To evaluate the epidemiology, clinical features, management and complications of subperiosteal orbital abscesses (SPOA)-a serious complication of rhinosinusitis. Patients were analyzed in terms of age, gender, clinical features, CT findings, surgical procedures, microbiology, and complications. Twenty-three males and 13 females aged from 3 to 76 were evaluated. Nine patients-seven of which were under the age of 10-with small medial SPOA were treated only with medical management. Of the 13 with medial SPOA, transnasal endoscopic approach was performed for 10 and external approach for 3 to drain the abscess. As for the 12 patients with superior SPOA, 8 were treated via combined approach and 4 via external approach. The most common microorganisms were streptococci in children and anaerobes in adults. Total loss of vision developed in two adults with diabetes mellitus (DM). One patient with superior SPOA died due to frontal lobe abscess. 4
40. Hutchings KR, Fritzhand SJ, Esmaeli B, et al. Graves' Eye Disease: Clinical and Radiological Diagnosis. [Review]. Biomedicines. 11(2), 2023 Jan 22.Biomedicines. 11(2), 2023 Jan 22. Review/Other-Dx N/A Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder in which hyperthyroidism results in various systematic symptoms. No results stated in abstract. 4
41. Mahalingam HV, Mani SE, Patel B, et al. Imaging Spectrum of Cavernous Sinus Lesions with Histopathologic Correlation. [Review]. Radiographics. 39(3):795-819, 2019 May-Jun.Radiographics. 39(3):795-819, 2019 May-Jun. Review/Other-Dx N/A To (a) describe the anatomy of the cavernous sinus; (b) demonstrate the multimodality imaging spectrum of a wide variety of pathologic conditions involving the cavernous sinus, correlating with the histopathologic findings; (c) highlight important imaging clues for differential diagnosis; and (d) help the reader overcome potential pitfalls in interpretation. No results stated in abstract. 4
42. Boujan T, Neuberger U, Pfaff J, et al. Value of Contrast-Enhanced MRA versus Time-of-Flight MRA in Acute Ischemic Stroke MRI. Ajnr: American Journal of Neuroradiology. 39(9):1710-1716, 2018 09.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 39(9):1710-1716, 2018 09. Observational-Dx 123 patients To compare the diagnostic accuracy of time-of-flight MR angiography and contrast-enhanced MR angiography for identification of vessel occlusion and collateral status in acute ischemic stroke. Both techniques had good interrater agreement of ? = 0.74 (95% CI, 0.66-0.83) for TOF-MRA and ? = 0.72 (95% CI, 0.63-0.80) for contrast-enhanced MRA. Occlusion localization differed significantly on TOF-MRA compared with DSA (P < .001), while no significant difference was observed between DSA and contrast-enhanced MRA (P = .75). Assessment of collaterals showed very good agreement between contrast-enhanced MRA and DSA (94.9% with P = .25), but only fair agreement between TOF-MRA and DSA (23.2% with P < .001). 2
43. Jyani R, Ranade D, Joshi P. Spectrum of Orbital Cellulitis on Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Cureus. 12(8):e9663, 2020 Aug 11.Cureus. 12(8):e9663, 2020 Aug 11. Review/Other-Dx 15 patients To highlight the spectrum of MR imaging findings and the pattern of spread in fifteen patients with orbital cellulitis. Orbital/periorbital abscess was found to be the most common complication of orbital cellulitis (eight cases, 53.3%), followed by optic neuritis/perineuritis (four cases, 26.67%), intracranial involvement (four cases, 26.67%), dacryoadenitis (three cases, 20%) and cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis (three cases, 20%). Seven cases (46.67%) had right orbital involvement. Sinusitis was found to be the most common predisposing factor. Amongst the cases associated with sinusitis, the commonest inflamed paranasal sinus was found to be the ethmoid sinus (twelve cases). Amongst the fifteen cases of orbital/periorbital cellulitis, there were only two cases of isolated preseptal cellulitis (13.33%), five cases of postseptal cellulitis (33.33%) and eight cases of both preseptal and postseptal orbital cellulitis (53.33%). 4
44. Sadigh G, Mullins ME, Saindane AM. Diagnostic Performance of MRI Sequences for Evaluation of Dural Venous Sinus Thrombosis. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 206(6):1298-306, 2016 Jun.AJR Am J Roentgenol. 206(6):1298-306, 2016 Jun. Observational-Dx 36 patients The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of routinely used MRI sequences with and without contrast enhancement in the diagnostic evaluation of dural venous sinus thrombosis (DVST). Thirty-six patients with DVST (72% of whom had acute thrombosis and 28% of whom had chronic thrombosis) and 29 patients without DVST were included in the study. For each sequence, the AUC values for the detection of DVST per patient, as determined by reviewer 1 and reviewer 2, respectively, were as follows: for T1-weighted unenhanced sequences, 55% and 61%; for T1-weighted CE sequences, 79% and 80%; for T2-weighted sequences, 77% and 76%; for DWI sequences, 59% and 64%; for T2-weighted FLAIR sequences, 70% and 72%; for T2-weighted GRE sequences, 64% and 66%; and for the 3D T1-weighted GRE CE sequence, 77% and 81%. The diagnostic performance of the 3D T1-weighted GRE CE sequences was statistically significantly greater than that of the other sequences. Interobserver variability ranged from 0.26 (for T1-weighted unenhanced sequences) to 0.73 (for the DWI sequence). Overall, for each reviewer and with the use of all evaluated sequences, MRI had a high sensitivity (> 99% for both reviewers) but low specificity (14% for reviewer 1 and 48% for reviewer 2) for the detection of DVST. 2
45. Bhatia H, Kaur R, Bedi R. MR imaging of cavernous sinus thrombosis. European Journal of Radiology Open. 7:100226, 2020.Eur J Radiol Open. 7:100226, 2020. Review/Other-Dx 7 patients To determine the role of Contrast enhanced MRI (CEMRI) in the evaluation of Cavernous sinus thrombosis (CST). In the patient group, the mean Cavernous sinus (CS) diameter, Cavernous Internal Carotid Artery (ICA) diameter and Superior Ophthalmic Vein (SOV) diameter were 9.14 ± 0.56 mm, 3.5 mm ± 0.9 mm and 3.8 mm ± 1.79 mm respectively. While in the control group, the mean CS diameter, ICA diameter and SOV dimeter were 6.58 ± 0.54 mm, 4.6 mm ± 0.44 mm and 1.1 mm ± 0.11 mm respectively. The differences in the CS size, ICA and SOV diameters was statistically significant. (p < 0.05). Cut off points of = 10 mm for CS diameter, = 2.9 mm for SOV dilation, and = 4.2 mm for ICA flow void diameter were estimated using receiver operating characteristic curves. Various other qualitative parameters, like bulging lateral walls of the sinus, heterogenous signal intensity with filling defects on post contrast images, abnormal dural enhancement along the lateral wall of the sinus and orbital apex involvement were more frequently observed in the CST group, in comparison to the control group. 4
46. Heran F, Berges O, Blustajn J, et al. Tumor pathology of the orbit. [Review]. Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging. 95(10):933-44, 2014 Oct. Review/Other-Dx N/A To review the tumor pathology of the orbit. No results stated in abstract. 4
47. Poon CS, Sze G, Johnson MH. Orbital lesions: differentiating vascular and nonvascular etiologic factors. AJR. 2008; 190(4):956-965. Review/Other-Dx 6 cases To illustrate how attention to vascular anatomic features and blood flow patterns can facilitate the diagnosis of an orbital lesion. Accuracy of radiologic diagnosis can be improved by an understanding of orbital vascular anatomy and blood flow patterns and with optimal use of imaging techniques. 4
48. Rootman J, Heran MK, Graeb DA. Vascular malformations of the orbit: classification and the role of imaging in diagnosis and treatment strategies*. [Review]. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 30(2):91-104, 2014 Mar-Apr. Review/Other-Dx N/A To describe the authors' experience with orbital vascular malformations using the International Society for the Study of Vascular Anomalies (ISSVA) classification and the preferred radiologic techniques. The orbital vascular malformations can be evaluated, classified, and managed according to the ISSVA classification to provide a common language of communication between specialties, which takes into account flow dynamics. 4
49. Aryasit O, Preechawai P, Aui-Aree N. Clinical presentation, aetiology and prognosis of orbital apex syndrome. Orbit 2013;32:91-4. Review/Other-Dx 50 patients; 58 eyes To present the clinical features, determine the causes and evaluate the prognosis of orbital apex syndrome in patients of Songklanagarind Hospital In our series, the major cause of orbital apex syndrome was carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, for which 30 patients were diagnosed. After excluding those patients whose condition was caused by carotid-cavernous sinus fistula, 50 patients (58 eyes) were analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 47.60 ± 18.88 years (27 male patients and 23 female patients). The most common presenting symptom was blurred vision (86%). The median duration of the presenting symptom was 37.5 d. Of the 50 patients the most frequent aetiology of orbital apex syndrome was neoplasia (48%), of which lymphoma was the most common in this group. After treatment, the vision of 19.4% of the patients improved and proptosis improved by 68.4%. 4
50. Purohit BS, Vargas MI, Ailianou A, et al. Orbital tumours and tumour-like lesions: exploring the armamentarium of multiparametric imaging. Insights Into Imaging. 7(1):43-68, 2016 Feb.Insights imaging. 7(1):43-68, 2016 Feb. Review/Other-Dx N/A Multiparametric imaging of orbital tumors. No results stated in abstract. 4
51. Bonavolonta G, Strianese D, Grassi P, et al. An analysis of 2,480 space-occupying lesions of the orbit from 1976 to 2011. [Review]. Ophthalmic Plastic & Reconstructive Surgery. 29(2):79-86, 2013 Mar-Apr.Ophthal Plast Reconstr Surg. 29(2):79-86, 2013 Mar-Apr. Review/Other-Dx 2,480 lesions To evaluate the frequencies of orbital space-occupying lesions seen at single orbital unit in a period of 35 years. Of the 2,480 lesions, 1,697 (68%) were benign and 783 (32%) were malignant. The most frequent benign tumors were dermoid cyst (14%) and cavernous hemangioma (9%). The most common malignant tumors were non-Hodgkin lymphoma (12%), basal cell carcinoma (3%), and orbital metastases (3%). In patients younger than 60 years, benign tumors are more frequent, whereas in patients older than 60 years, the frequency of malignant tumors increased. Regarding the distribution in the orbit, the most common tumors were dermoid cyst (206 cases) in the upper-outer quadrant, mucocele (155 cases) in the upper-inner quadrant, basal cell epithelioma (35 cases) in the lower-inner quadrant, cavernous hemangioma (68 cases) in the lower-outer quadrant, and meningioma (90 cases) in central space. Most of the tumors were located in the upper-outer quadrant. In the lower-inner quadrant, malignant tumors were more frequent than benign tumors. 4
52. Tailor TD, Gupta D, Dalley RW, Keene CD, Anzai Y. Orbital neoplasms in adults: clinical, radiologic, and pathologic review. [Review]. Radiographics. 33(6):1739-58, 2013 Oct. Review/Other-Dx N/A Orbital neoplasms in adults may be categorized on the basis of location and histologic type. No results stated in abstract. 4
53. Kalemaki MS, Karantanas AH, Exarchos D, et al. PET/CT and PET/MRI in ophthalmic oncology (Review). [Review]. International Journal of Oncology. 56(2):417-429, 2020 Feb.Int J Oncol. 56(2):417-429, 2020 Feb. Review/Other-Dx N/A To discuss the current applications of hybrid PET/CT and PET/MRI imaging in the management of patients presenting with the most commonly encountered orbital and ocular tumors. No results stated in abstract. 4
54. Feltgen N, Walter P. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment--an ophthalmologic emergency. [Review]. Deutsches Arzteblatt International. 111(1-2):12-21; quiz 22, 2014 Jan 06. Review/Other-Dx N/A Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is the most common retinological emergency threatening vision. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment typically presents with the perception of light flashes, floaters, or a "dark curtain." In most cases, the retinal tear is a consequence of degeneration of the vitreous body. Epidemiologic studies have identified myopia and prior cataract surgery as the main risk factors. Persons in the sixth and seventh decades of life are most commonly affected. Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment is an emergency, and all patients should be seen by an ophthalmologist on the same day that symptoms arise. The treatment consists of scleral buckle, removal of the vitreous body (vitrectomy), or a combination of the two. Anatomical success rates are in the range of 85% to 90%. Vitrectomy is followed by lens opacification in more than 70% of cases. The earlier the patient is seen by an ophthalmologist, the greater the chance that the macula is still attached, so that visual acuity can be preserved. 4
55. Botwin A, Engel A, Wasyliw C. The use of ocular ultrasound to diagnose retinal detachment: a case demonstrating the sonographic findings. Emergency Radiology. 25(4):445-447, 2018 Aug.EMERG. RADIOL.. 25(4):445-447, 2018 Aug. Review/Other-Dx 1 patient Retinal detachment is an ophthalmologic emergency that requires immediate medical attention as it can potentially lead to permanent vision loss. No results stated in abstract. 4
56. Amer R, Nalci H, Yalcindag N. Exudative retinal detachment. [Review]. Survey of Ophthalmology. 62(6):723-769, 2017 Nov - Dec. Review/Other-Dx N/A Exudative retinal detachment develops when fluid collects in the subretinal space. No results stated in abstract. 4
57. Mac Grory B, Schrag M, Biousse V, et al. Management of Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. [Review]. Stroke. 52(6):e282-e294, 2021 06.Stroke. 52(6):e282-e294, 2021 06. Review/Other-Dx N/A To provide a framework within which to consider acute treatment and secondary prevention. Acute CRAO is a medical emergency. Systems of care should evolve to prioritize early recognition and triage of CRAO to emergency medical attention. There is considerable variability in management patterns among practitioners, institutions, and subspecialty groups. The current literature suggests that treatment with intravenous tissue plasminogen activator may be effective. Patients should undergo urgent screening and treatment of vascular risk factors. There is a need for high-quality, randomized clinical trials in this field. 4
58. Schrag M, Youn T, Schindler J, Kirshner H, Greer D. Intravenous Fibrinolytic Therapy in Central Retinal Artery Occlusion: A Patient-Level Meta-analysis. JAMA Neurology. 72(10):1148-54, 2015 Oct.JAMA Neurol. 72(10):1148-54, 2015 Oct. Meta-analysis 7 studies 396 patients To assess the efficacy of systemic fibrinolytic therapy for patients with CRAO and to define a time window of efficacy. We obtained summary statistics from 7 studies that included 396 patients who received no treatment after CRAO and from 8 studies that included 419 patients treated with ocular massage, anterior chamber paracentesis, and/or hemodilution (conservative treatment). Patient-level data were obtained for 147 patients treated with systemic fibrinolysis. We found that fibrinolysis was beneficial at 4.5 hours or earlier after symptom onset compared with the natural history group (17 of 34 [50.0%] vs 70 of 396 [17.7%]; odds ratio, 4.7 [95% CI, 2.3-9.6]; P < .001). Absolute risk reduction was 32.3%, with a number needed to treat of 4.0 (95% CI, 2.6-6.6). We also found that conservative treatment significantly worsened visual acuity outcomes and recovery rates after CRAO compared with the natural history group (31 of 419 [7.4%; 95% CI, 3.7%-11.1%] vs 70 of 396 [17.7%; 95% CI, 13.9%-21.4%]; P < .001; number needed to harm, 10.0 [95% CI, 6.8-17.4]). Good
59. Abel A, McClelland C, Lee MS. Critical review: Typical and atypical optic neuritis. [Review]. Survey of Ophthalmology. 64(6):770-779, 2019 Nov - Dec. Review/Other-Dx N/A Typical optic neuritis is an idiopathic demyelinating condition that is often associated with multiple sclerosis. No results stated in abstract. 4
60. Darakdjian M, Chaves H, Hernandez J, Cejas C. MRI pattern in acute optic neuritis: Comparing multiple sclerosis, NMO and MOGAD. Neuroradiology Journal. 36(3):267-272, 2023 Jun. Review/Other-Dx 56 To identify differences in MRI patterns of optic nerve enhancement in certain demyelinating etiologies presenting with acute ON. Fifty-six subjects met eligibility criteria. Mean age was 31 years (range 6-79) and 70% were females. Thirty-four (61%) patients were diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS), 8 (14%) with neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and 14 (25%) with anti-myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein disease (MOGAD). Bilateral involvement was more frequent in MOGAD, compared to MS and NMO (43 vs 3% and 12.5% respectively, p = 0.002). MS patients showed shorter optic nerve involvement, whereas MOGAD showed more extensive lesions (p = 0.006). Site of involvement was intraorbital in 63% MS, 89% NMO, 90% MOGAD (p = 0.051) and canalicular in 43% MS, 33% NMO and 75% MOGAD (p = 0.039). Intracranial or chiasmatic involvement and presence of perineural enhancement were not statistically different between entities. 4
61. Winter A, Chwalisz B. MRI Characteristics of NMO, MOG and MS Related Optic Neuritis. [Review]. Seminars in Ophthalmology. 35(7-8):333-342, 2020 Nov 16.SEMIN. OPHTHALMOL.. 35(7-8):333-342, 2020 Nov 16. Review/Other-Dx N/A Discusses the optic nerve imaging in the major demyelinating disorders with an emphasis on clinically relevant differences that can help clinicians assess and manage these important neuro-ophthalmic disorders. No results stated in abstract. 4
62. Denis M, Woillez JP, Smirnov VM, et al. Optic Nerve Lesion Length at the Acute Phase of Optic Neuritis Is Predictive of Retinal Neuronal Loss. Neurology neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation. 9(2), 2022 03. Review/Other-Dx 51 patients Acute optic neuritis (ON) is a classical presenting symptom of multiple sclerosis (MS), neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), and anti-MOG-associated disorders. The study group included 51 patients (33 women, mean age of 32.4 years ± 7.9). We recruited patients with a clinically isolated syndrome (n = 20), a relapsing-remitting MS (n = 23), an isolated ON (n = 6), and a first clinical episode of NMOSD (n = 2). Optic nerve DIR hypersignal was observed in all but 1 symptomatic optic nerves. At inclusion, the mean optic nerve lesion length (in mm) was 12.35 ± 5.98. The mean GCIPL volume (in mm3) significantly decreased between inclusion (1.90 ± 0.18) and M12 (1.67 ± 0.21; p < 0.0001). Optic nerve lesion length at inclusion was significantly associated with GCIPL thinning (estimate ± SD; -0.012 ± 0.004; p = 0.0016) and LCMVA at M12 (0.016 ± 0.003; p < 0.001). Optic nerve lesion length significantly increased at M12 (15.76 ± 8.70; p = 0.0007). The increase in optic nerve lesion length was significantly associated with the GCIPL thinning between inclusion and M12 (-0.012 ± 0.003; p = 0.0011). 4
63. Pravata E, Roccatagliata L, Sormani MP, et al. Dedicated 3D-T2-STIR-ZOOMit Imaging Improves Demyelinating Lesion Detection in the Anterior Visual Pathways of Patients with Multiple Sclerosis. Ajnr: American Journal of Neuroradiology. 42(6):1061-1068, 2021 06. Review/Other-Dx 48 patients Whether a dedicated high-resolution MR imaging technique, the 3D-T2-STIR-ZOOMit, improves demyelinating lesion detection compared with the current clinical standard sequence, the 2D-T2-STIR. Forty-eight patients with MS with (n = 19) or without (n = 29) past optic neuritis and 19 healthy controls were evaluated. Readers' agreement was strong (3D-T2-STIR-ZOOMit: 0.85; 2D-T2-STIR: 0.90). The 3D-T2-STIR-ZOOMit scan-rescan intraclass correlation coefficient was 0.97 (95% CI, 0.96-0.98; P < .001), indicating excellent reproducibility. Overall, 3D-T2-STIR-ZOOMit detected more than twice the demyelinating lesions (n = 89) than 2D-T2-STIR (n = 43) (OR = 2.7; 95% CI, 1.7-4.1; P < .001). In the intracranial anterior visual pathway segments, 33 of the 36 demyelinating lesions (91.7%) detected by 3D-T2-STIR-ZOOMit were not disclosed by 2D-T2-STIR. 3D-T2-STIR-ZOOMit increased detection of demyelinating lesion probability by 1.8-fold in patients with past optic neuritis (OR = 1.8; 95% CI, 1.2-3.1; P = .01) and 5.9-fold in patients without past optic neuritis (OR = 5.9; 95% CI, 2.5-13.8; P < .001). No false-positive demyelinating lesions were detected in healthy controls. 4
64. Li H, Zhou H, Sun J, et al. Optic Perineuritis and Its Association With Autoimmune Diseases. Frontiers in neurology [electronic resource].. 11:627077, 2020. Review/Other-Dx 44 OPN cases 61 IDON cases To analyze the etiology and different clinical characteristics of OPN in a Chinese patient population. Forty-four OPN cases (74 eyes) and 61 IDON cases (78 eyes) were analyzed. OPN cases included 33 cases (59 eyes) were associated with specific autoimmune diseases, 10 cases (13 eyes) were associated with infection diseases, 1 case was idiopathic disease. The causes of OPN with CTD were Graves' disease, Immunoglobulin G4-related disease (IgG-4 RD), granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GAP), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sarcoidosis, Rheumatoid arthritis, scleroderma, Behcet's disease, and gout. All patients received orbital MRI. Overall, 33 cases showed orbit fat infiltration. Specifically, nine cases with IgG-4 RD showed trigeminal nerve branch involvement, 12 cases with Graves' disease showed extraocular muscle belly enlargement, and 4 cases with GAP showed pterygopalatine fossa pseudotumor. Compared to IDON patients, OPN patients were older (p = 0.004) and more likely bilateral involvement 26 (78.79%) patients had bilateral involvement in OPN group vs. 17 (27.87%) in the IDON group (p < 0.001). Visual acuity scores using LogMAR testing was better in OPN patients compared to those with IDON, 0.55 ± 0.91 vs. 1.19 ± 1.24 (p < 0.001). Other ophthalmologic findings unique to the OPN group include 11 (33.33%) cases of ptosis, nine (27.27%) cases of diplopia, and 10 (30.30%) cases of exophthalmos, compared to zero cases of these conditions in the IDON group. Eight (13.11%) IDON patients also had multiple sclerosis (MS) and 7 (11.48%) patients had neuromyelitis which was significantly more than the zero patients in OPN group (p = 0.04). 4
65. Cellina M, Floridi C, Rosti C, et al. MRI of acute optic neuritis (ON) at the first episode: Can we predict the visual outcome and the development of multiple sclerosis (MS)?. Radiologia Medica. 124(12):1296-1303, 2019 Dec. Review/Other-Dx 37 patients To assess MRI findings in the acute phase of ON and their correlation with visual acuity at presentation, visual outcome (VO) and MS development, to analyze a possible correlation between lesions number and diagnosis, and to assess correlation between orbits MRI and OCT. 64.8% patients received a diagnosis of MS; 35% of CIS. Lesions of the optic nerve were found in 65.8%. We observed statistically significant correlation between brain MRI pattern and diagnosis and between lesions number and diagnosis. We observed a statistically significant correlation between orbital MRI pattern and optical coherence tomography (OCT) results. MRI brain findings correlate with development of MS. MRI brain features and lesions number can predict the risk of MS conversion. 4
66. Yang R, Qu B, Liu WV, et al. Detection of Acute Optic Neuritis using Contrast-Enhanced 3-Dimensional Cube T1-Weighted Imaging: A Preliminary Study. Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening. 26(8):1480-1487, 2023. Observational-Dx 32 patients To assess whole-brain imaging with contrast-enhanced (CE) 3- dimensional (3D) Cube T1WI in improving the diagnostic accuracy of acute optic neuritis (ON) compared to conventional CE 2-dimensional (2D) T1WI. The application of 3D Cube T1WI improved the overall image quality compared to 2D Ax T1WI and 2D Cor T1WI (P < 0.05). The clarity of the optic nerve and the visual contrast enhancement were higher for the 3D Cube T1WI compared to the 2D Ax T1WI and 2D Cor T1WI for at least one reader. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 89%, 86%, 88% for the 3D Cube T1WI respectively, and 75%, 79%, 77% for the conventional 2D T1WI respectively. The lesions detected by the conventional 2D T1WI were all detected by the 3D Cube T1WI. 2
67. Schroeder A, Van Stavern G, Orlowski HLP, et al. Detection of Optic Neuritis on Routine Brain MRI without and with the Assistance of an Image Postprocessing Algorithm. Ajnr: American Journal of Neuroradiology. 42(6):1130-1135, 2021 06. Observational-Dx 60 patients To assess the diagnostic performance of radiologists in detecting optic neuritis on routine brain MR images and whether this performance could be enhanced using a postprocessing algorithm. The average sensitivity of readers was 55%, 56.5%, and 30.0% on FLAIR, coronal contrast-enhanced T1WI, and axial contrast-enhanced T1WI, respectively. Sensitivities were lower in the absence of fat saturation on FLAIR (P = .001) and coronal contrast-enhanced T1WI (P = .04). Processing increased the contrast-to-noise ratio of diseased (P value range = .03 to <.001) but not of control optic nerves. Processing did not improve the sensitivity but improved the specificity and positive predictive value. Interobserver agreement improved from slight to good. 3
68. Petroulia VD, Brugger D, Hoepner R, et al. MRI signs helpful in the differentiation of patients with anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy and optic neuritis. British Journal of Ophthalmology. 107(1):121-126, 2023 01. Review/Other-Dx 50 patients To identify specific MRI characteristics of anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy (AION) and optic neuritis (ON) that would aid in the differentiation between these two diagnoses. Fifty patients met the inclusion criteria. We found an accuracy of 0.98 for the discrimination between AION and ON based solely on parameters extracted from MRI data. Dominance analysis to determine the most influential parameters showed that the enhancement pattern of the optic nerve and distribution of the white matter lesions had the biggest impact on the classification and led to a discrimination accuracy of 0.9 when used alone. 4
69. Healy GM, Redmond CE, Gaughan M, et al. The accuracy of standard multiple sclerosis MRI brain sequences for the diagnosis of optic neuropathy. Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders. 38:101521, 2020 Feb. Observational-Dx 100 patients This study assessed the accuracy of T2 sagittal MRI brain for detection of optic neuropathy, compared to coronal STIR orbit. The sensitivity of T2 sagittal brain imaging for ON was 44% in group 1 and 85% in group 2 (p = 0.007). The specificities were 98% and 97% respectively (p = 0.9). Sensitivity was poorest for evaluation of the intraorbital nerve segment (56% grp1, 69% grp2, p = 0.4). 2
70. Pino-Lopez L, Wenz H, Bohme J, et al. Contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed FLAIR for the characterization of leptomeningeal inflammation in optic neuritis. Multiple Sclerosis. 25(6):792-800, 2019 05. Review/Other-Dx 42 patients To evaluate this phenomenon in patients with optic neuritis (ON). After diagnostic workup, 34 patients with final diagnosis of ON were analyzed in detail. On contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed FLAIR images, 25 (73.5%) patients with ON demonstrated perioptic leptomeningeal enhancement, and in 3 (8.8%) patients, this was even the only pathological MRI finding. In comparison, patients with perioptic leptomeningeal enhancement on contrast-enhanced fat-suppressed FLAIR images had a higher prevalence of additional hyperintense brain lesions ( p = 0.022) as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-specific oligoclonal bands ( p = 0.013) than patients without. 4
71. Hur M, Madhavan AA, Hodge DO, et al. Comparison of 1.5 Tesla and 3.0 Tesla Magnetic Resonance Imaging in the Evaluation of Acute Demyelinating Optic Neuritis. Journal of Neuro-Ophthalmology. 42(3):297-302, 2022 09 01. Review/Other-Dx 126 patients To compare the sensitivity of 3.0 Tesla (T) MRI to that of 1.5 T MRI in detecting acute demyelinating ON. Fifty-three patients (42.1%) had 3.0 T MRI, and 73 patients (57.9%) had 1.5 T MRI. Overall, 88.9% (112/126) of patients were determined to have a positive MRI for ON. The radiographic sensitivity for ON was higher in the 3.0 T group compared with the 1.5 T group (98.1% vs 82.2%, respectively [ P = 0.004]). The frequency of gadolinium enhancement was found to be greater in the 3 T group compared with the 1.5 T group (98.1% vs 76.7%, respectively [ P &lt; 0.001]). T2 hyperintensity was also more often seen in the 3.0 T group compared with the 1.5 T group (88.7% vs 68.5%, respectively [ P = 0.01]). 4
72. Purvin V, Kawasaki A, Jacobson DM. Optic perineuritis: clinical and radiographic features. Arch Ophthalmol 2001;119:1299-306. Review/Other-Dx 14 patients To describe the clinical and radiographic features of idiopathic optic perineuritis, with particular emphasis on those features that help to distinguish this condition from optic neuritis. Patients ranged in age from 24 to 60 years; 5 were older than 50 years. All patients had visual loss, eye pain, or both. The visual acuity was 20/20 or better in 8 of the 15 eyes. The results of visual field testing were normal in 2 eyes, and a paracentral scotoma or an arcuate defect was seen in 7. Magnetic resonance imaging scans demonstrated circumferential enhancement around the optic nerve, sometimes with intraorbital extension. Response to corticosteroids was dramatic; however, 4 patients had a relapse with lowering of the dose. 4
73. Adesina OO, Scott McNally J, Salzman KL, et al. Diffusion-Weighted Imaging and Post-contrast Enhancement in Differentiating Optic Neuritis and Non-arteritic Anterior Optic Neuropathy. Neuro-Ophthalmology. 42(2):90-98, 2018 Apr.NEURO-OPHTHALMOLOGY. 42(2):90-98, 2018 Apr. Review/Other-Dx 140 eyes To determine if specific magnetic resonance imaging characteristics differentiate acute NAION from ON. No results stated in abstract. 4
74. Remond P, Attye A, Lecler A, et al. The Central Bright Spot Sign: A Potential New MR Imaging Sign for the Early Diagnosis of Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy due to Giant Cell Arteritis. Ajnr: American Journal of Neuroradiology. 38(7):1411-1415, 2017 Jul.AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 38(7):1411-1415, 2017 Jul. Observational-Dx 30 patients to assess MR imaging to study the optic nerve head in patients referred with anterior ischemic optic neuropathy, due to either giant cell arteritis or the nonarteritic form of the disease. Fifteen patients with giant cell arteritis–related anterior ischemic optic neuropathy and 15 patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy from 2 medical centers were prospectively included in our study between August 2015 and May 2016. Fifteen healthy subjects and patients had undergone contrast-enhanced, flow-compensated, 3D T1-weighted MR imaging. The bright spot sign was defined as optic nerve head enhancement with a 3-grade ranking system. Two radiologists and 1 ophthalmologist independently performed blinded evaluations of MR imaging sequences with this scale. Statistical analysis included interobserver agreement. MR imaging scores were significantly higher in patients with giant cell arteritis–related anterior ischemic optic neuropathy than in patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (P = .05). All patients with giant cell arteritis–related anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (15/15) and 7/15 patients with nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy presented with the bright spot sign. No healthy subjects exhibited enhancement of the anterior part of the optic nerve. There was a significant relationship between the side of the bright spot and the side of the anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (P = .001). Interreader agreement was good for observers (? = 0.815). 3
75. Mournet S, Sene T, Charbonneau F, et al. Early diffusion-weighted MRI at 3 Tesla detects ischemic changes of the optic nerve in anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. European Radiology. 32(5):3588-3596, 2022 May. Review/Other-Dx 126 patients To assess the impact of timing from visual symptoms' onset to diffusion-weighted (DW) 3 T MRI completion to detect ischemic changes of the optic disc and optic nerve in AION patients. One hundred twenty-six patients (47/126 [37.3%] women and 79/126 [62.7%] men, mean age 69.1 ± 13.7 years) with AION were included. Restricted diffusion of the optic disc in AION eyes was more frequent in the early MRI group than in the late MRI group: 35/49 (71.4%) eyes versus 3/83 (3.6%) eyes, p < 0.001. ADC values of the pathological optic discs and optic nerves were lower in the early MRI group than in the late MRI group: 0.61 [0.52-0.94] × 10-3 mm2/s versus 1.28 [1.01-1.44] × 10-3 mm2/s, p < 0.001, and 0.74 [0.61-0.88] × 10-3 mm2/s versus 0.89 [0.72-1.10] × 10-3 mm2/s, p < 0.001, respectively. 4
76. Menjot de Champfleur N, Menjot de Champfleur S, Galanaud D, Leboucq N, Bonafe A. Imaging of the optic chiasm and retrochiasmal visual pathways. [Review]. Diagnostic and Interventional Imaging. 94(10):957-71, 2013 Oct. Review/Other-Dx N/A The exploration of the chiasmal and retrochiasmal visual pathways is based on magnetic resonance imaging. No results stated in abstract. 4
77. Kwancharoen R, Blitz AM, Tavares F, Caturegli P, Gallia GL, Salvatori R. Clinical features of sellar and suprasellar meningiomas. Pituitary. 17(4):342-8, 2014 Aug. Review/Other-Dx 1,516 meningiomas operated To gain insights that would enhance our ability to establish a pre-surgical diagnosis of meningioma. We identified 57 meningiomas. F:M ratio was 6:1. The mean age was 52 years (median 50, range 30-78). The most common symptoms were visual disturbance (58%), headache (16%) and incidental finding (12%). The mean duration of symptoms was 13 months. Hyperprolactinemia was found in 36%, with mean value of 51.6 ng/ml (median 41.8, range 22.5-132). Mean maximal diameter was 2.9 cm (median 2.7, range 0.9-6.8), and most tumors enhanced homogeneously on MRI after gadolinium. A "dural tail" sign was reported in a third. The radiologist reported "likely meningioma" in 65%, "possible meningioma" in 8.7%, and pituitary adenoma in 11%. After surgery, visual disturbances improved in most patients (80%) but headache only in 7%. Post-operative complications at 1 and 3 months occurred 38.6 and 33.3% respectively. There was no mortality. Sellar/suprasellar meningiomas represent 4% of all meningiomas, and have a particularly high female predominance. The diagnosis is suggested by the radiologist in approximately 2/3 of the cases. An improved method to differentiate preoperatively these tumors from adenomas would be desirable. 4
78. Buchfelder M, Schlaffer S. Imaging of pituitary pathology. Handb Clin Neurol 2014;124:151-66. Review/Other-Dx N/A To review the role imaging techniques in the diagnosis, surveillance, and treatment of  pituitary pathology. For monitoring treatment effects after surgical procedures, drug applications, or irradiation, follow-up studies with identical parameters should be employed, preferably at the same investigation site. Some space is devoted to intraoperative imaging, which not only allows assessment of how radical tumor resection needs to be during pituitary tumor surgery, but also provides extremely accurate structural data for neuronavigation. Less frequent lesions, such as craniopharyngiomas, meningiomas, germ cell tumors, gliomas, skull base tumors, hypothalamic hamartomas, vascular malformations, inflammatory and developmental lesions and other, even less frequent pathologies should be considered in the differential diagnosis. The particular strength of computed tomography (CT) is the direct depiction of calcification, a weakness of MRI, and the high resolution of bone structures at the skull base. This chapter presents the characteristics of both frequent and less commonly encountered tumoral lesions, with an emphasis on computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging 4
79. Ugga L, Franca RA, Scaravilli A, et al. Neoplasms and tumor-like lesions of the sellar region: imaging findings with correlation to pathology and 2021 WHO classification. Neuroradiology 2023;65:675-99. Review/Other-Dx N/A To provide an overview of the common neoplasms and tumor-like conditions of the sellar region. No results stated in abstract. 4
80. Cirillo M, Scomazzoni F, Cirillo L, et al. Comparison of 3D TOF-MRA and 3D CE-MRA at 3T for imaging of intracranial aneurysms. European Journal of Radiology. 82(12):e853-9, 2013 Dec.Eur J Radiol. 82(12):e853-9, 2013 Dec. Review/Other-Dx 29 patients To compare 3T elliptical-centric CE MRA with 3T TOF MRA for the detection and characterization of unruptured intracranial aneurysms (UIAs), by using digital subtracted angiography (DSA) as reference. The CE-MRA results were in all cases consistent with the DSA dataset. No differences were noted between 3D TOF-MRA and CE-MRA concerning the detection and location of the 41 aneurysms or visualization of the parental artery. Differences were apparent concerning the visualization of morphologic features, especially for large aneurysms (>13 mm). An irregular sac shape was demonstrated for 21 aneurysms on CE-MRA but only 13/21 aneurysms on 3D TOF-MRA. Likewise, CE-MRA permitted visualization of an aneurismal neck and calculation of the sac/neck ratio for all 34 aneurysms with a neck demonstrated at DSA. Conversely, a neck was visible for only 24/34 aneurysms at 3D TOF-MRA. 3D CE-MRA detected 15 aneurysms with branches originating from the sac and/or neck, whereas branches were recognized in only 12/15 aneurysms at 3D TOF-MRA. 4
81. HaiFeng L, YongSheng X, YangQin X, et al. Diagnostic value of 3D time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography for detecting intracranial aneurysm: a meta-analysis. [Review]. Neuroradiology. 59(11):1083-1092, 2017 Nov.Neuroradiology. 59(11):1083-1092, 2017 Nov. Meta-analysis 18 studies 3,463 patients This meta-analysis is to comprehensively evaluate the diagnostic performance of three-dimensional time-of-flight magnetic resonance angiography (3D-TOF-MRA) for detecting intracranial aneurysm (IA). In total, 18 studies comprising 3463 patients were selected. The results of 3D-TOF-MRA for diagnosing IA were SEN 0.89 (95% CI 0.82-0.94), SPE 0.94 (0.86-0.97), PLR 13.79 (5.92-32.12), NLR 0.11 (0.07-0.19), DOR 121.90 (38.81-382.94), and AUC 0.96 (0.94-0.98), respectively. In the subgroup analysis, studies without subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) tend to perform statistical significantly better (P < 0.05) in detecting IAs than studies with SAH 0.99 (0.98-1.00) vs. 0.89 (0.86-0.91). The diagnostic value of studies with a two-image reconstruction method was higher than studies with only one image reconstruction method: 0.99 (0.98-1.00) vs. 0.91 (0.89-0.94) with P < 0.05. The 3D-TOF-MRA had better SEN in aneurysms > 3 mm than the aneurysms = 3 mm in diameter: 0.89 (0.87-0.92) vs. 0.78 (0.71-0.84) with P < 0.05. Good
82. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics; Committee on Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. In: Becker T, Chin M, Bates N, eds. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US) Copyright 2022 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.; 2022. Review/Other-Dx N/A Sex and gender are often conflated under the assumptions that they are mutually determined and do not differ from each other; however, the growing visibility of transgender and intersex populations, as well as efforts to improve the measurement of sex and gender across many scientific fields, has demonstrated the need to reconsider how sex, gender, and the relationship between them are conceptualized. No abstract available. 4
83. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction. Available at: https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/americancoldf5f-acrorgf92a-productioncb02-3650/media/ACR/Files/Clinical/Appropriateness-Criteria/ACR-Appropriateness-Criteria-Radiation-Dose-Assessment-Introduction.pdf. Review/Other-Dx N/A To provide evidence-based guidelines on exposure of patients to ionizing radiation. No abstract available. 4
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