| 1. Akinosoglou K, Apostolakis E, Marangos M, Pasvol G. Native valve right sided infective endocarditis. [Review]. EUR. J. INTERN. MED.. 24(6):510-9, 2013 Sep. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review isolated native valve RSIE epidemiology, aetiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, medical management and prognosis. |
No results stated in the study |
4 |
| 2. Cecchi E, Imazio M, Tidu M, et al. Infective endocarditis in drug addicts: role of HIV infection and the diagnostic accuracy of Duke criteria. J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown). 2007;8(3):169-175. |
Observational-Dx |
201 consecutive patients (102 patients with HIV infection and 99 patients without HIV infection) |
To compare prospectively the clinical features of patients with infective endocarditis with or without HIV infection and to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of Duke criteria in intravenous drug users. |
Infective endocarditis was the final diagnosis in 40/102 patients (38.2%) with HIV infection and in 55/99 HIV-negative patients (55.6%). Despite similar baseline features, longer vegetations were recorded in infective endocarditis without HIV infection (23.7 +/- 7.1 mm vs 13.6 +/- 6.8 mm; P=0.001). Patients with infective endocarditis and HIV infection had a higher total mortality at 2 months (respectively 12.5% vs 1.8%; P=0.09); almost all the deaths were recorded in patients with AIDS or a CD4 cell count below 200/mL, and no deaths were recorded in patients with HIV infection and a CD4 cell count >500/mL. Despite no identical clinical features, Duke criteria had a similar sensitivity, specificity and diagnostic accuracy in intravenous drug users with and without HIV infection. |
3 |
| 3. Lee MR, Chang SA, Choi SH, et al. Clinical features of right-sided infective endocarditis occurring in non-drug users. J Korean Med Sci. 29(6):776-81, 2014 Jun. |
Observational-Dx |
345 patients with infective endocarditis (IE) |
To analyze the clinical and echocardiographic characteristics of right-sided infective endocarditis (RIE) in nondrug users. |
During the 14-yr study period, 345 cases were diagnosed with IE using the modified Duke criteria. Among these 345 cases, 89 cases without vegetation and 11 cases with vegetation in both sides of the heart were excluded from the analysis. Among the 245 finally included cases, 206 cases (84.1%) were classified as LIE and 39 cases (15.9%) were classified as RIE (Fig. 1). |
3 |
| 4. Erba PA, Pizzi MN, Roque A, et al. Multimodality Imaging in Infective Endocarditis: An Imaging Team Within the Endocarditis Team. Circulation 2019;140:1753-65. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To summarize the current knowledge of the multimodality imaging (MMI) approach in infective endocarditis (IE) with the intent of providing evidence-based recommendations for each imaging technique and practical algorithms for the integrated use of MMI in different IE clinical scenarios. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 5. Haldar SM, O'Gara PT. Infective endocarditis: diagnosis and management. Nat Clin Pract Cardiovasc Med. 2006;3(6):310-317. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Review diagnostic approaches for infective endocarditis, particularly echocardiography, and provide recommendations for treatment, emphasizing surgery in the acute setting. |
Use of an integrated diagnostic schema, such as the modified Duke criteria, is useful. TTE and TEE should be performed promptly for all suspected infective endocarditis cases. Approach to imaging should be tailored to the individual's clinical situation. |
4 |
| 6. Kiefer TL, Bashore TM. Infective endocarditis: a comprehensive overview. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2012;13:e105-20. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the pathophysiology, complications, diagnosis, and management of infective endocarditis (IE) with recent updates to the literature and the major cardiovascular society guidelines. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 7. Habib G, Lancellotti P, Antunes MJ, et al. 2015 ESC Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis: The Task Force for the Management of Infective Endocarditis of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Endorsed by: European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery (EACTS), the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (EANM). Eur Heart J. 36(44):3075-3128, 2015 Nov 21. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the 2015 European Society of Cardiology Guidelines for the management of infective endocarditis. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 8. Anguera I, Miro JM, Evangelista A, et al. Periannular complications in infective endocarditis involving native aortic valves. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98(9):1254-1260. |
Review/Other-Dx |
201 patients (46 with aortocavitary fistulization and 155 with nonruptured abscesses) |
Retrospective multicenter descriptive study to determine the distinct clinical characteristics of patients with aortocavitary fistulae and nonruptured abscesses in native valve infective endocarditis and to evaluate the impact of fistulization on the outcomes of patients with native aortic valve infective endocarditis complicated with periannular lesions. |
Actuarial 5-year survival rate in surgical survivors was 80% in patients with fistulae and 92% in patients with nonruptured abscesses (log-rank P=0.6). Aortocavitary fistulous tract formation in the setting of native valve infective endocarditis is associated with higher rates of heart failure, ventricular septal defect, and atrioventricular block than nonruptured abscess. |
4 |
| 9. Anguera I, Miro JM, San Roman JA, et al. Periannular complications in infective endocarditis involving prosthetic aortic valves. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98(9):1261-1268. |
Review/Other-Dx |
150 patients |
To determine the distinctive clinical characteristics of patients with PVE and either aortocavitary fistulization or nonruptured abscesses. |
Early-onset PVE was present in 73 patients (49%). Rates of heart failure (P=0.09), ventricular septal defect (P<0.01), and third-degree atrioventricular block (P=0.07) were higher in patients with fistulization. Surgical treatment was undertaken in 128 patients (83%). In-hospital mortality in the overall population was 39%. Multivariate analysis identified heart failure (OR 3.3, 95% CI; 1.6 to 6.8), renal failure (OR 2.5, 95% CI; 1.2 to 5.2), and co-morbidity (OR 2.4, 95% CI; 1.1 to 5.1) as independent risk factors for death. Fistulous tract formation was not associated with increased in-hospital mortality (OR 1.6, 95% CI; 0.7 to 3.7). The actuarial 5-year survival rate in surgical survivors was 100% in patients with fistulae and 78% in patients with nonruptured abscesses (log-rank P=0.14). |
4 |
| 10. Gomes A, Glaudemans A, Touw DJ, et al. Diagnostic value of imaging in infective endocarditis: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis 2017;17:e1-e14. |
Review/Other-Dx |
31 studies |
To systematically review and critically appraise the evidence for the diagnostic performance of these imaging modalities, according to PRISMA and GRADE criteria. |
31 studies were included that presented original data on the performance of electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated multidetector CT angiography (MDCTA), ECG-gated MRI, 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (18F-FDG) PET/CT, and leucocyte scintigraphy in diagnosis of native valve endocarditis, intracardiac prosthetic material-related infection, and extracardiac foci in adults. We consistently found positive albeit weak evidence for the diagnostic benefit of 18F-FDG PET/CT and MDCTA. |
4 |
| 11. American College of Radiology. ACR–NASCI–SIR–SPR Practice Parameter for the Performance and Interpretation of Body Computed Tomography Angiography (CTA). Available at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Practice-Parameters/body-cta.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Guidance document to promote the safe and effective use of diagnostic and therapeutic radiology by describing specific training, skills and techniques. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 12. Kung VW, Jarral OA, Shipolini AR, McCormack DJ. Is it safe to perform coronary angiography during acute endocarditis? Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2011;13(2):158-167. |
Review/Other-Dx |
6 papers |
To assess papers on performing coronary angiography in acute endocarditis. |
The authors, journal, date and country of publication, patient group studied, study type, relevant outcomes, key results and limitations of these papers are tabulated. One of the papers is a case report, which reported a fatal vegetation embolism from an infected aortic valve into the left main coronary artery 14 hours after angiography. The remaining 5 papers are cohort studies. Four of these studies were performed between 1970 and 1980 before the era of echocardiography and were aimed at quantifying the severity of valvular regurgitation. No embolic complications or dislodgement of vegetations occurred in any of the 5 studies (186 patients). Guidelines published by the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) in 2009 recommended coronary angiography in the context of infective endocarditis for men >40 years old, postmenopausal women, and patients with at least one cardiovascular risk factor or a history of coronary artery disease. Exceptions include patients with large aortic vegetations which may be dislodged during catheterization, and when emergency surgery is necessary: 1) native aortic or mitral infective endocarditis with severe acute regurgitation or valve obstruction, or prosthetic valve infective endocarditis with severe prosthetic dysfunction (dehiscence or obstruction) causing refractory pulmonary oedema or cardiogenic shock; 2) native aortic, mitral, or prosthetic valve infective endocarditis with fistula into a cardiac chamber or pericardium causing refractory pulmonary oedema or shock. |
4 |
| 13. Bruun NE, Habib G, Thuny F, Sogaard P. Cardiac imaging in infectious endocarditis. [Review][Erratum appears in Eur Heart J. 2014 Sep 7;35(34):2334]. Eur Heart J. 35(10):624-32, 2014 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To give an overview of the advantages and limitations of the different imaging techniques used in infectious endocarditis (IE), some of which have appeared in the field of infectious diseases within the last few years. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 14. Colen TW, Gunn M, Cook E, Dubinsky T. Radiologic manifestations of extra-cardiac complications of infective endocarditis. [Review] [47 refs]. Eur Radiol. 18(11):2433-45, 2008 Nov. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To reviews the radiologic findings in the common extra-cardiac complications of infective endocarditis (IE). |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 15. Fagman E, Flinck A, Snygg-Martin U, Olaison L, Bech-Hanssen O, Svensson G. Surgical decision-making in aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis: the influence of electrocardiogram-gated computed tomography. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 50(6):1165-1171, 2016 Dec. |
Observational-Dx |
67 patients with aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) |
To investigate the value of electrocardiogram (ECG)-gated computed tomography (CT) in the surgical decision-making and preoperative evaluation in patients with aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE). |
Fifty-eight of 68 cases had indication for surgery based on imaging findings (ECG-gated CT/TEE). In 8 of these cases (14%), there was indication for surgery based on CT but not on TEE findings (all had perivalvular pseudoaneurysms). In 11 cases (19%), there was indication for surgery based on TEE but not on CT findings [non-drained abscess (n = 5), prosthetic valve dehiscence (n = 4), large vegetation (n = 1), valve destruction (n = 1)]. In 31 of 32 patients with indication for preoperative coronary angiography, ECG-gated CT coronary angiography was diagnostic. In 1 patient, ECG-gated CT coronary angiography was inconclusive and invasive coronary angiography was performed. |
2 |
| 16. Fagman E, Perrotta S, Bech-Hanssen O, et al. ECG-gated computed tomography: a new role for patients with suspected aortic prosthetic valve endocarditis. Eur Radiol. 2012;22(11):2407-2414. |
Observational-Dx |
27 patients |
To investigate the agreement in findings between ECG-gated CT and TEE in patients with aortic PVE. |
TEE suggested the presence of PVE in all patients [thickened aortic wall (n = 17), vegetation (n = 13), abscess (n = 16), valvular dehiscence (n = 10)]. ECG-gated CT was positive in 25 patients (93 %) [thickened aortic wall (n = 19), vegetation (n = 7), abscess (n = 18), valvular dehiscence (n = 7)]. The strength of agreement [kappa (95 % CI)] between ECG-gated CT and TEE was very good for thickened wall [0.83 (0.62–1.0)], good for abscess [0.68 (0.40–0.97)] and dehiscence [0.75 (0.48–1.0)], and moderate for vegetation [0.55 (0.26–0.88)]. The agreement was good between surgical findings (abscess, vegetation and dehiscence) and imaging for ECG-gated CT [0.66 (0.49–0.87)] and TEE [0.79 (0.62–0.96)] and very good for the combination of ECG-gated CT and TEE [0.88 (0.74–1.0)]. |
3 |
| 17. Feuchtner GM, Stolzmann P, Dichtl W, et al. Multislice computed tomography in infective endocarditis: comparison with transesophageal echocardiography and intraoperative findings. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53(5):436-444. |
Observational-Dx |
37 consecutive patients |
To determine the value of multislice CT for the assessment of valvular abnormalities compared with TEE and intraoperative findings in patients with infective endocarditis. |
CT had sensitivity 97%, specificity 88%, PPV 97%, and NPV 88% on a per-patient basis (n = 37; excellent intermodality agreement kappa = 0.84). CT correctly identified 26/27 (96%) patients with valvular vegetations and 9/9 (100%) patients with abscesses/pseudoaneurysms compared with the intraoperative specimen. On a per-valve-based analysis, diagnostic accuracy for the detection of vegetations and abscesses/pseudoaneurysms compared with surgery was: sensitivity 96%, specificity 97%, PPV 96%, NPV 97%, and sensitivity 100%, specificity 100%, PPV 100%, NPV 100%, respectively. Multislice CT shows good results in detecting valvular abnormalities in infective endocarditis and could be applied in preoperative planning and exclusion of coronary artery disease before surgery. |
2 |
| 18. Gahide G, Bommart S, Demaria R, et al. Preoperative evaluation in aortic endocarditis: findings on cardiac CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2010;194(3):574-578. |
Observational-Dx |
19 patients |
To study the feasibility and diagnostic capability of preoperative cardiac CT for depicting aortic valvular pseudoaneurysms and vegetations in patients referred for aortic endocarditis requiring surgical intervention. |
During a 4-year period, 19 consecutive patients (18 men and one woman) were included (mean age +/- SD, 55 +/- 13 years). Results are expressed on a per-patient basis. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of MDCT in depicting aortic valve pseudoaneurysms were 100%, 87.5%, 91.7%, and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of the MDCT in depicting the extension of the aortic valve pseudoaneurysms into the intervalvular fibrous body were each 100%. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of MDCT in depicting aortic valve vegetations were 71.4%, 100%, 100%, and 55.5%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV of MDCT for depicting aortic valve vegetations larger than 1 cm were all 100%. |
2 |
| 19. Koo HJ, Yang DH, Kang JW, et al. Demonstration of infective endocarditis by cardiac CT and transoesophageal echocardiography: comparison with intra-operative findings. European heart journal cardiovascular Imaging. 19(2):199-207, 2018 02 01. |
Observational-Dx |
49 patients (34 males, 15 females) |
To compare imaging findings of infective endocarditis between computed tomography (CT) and transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) using surgical inspection as a reference standard. |
Diagnostic performances of CT and TEE were evaluated using surgical inspection as a reference standard. Interobserver agreements for CT findings were obtained using Cohen's ? test. The detection rates of infective endocarditis per patient with CT and TEE were 93.9% (46/49) and 95.9% (47/49), respectively. In per-imaging analysis, the sensitivities of CT and TEE were not significantly different for both native and prosthetic valve infective endocarditis (sensitivity: vegetation, 100% in TEE and 90.9% in CT; leaflet perforation, 87.5% in TEE and 50.0% in CT; abscess/pseudoaneurysm, 40.0% in TEE and 60.0% in CT; paravalvular leakage, 100% in TEE and 50.0% in CT). Interobserver agreements for CT findings were substantial or excellent (0.79-0.88). |
2 |
| 20. Kim IC, Chang S, Hong GR, et al. Comparison of Cardiac Computed Tomography With Transesophageal Echocardiography for Identifying Vegetation and Intracardiac Complications in Patients With Infective Endocarditis in the Era of 3-Dimensional Images. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 11(3):e006986, 2018 03. |
Observational-Dx |
75 patients (53 males, 22 females) |
To compare the diagnostic performance of computed tomography (CT) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) with applications of 3-dimensional reconstruction in detecting vegetation and intracardiac complications in patients with infective endocarditis (IE). |
The diagnostic performances of the 2 modalities for vegetation and IE-related intracardiac complications (valve perforation, valve aneurysm, perivalvular abscess, pseudoaneurysm, fistula, and prosthetic valve dehiscence) were compared. The detection rate of vegetation in TEE and CT was 97.3% and 72.0%, respectively. The maximum sizes of vegetation identified by TEE and CT were well correlated (r=0.593; P<0.001), especially in patients with large vegetation (=10 mm), suggestive of a high risk of systemic embolism (r=0.608; P<0.001). However, small vegetation (<10 mm) was underdiagnosed by CT (52.8%) compared with TEE (94.4%), and the sizes of the 2 modalities were poorly correlated (r=0.187; P=0.445). Both modalities showed fair diagnostic performance for detecting IE-related intracardiac complications with excellent agreement. TEE was more useful for diagnosing valve perforation and intracardiac fistula, whereas CT was better for diagnosing perivalvular abscess. |
2 |
| 21. Cahill TJ, Baddour LM, Habib G, et al. Challenges in Infective Endocarditis. J Am Coll Cardiol 2017;69:325-44. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the challenges posed by infective endocarditis and outlines current and future strategies to limit its impact. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 22. Habets J, Tanis W, van Herwerden LA, et al. Cardiac computed tomography angiography results in diagnostic and therapeutic change in prosthetic heart valve endocarditis. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging. 30(2):377-87, 2014 Feb. |
Observational-Dx |
28 patients with suspected prosthetic heart valve (PHV) endocarditis |
To determine the complementary diagnostic value of cardiac computed tomography angiography (CTA) to the clinical routine workup including transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography (TTE/TEE) in patients with suspected prosthetic heart valve (PHV) endocarditis and its impact on patient treatment. |
Twenty-eight patients were included. CTA resulted in a major diagnostic change in six patients (21%) mainly driven by novel detection of mycotic aneurysms by CTA. Furthermore, treatment changes occurred in seven patients (25%) compared to clinical routine workup. Diagnostic accuracy of routine clinical workup plus CTA was superior to clinical routine workup alone for the detection of PHV endocarditis in general, vegetations and peri-annular extension. |
3 |
| 23. Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol 2014;63:2438-88. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To present guidelines for the management of patients with valvular heart disease. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 24. Symersky P, Budde RP, de Mol BA, Prokop M. Comparison of multidetector-row computed tomography to echocardiography and fluoroscopy for evaluation of patients with mechanical prosthetic valve obstruction. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104(8):1128-1134. |
Review/Other-Dx |
13 consecutive patients with 15 prosthetic valves; 2 reviewers |
Retrospective study to evaluate whether MDCT imaging could detect the morphologic substrate for functional abnormalities by comparing MDCT to echocardiography and fluoroscopy. |
MDCT detected leaflet motion restriction in 7 patients compared to 4 by fluoroscopy. Confirmation of leaflet restriction was available in 5 patients. MDCT missed a periprosthetic leak. MDCT can identify causes of prosthetic valve obstruction that constitute indications for surgery but are missed at echocardiography or fluoroscopy. |
4 |
| 25. Akhtar NJ, Markowitz AH, Gilkeson RC. Multidetector computed tomography in the preoperative assessment of cardiac surgery patients. [Review] [67 refs]. Radiologic Clinics of North America. 48(1):117-39, 2010 Jan. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To illustrate and discuss the importance of preoperative MDCT imaging in the preoperative evaluation of cardiac surgical patients. |
The expanding imaging capabilities of MDCT have made it an important part of the preoperative assessment of the cardiac surgery patient. Ever decreasing imaging times, superior spatial resolution, and the 3D capabilities of MDCT improve diagnosis and enhance surgical planning. Understanding the imaging advantages of MDCT enable improved outcomes in this important patient population. |
4 |
| 26. Rybicki FJ, Sheth T, Chen FY. Cardiac Surgical Imaging. In: Cohn L, ed. Cardiac Surgery in the Adult. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008:179-198. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Book chapter. |
Book chapter. |
4 |
| 27. Fairbairn TA, Nieman K, Akasaka T, et al. Real-world clinical utility and impact on clinical decision-making of coronary computed tomography angiography-derived fractional flow reserve: lessons from the ADVANCE Registry. Eur Heart J. 39(41):3701-3711, 2018 Nov 01. |
Observational-Dx |
5,038 patients |
To determine how the incremental information of an anatomical combined with functional fractional flow reserve (FFRCT) would change clinical decision-making, patient management, clinical outcomes, and resource utilization. |
The primary endpoint of reclassification between core lab CCTA alone and CCTA plus FFRCT-based management plans occurred in 66.9% [confidence interval (CI): 64.8–67.6] of patients. Non-obstructive coronary disease was significantly lower in ICA patients with FFRCT <_0.80 (14.4%) compared to patients with FFRCT >0.80 (43.8%, odds ratio 0.19, CI: 0.15–0.25, P< 0.001). In total, 72.3% of subjects undergoing ICA with FFRCT <_0.80 were revascularized. No death/myocardial infarction (MI) occurred within 90 days in patients with FFRCT >0.80 (n= 1529), whereas 19 (0.6%) MACE [hazard ratio (HR) 19.75, CI: 1.19–326, P = 0.0008] and 14 (0.3%) death/MI (HR 14.68, CI 0.88–246, P= 0.039) occurred in subjects with an FFRCT <_0.80. |
2 |
| 28. Collet C, Onuma Y, Andreini D, et al. Coronary computed tomography angiography for heart team decision-making in multivessel coronary artery disease. Eur Heart J. 39(41):3689-3698, 2018 Nov 01. |
Observational-Dx |
223 patients |
To determine the agreement between separate heart teams on treatment decision-making based on either coronary CTA (with and without FFRCT) or conventional angiography. |
Each heart team, blinded for the other imaging modality, quantified the anatomical complexity using the SYNTAX score and integrated clinical information using the SYNTAX Score II to provide a treatment recommendations based on mortality prediction at 4 years: coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG), percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI), or equipoise between CABG and PCI. The primary endpoint was the agreement between heart teams on the revascularization strategy. The secondary endpoint was the impact of fractional flow reserve derived from coronary CTA (FFRCT) on treatment decision and procedural planning. Overall, 223 patients were included. A treatment recommendation of CABG was made in 28% of the cases with coronary CTA and in 26% with conventional angiography. The agreement concerning treatment decision between coronary CTA and conventional angiography was high (Cohen’s kappa 0.82, 95% confidence interval 0.74–0.91). The heart teams agreed on the coronary segments to be revascularized in 80% of the cases. FFRCT was available for 869/1108 lesions (196/223 patients). Fractional flow reserve derived from coronary CTA changed the treatment decision in 7% of the patients. |
3 |
| 29. Kouijzer IJ, Vos FJ, Janssen MJ, van Dijk AP, Oyen WJ, Bleeker-Rovers CP. The value of 18F-FDG PET/CT in diagnosing infectious endocarditis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2013;40(7):1102-1107. |
Observational-Dx |
72 patients |
To investigate the utility of FDG-PET/CT to diagnose infectious endocarditis in patients with gram-positive bacteraemia. |
Sensitivity for diagnosing infectious endocarditis with FDG-PET/CT was 39% and specificity was 93%. The PPV was 64% and NPV was 82%. The mortality rate in patients without infectious endocarditis and without increased FDG uptake in or around the heart valves was 18%, and in patients without infectious endocarditis but with high FDG uptake in or around the heart valves the mortality rate was 50% (P=0.181). |
2 |
| 30. Ricciardi A, Sordillo P, Ceccarelli L, et al. 18-Fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography: an additional tool in the diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis. Int J Infect Dis. 28:219-24, 2014 Nov. |
Observational-Dx |
27 patients |
To evaluate the role of 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography-computed tomography ((18)F-FDG-PET-CT) in the diagnosis of infectious endocarditis (IE). |
Twenty out of 27 patients had a suspected prosthetic valve endocarditis (PVE) and seven had a suspected native valve endocarditis (NVE). Twenty-five out of 27 patients (92%) had a confirmed diagnosis of IE (18/25 PVE and 7/25 NVE); 16 had a positive echocardiography evaluation and 16 had positive (18)F-FDG-PET-CT findings. Echocardiography showed a higher sensitivity as a diagnostic tool for the detection of IE compared to (18)F-FDG-PET-CT (80% vs. 55%). However, a greater number of PVE had positive (18)F-FDG-PET-CT results compared to those with positive echocardiography findings (11/13 vs. 9/13), and overall 89% (16/18) of confirmed PVE resulted (18)F-FDG-PET-CT positive. Analyzing only the cases who underwent transoesophageal echocardiography, (18)F-FDG-PET-CT showed a sensitivity of 85% in PVE (vs. 69% for echocardiography and 77% for the Duke criteria). All seven patients with NVE had a positive echocardiography and negative (18)F-FDG-PET-CT findings (p<0.001). |
3 |
| 31. Swart LE, Gomes A, Scholtens AM, et al. Improving the Diagnostic Performance of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron-Emission Tomography/Computed Tomography in Prosthetic Heart Valve Endocarditis. Circulation. 138(14):1412-1427, 2018 10 02. |
Observational-Dx |
237 patients |
To improve the diagnostic performance of 18F-Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron-emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT) in patients in whom prosthetic heart valve endocarditis (PVE) was suspected by identifying and excluding possible confounders, using both visual and standardized quantitative assessments. |
Visual assessment of FDG PET/CT had a sensitivity/specificity/positive predictive value/negative predictive value for PVE of 74%/91%/89%/78%, respectively. Low inflammatory activity (C-reactive protein <40 mg/L) at the time of imaging and use of surgical adhesives during prosthetic heart valve implantation were significant confounders, whereas recent valve implantation was not. After the exclusion of patients with significant confounders, diagnostic performance values of the visual assessment increased to 91%/95%/95%/91%. As a semiquantitative measure of FDG uptake, a European Association of Nuclear Medicine Research Ltd-standardized uptake value ratio of =2.0 was a 100% sensitive and 91% specific predictor of PVE. |
2 |
| 32. Saby L, Laas O, Habib G, et al. Positron emission tomography/computed tomography for diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis: increased valvular 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake as a novel major criterion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(23):2374-2382. |
Observational-Dx |
72 consecutive patients |
To determine the value of FDG-PET/CT for diagnosing PVE. |
36 patients (50%) exhibited abnormal FDG uptake around the site of the prosthetic valve. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and global accuracy were as follows (95% CI): 73% (54% to 87%), 80% (56% to 93%), 85% (64% to 95%), 67% (45% to 84%), and 76% (63% to 86%), respectively. Adding abnormal FDG uptake around the prosthetic valve as a new major criterion significantly increased the sensitivity of the modified Duke criteria at admission (70% [52% to 83%] vs 97% [83% to 99%], P=0.008). This result was due to a significant reduction (P<0.0001) in the number of possible PVE cases from 40 (56%) to 23 (32%). |
2 |
| 33. Graziosi M, Nanni C, Lorenzini M, et al. Role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis in patients with an implanted cardiac device: a prospective study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 41(8):1617-23, 2014 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
27 patients with implantable devices for suspected infective endocarditis |
To assess the incremental diagnostic role of 18F-FDG PET/CT in patients with an implanted cardiac device and suspected infective endocarditis (IE). |
Among the ten patients with a positive PET/CT scan, seven received a final diagnosis of “definite infective endocarditis (IE)”, one of “possible IE” and two of “IE rejected”. Among the 17 patients with a negative PET/CT scan, four were false-negative and received a final diagnosis of definite IE. These patients underwent PET/CT after having started antibiotic therapy (=48 h) or had a technically suboptimal examination. |
2 |
| 34. Pizzi MN, Dos-Subira L, Roque A, et al. 18F-FDG-PET/CT angiography in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis and cardiac device infection in adult patients with congenital heart disease and prosthetic material. Int J Cardiol. 248:396-402, 2017 Dec 01. |
Observational-Dx |
25 patients who have prosthetic material with suspected infective endocarditis-cardiac device infection |
To evaluate the added value of PET/CTA in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE) and cardiac device infection (CDI) in the specific population of adult patients with congenital heart disease (CHD) and intravascular or intracardiac prosthetic material. |
Between November-2012 and April-2017, 25 patients (15 men; median age 40 years) were included. Cases were initially classified as definite in 8 (32%), possible in 14 (56%) and rejected in 3 (12%). DC + PET/CTA allowed reclassification of 12/14 (86%) cases initially identified as possible infective endocarditis (IE). The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV, and accuracy of DC at IE suspicion were 39.1%/83.3%/90.4%/25.5%/61.2%, respectively. The diagnostic performance increased significantly with addition of PET/CTA data: 87%/83.3%/95.4%/61.5%/85.1%, respectively. PET/CTA also provided an alternative diagnosis in 3 patients with rejected IE, and detected pulmonary embolisms in 3 patients. |
3 |
| 35. Horstkotte D, Korfer R, Loogen F, Rosin H, Bircks W. Prosthetic valve endocarditis: clinical findings and management. Eur Heart J. 1984;5 Suppl C:117-122. |
Observational-Tx |
46 patients |
To describe clinical findings and management of PVE. |
Cumulative survival rate after 6 months was 31% for the conservatively treated, and 66% for the medically plus surgically treated patients. Survival rates at the end of a maximum follow-up of 20 years were 15% with conservative treatment and 51% after primary surgical therapy. Prognosis was worse (P<0.01) in patients who, during aortic PVE, developed heart failure refractant to therapy due to hemodynamically significant prosthetic valve dysfunction, to sepsis that persisted for more than 72 hours despite antibiotic therapy, to major septic embolism or to acute renal failure. Retrospective prognosis was more favorable for patients with early aortic (P<0.02) or mitral (P<0.05) valve re-replacement than for patients who had been treated medically only. |
2 |
| 36. Tsopelas C.. Radiotracers used for the scintigraphic detection of infection and inflammation. [Review]. ScientificWorldJournal. 2015:676719, 2015. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the radiopharmaceuticals used in the nuclear medicine clinic today, as well as those potential radiotracers that exploit an organism’s defence mechanisms to an infectious or inflammatory event. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 37. McDermott BP, Mohan S, Thermidor M, Parchuri S, Poulose J, Cunha BA. The lack of diagnostic value of the indium scan in acute bacterial endocarditis. Am J Med. 117(8):621-3, 2004 Oct 15. |
Review/Other-Dx |
39 patients |
To review our experience with indium scans as part of the diagnostic workup of non–intravenous drug abuse patients with acute bacterial endocarditis |
Of 39 patients with a presumptive diagnosis, 11 had vegetations on transesophageal echocardiography. Seven of these patients (mean age, 66 years; range, 46 to 82 years; 4 men and 3 women) had an indium scan as part of their workup, satisfying all of the inclusion categories. The bacterial isolates included four staphylococcal species, two streptococci, and one Serratia. Vegetation size varied from less than 5 mm (2 patients) to 15 mm (2 patients). Transesophageal echocardiography revealed that 5 patients had vegetations greater than 5 mm (71%). One patient had a prosthetic valve acute endocarditis. All indium scans were negative independent of vegetation size. |
4 |
| 38. Dursun M, Yilmaz S, Yilmaz E, et al. The utility of cardiac MRI in diagnosis of infective endocarditis: preliminary results. Diagn Interv Radiol. 21(1):28-33, 2015 Jan-Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
16 patients |
To evaluate the utility of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis (IE). |
Fourteen valvular vegetations were detected in eleven patients on cardiac MRI. It was not possible to depict valvular vegetations in five patients. Vegetations were detected on the aortic valve (n=7), mitral valve (n=3), tricuspid and pulmonary valves (n=1). Delayed contrast enhancement attributable to extension of inflammation was observed on the aortic wall and aortic root (n=11), paravalvular tissue (n=4), mitral valve (n=2), walls of the cardiac chambers (n=6), interventricular septum (n=3), and wall of the pulmonary artery and superior mesenteric artery (n=1). |
4 |
| 39. Baddour LM, Wilson WR, Bayer AS, et al. Infective Endocarditis in Adults: Diagnosis, Antimicrobial Therapy, and Management of Complications: A Scientific Statement for Healthcare Professionals From the American Heart Association. [Review]. Circulation. 132(15):1435-86, 2015 Oct 13. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the epidemiology of infective endocarditis in adults and how it has become more complex with today’s myriad healthcare associated factors that predispose to infection. |
This statement updates the 2005 iteration, both of which were developed by the American Heart Association under the auspices of the Committee on Rheumatic Fever, Endocarditis, and Kawasaki Disease, Council on Cardiovascular Disease of the Young. It includes an evidence-based system for diagnostic and treatment recommendations used by the American College of Cardiology and the American Heart Association for treatment recommendations. |
4 |
| 40. Habib G, Badano L, Tribouilloy C, et al. Recommendations for the practice of echocardiography in infective endocarditis. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2010;11(2):202-219. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Recommendations for the practice of echocardiography in infective endocarditis to provide both an updated summary concerning the value and limitations of echocardiography in infective endocarditis, and clear and simple recommendations for the optimal use of both TTE and TEE in infective endocarditis, assisting health care providers in clinical decision-making. |
Echocardiography plays a key role in infective endocarditis, concerning its diagnosis, the diagnosis of its complications, its follow-up under therapy, and its prognostic assessment. Echocardiography is particularly useful for the initial assessment of embolic risk and in decision-making in infective endocarditis. Transesophageal echocardiography plays a major role both before surgery and during surgery (intraoperative echocardiography). Echocardiographic results must be taken into consideration for both the decision to operate patients or not and the choice of the optimal timing for surgery. Recent advances in 3-D imaging offer additional importance to the echographic evaluation of patients with infective endocarditis. In all cases, however, the results of echocardiographic studies may be interpreted taking into account the clinical features of the patient. |
4 |
| 41. Durack DT, Lukes AS, Bright DK. New criteria for diagnosis of infective endocarditis: utilization of specific echocardiographic findings. Duke Endocarditis Service. Am J Med. 1994;96(3):200-209. |
Review/Other-Dx |
353 patients |
To compare new criteria including echocardiographic findings with older clinical criteria for establishing the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. |
Newer criteria using echocardiographic findings were significantly better for establishing diagnosis (80% vs 51%, P<0.001) in 69 pathologically proven cases. |
4 |
| 42. Aly AM, Simpson PM, Humes RA. The role of transthoracic echocardiography in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis in children. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1999;153(9):950-954. |
Observational-Dx |
173 consecutive patients |
Retrospective review to determine the usefulness of TEE in children with high clinical suspicion of infective bacterial endocarditis. |
TEE has poor sensitivity as a screening test for infective bacterial endocarditis in patients with low clinical probability. |
3 |
| 43. Harris KM, Li DY, L'Ecuyer P, et al. The prospective role of transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected infective endocarditis. Echocardiography. 2003;20(1):57-62. |
Observational-Dx |
43 consecutive patients |
To examine the prospective role of TEE for the diagnosis and management of infective endocarditis. The results of TEE were compared to a clinical evaluation by an infectious disease specialist in patients in whom TEE was ordered to rule out infective endocarditis. |
TEE positive in 11 patients, negative in 29, and indeterminate in 3. TEE positive in 6 (46%) of 13 high probability patients, 2 (67%) of medium probability patients, and 3 (11%) of 27 low probability patients. TEE only useful in high probability patients. |
2 |
| 44. San Roman JA, Vilacosta I, Lopez J, et al. Role of transthoracic and transesophageal echocardiography in right-sided endocarditis: one echocardiographic modality does not fit all. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2012;25(8):807-814. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe the differences between right-sided endocarditis and left-sided endocarditis and the different types of right-sided endocarditis according to the types of patients who have the disease. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 45. Lauridsen TK, Park L, Tong SY, et al. Echocardiographic Findings Predict In-Hospital and 1-Year Mortality in Left-Sided Native Valve Staphylococcus aureus Endocarditis: Analysis From the International Collaboration on Endocarditis-Prospective Echo Cohort Study. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 8(7):e003397, 2015 Jul. |
Observational-Dx |
727 patients with left-sided native valve infective endocarditis (LNVIE) |
To determine survival differences for left-sided native valve infective endocarditis (LNVIE) between Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and non-S. aureus IE and to identify echocardiographic predictors for adverse outcome in S. aureus LNVIE. |
Of 727 subjects with LNVIE and 1-year follow-up, 202 had S. aureus IE. One-year survival rates were significantly lower for patients with S. aureus IE overall (57% S. aureus IE vs. 80% non-S. aureus IE, p<0.001) and in the propensity-matched cohort (59% S. aureus IE vs. 68% non-S. aureus IE, p<0.05). Intracardiac abscess (HR 2.93; 95%CI 1.52–5.40, p<0.001) and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF)<40% (OR 3.01; 95%CI 1.35–6.04, p=0.004) were the only independent echocardiographic predictors of in-hospital mortality in S. aureus LNVIE. Valve perforation (HR 2.16; 95% CI 1.21–3.68, p=0.006) and intracardiac abscess (HR 2.25; 95%CI 1.26–3.78, p=0.004) were the only independent predictors of one-year mortality. |
2 |
| 46. Sivak JA, Vora AN, Navar AM, et al. An Approach to Improve the Negative Predictive Value and Clinical Utility of Transthoracic Echocardiography in Suspected Native Valve Infective Endocarditis. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 29(4):315-22, 2016 Apr. |
Observational-Dx |
790 patients with suspected native valve endocarditis that underwent Transthoracic Echocardiography & Transesophageal Echocardiography |
To determine whether implementing a strict definition of a negative transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) would improve the performance characteristics of TTE sufficiently to exclude infective endocarditis (IE). |
In total, 790 TTE/TEE pairs were identified. With the standard approach, 671 of the TTEs were negative, compared to 107 negative studies using the strict negative approach. The sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of TTE for detecting vegetation were substantially improved using the strict negative approach (sensitivity: 98% [95% C.I. 95–99%] vs. 39% [95% C.I. 31%–47%], NPV: 97% [95% C.I. 92–99%] vs. 86% [95% C.I. 83–88%]). |
3 |
| 47. Hill EE, Herijgers P, Claus P, Vanderschueren S, Peetermans WE, Herregods MC. Abscess in infective endocarditis: the value of transesophageal echocardiography and outcome: a 5-year study. Am Heart J. 2007;154(5):923-928. |
Observational-Dx |
115 patients |
Prospective observational cohort study of patients with definite infective endocarditis according to the modified Duke criteria to analyze the: value of TEE in detecting abscess, predictors of abscess formation, outcome in patients with abscess formation in a contemporary patient population over a 5-year period. |
Abscess was found perioperatively in 44 patients (38%). 21 abscesses (48%) were detected by TEE. Detection of abscess by TEE seemed to be underestimated. In most cases, abscess was missed in the presence of calcification in the posterior mitral annulus. Age, abscess, and staphylococcal infection predicted 6-month mortality. Early surgery may improve outcome in patients with an abscess. |
3 |
| 48. Incani A, Hair C, Purnell P, et al. Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia: evaluation of the role of transoesophageal echocardiography in identifying clinically unsuspected endocarditis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 32(8):1003-8, 2013 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
144 patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia (SAB) |
To compare the sensitivity and specificity of clinical evaluation including transthoracic echocardiography alone in diagnosing Infective endocarditis (IE). |
Twenty-one percent were methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Intravascular device was the most common cause of bacteraemia. Transoesophageal echocardiography (TOE) was performed in 144 (100 %) of the cases. Infective endocarditis (IE) was suspected clinically in 15 % of cases, and the overall prevalence of possible or definite IE on TOE-inclusive Duke criteria was 29 % (n=41). Following TOE, 22 (15 %) cases were reclassified as either possible or definite endocarditis. TOE detected a vegetation in 37 (90 %) of the 41 cases of IE. Nineteen (46 %) were not suspected clinically by Duke criteria. Sensitivity improved in the presence of pre-existing valve lesion or community acquisition. The overall in-hospital mortality was 10 %. |
3 |
| 49. Law A, Honos G, Huynh T. Negative predictive value of multiplane transesophageal echocardiography in the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. Eur J Echocardiogr. 2004;5(6):416-421. |
Observational-Dx |
83 consecutive patients; 2 independent reviewers |
Analysis of data from echocardiography databases to determine the NPV of a negative TEE in patients with suspected infective endocarditis. |
Calculated NPV of multiplane TEE in infective endocarditis was 98.6% if only the case of “definite infective endocarditis” is considered. NPV of multiplane TEE was 87.8% with assumption that all patients with “possible infective endocarditis” had the disease. TEE has an excellent NPV for ruling out infective endocarditis. |
3 |
| 50. Hubert S, Thuny F, Resseguier N, et al. Prediction of symptomatic embolism in infective endocarditis: construction and validation of a risk calculator in a multicenter cohort. J Am Coll Cardiol. 62(15):1384-92, 2013 Oct 08. |
Observational-Tx |
847 patients with with infective endocarditis |
To develop and validate a simple calculator to quantify the embolic risk (ER) at admission of patients with infective endocarditis. |
The 6-month incidence of embolism was similar in the development and validation samples (8.5% in the 2samples). Six variables were associated with embolic risk (ER)and were used to create the calculator: age, diabetes, atrialfibrillation, embolism before antibiotics, vegetation length, and Staphylococcus aureus infection. There was anexcellent correlation between the predicted and observed ER in both the development and validation samples. TheC-statistics for the development and validation samples were 0.72 and 0.65, respectively. Finally, a significantlyhigher cumulative incidence of embolic events was observed in patients with high predicted ER in both thedevelopment (p < 0.0001) and validation (p < 0.05) samples. |
1 |
| 51. Koneru S, Huang SS, Oldan J, et al. Role of preoperative cardiac CT in the evaluation of infective endocarditis: comparison with transesophageal echocardiography and surgical findings. Cardiovasc. diagn. ther.. 8(4):439-449, 2018 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
122 patients |
To compare the real-world clinical imaging performance of preoperative single-phase electrocardiogram-gated CT (ECG-gated CT) with the performance of transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) in the collection of surgically proven infective endocariditis (IE) cases. |
Overall, there was no significant difference between CT and TEE in the identification of pseudoaneurysm/abscess and dehiscence. For the detection of pseudoaneurysm/abscess in prosthetic valves, CT demonstrated higher sensitivity (81% vs. 64%) and specificity (75% vs. 33%) in patients with mechanical aortic valves; TEE demonstrated marginally higher sensitivity (72% vs. 63%) and specificity (80% vs. 73%) in patients with bioprosthetic aortic valves, although the differences are not statistically significant. TEE demonstrated significantly higher sensitivity (85% vs. 16%) in identifying vegetation in all patients (P<0.0001), including patients with prosthetic valves (sensitivity, 78% vs. 19%). The combined imaging findings of CT and TEE demonstrated improved sensitivity in identifying pseudoaneurysm/abscess and slightly improved detection of prosthesis dehiscence. |
3 |
| 52. Bonfiglioli R, Nanni C, Morigi JJ, et al. 18F-FDG PET/CT diagnosis of unexpected extracardiac septic embolisms in patients with suspected cardiac endocarditis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 40(8):1190-6, 2013 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
71 patients |
To assess the added value of FDG-PET/CT in the detection of extracardiac embolisms in the evaluation of patients with suspected valvular endocarditis. |
Of the 71 patients with suspicion of infective endocarditis, we found unexpected extracardiac findings in 17 patients (24%) without any clinical suspicion. Extracardiac findings were subsequently evaluated with other imaging procedures. |
3 |
| 53. Bensimhon L, Lavergne T, Hugonnet F, et al. Whole body [(18) F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging for the diagnosis of pacemaker or implantable cardioverter defibrillator infection: a preliminary prospective study. Clinical Microbiology & Infection. 17(6):836-44, 2011 Jun. |
Experimental-Dx |
35 patients |
To prospectively evaluate the use of [18F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG PET-CT) whole body imaging in patients suspected of having sepsis after pacemaker (PM) or implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) implantation for positive diagnosis of infection and identification of other septic locations; (ii) to define the best methodology for image analysis (i.e. visual or quantitative interpretation); and (iii) to assess interobserver reproducibility. |
18F-FDG uptake on the box and on the leads was visually and quantitatively interpreted (using the maximal standard uptake value). The final diagnosis was obtained either from bacteriological data after device culture (n = 11) or by a 6-month follow-up according to modified Duke’s criteria (n = 10). Ten patients finally showed infection on bacteriological study (n = 8) or during follow-up (n = 2). Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value were, respectively, 80%, 100%, 100% and 84.6% on patient-based analysis (presence or absence of infection). They were 100%, 100%, 100% and 100% for boxes, but only 60%, 100%, 100% and 73% for leads. Quantitative analysis could be useful for boxes but not for leads, for which the presence of a mild hot spot was the best criterion of infection. The four false negatives on leads received antibiotics for longer than the six true positives (20 ± 7.2 vs. 3.2 ± 2.3 days, p <0.01). |
1 |
| 54. Ploux S, Riviere A, Amraoui S, et al. Positron emission tomography in patients with suspected pacing system infections may play a critical role in difficult cases. Heart Rhythm. 8(9):1478-81, 2011 Sep. |
Experimental-Dx |
50 patients |
To investigate whether (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computerized tomography (FDG-PET/CT) scanning has a role in identifying pacing material infection in these difficult cases. |
Among the 40 patients in the control group, FDG-PET/CT scanning was normal in 37 (92.5%) patients. Among the 10 patients who presented with suspected pacing system infections, FDG-PET/CT scanning showed increased FDG uptake along a lead in six patients; as a result of this finding, these patients subsequently underwent complete removal of the implanted material. Cultures of the leads were positive in all six patients, confirming involvement of the leads in the infectious process. In the other four patients, the pacing system was left in place without objective signs of active lead endocarditis during follow-up. |
4 |
| 55. Sarrazin JF, Philippon F, Tessier M, et al. Usefulness of fluorine-18 positron emission tomography/computed tomography for identification of cardiovascular implantable electronic device infections. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 59(18):1616-25, 2012 May 01. |
Experimental-Dx |
66 patients |
To evaluate the usefulness of fluorodesoxyglucose marked by fluorine-18 ((18)F-FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and computed tomography (CT) in patients with suspected cardiovascular implantable electronic device (CIED) infection. |
In Group A, 32 of 42 patients with suspected CIED infection had positive PET/CT. Twenty-four patients with positive PET/CT underwent extraction with excellent correlation. In 7 patients with positive PET/CT, 6 were treated as superficial infection with clinical resolution. One patient with positive PET/CT but negative leukocyte scan was considered false positive due to Dacron pouch. Ten patients with negative-PET/CT were treated with antibiotics and none has relapsed at 12.9 ± 1.9 months. In Group B, patients had mild uptake seen at the level of the connector. There was no abnormal uptake in Group C patients. Median SQR was significantly higher in Group A (A = 2.02 vs. B = 1.08 vs. C = 0.57; p < 0.001). |
3 |
| 56. Vind SH, Hess S. Possible role of PET/CT in infective endocarditis. J Nucl Cardiol. 2010;17(3):516-519. |
Review/Other-Dx |
2 patients |
To present 2 cases of IE with negative echocardiographies in which PET/CT scans could confirm the suspected IE, as well as rule out any extra cardiac sites of infection. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 57. Yen RF, Chen YC, Wu YW, Pan MH, Chang SC. Using 18-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography in detecting infectious endocarditis/endoarteritis: a preliminary report. Acad Radiol. 11(3):316-21, 2004 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
6 patients |
To evaluate the effectiveness of FDG-PET in the detection of infectious endocarditis/endoarteritis. |
For all 6 patients, we also found increased FDG uptakes in the corresponding areas detected in echocardiography. |
4 |
| 58. Hyafil F, Rouzet F, Lepage L, et al. Role of radiolabelled leucocyte scintigraphy in patients with a suspicion of prosthetic valve endocarditis and inconclusive echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 14(6):586-94, 2013 Jun. |
Observational-Dx |
42 patients |
To test the interest of radiolabelled leucocyte scintigraphy (LS) for the detection of perivalvular infection in patients with a suspicion of PVE and inconclusive transoesophageal echocardiography (TEE) |
Among patients with intense signal with LS who underwent surgery (n = 6), five had an abscess confirmed during intervention and one, post-operatively. Patients with intense accumulation of radiolabelled leucocytes with scintigraphy and treated medically (n = 3) had a poor outcome: death (n = 1); prosthetic valve dehiscence (n = 1); and recurrent endocarditis (n = 1). Among patients with mild activity with LS (n = 5), one patient developed a large prosthetic valve dehiscence during the follow-up. The remaining four patients were treated medically and did not present any recurrent endocarditis after a median follow-up of 14 months. No abscess was detected in patients with negative LS who underwent surgery (n = 4). Among the patients with negative LS treated medically (n = 24), none presented recurrent endocarditis after a mean follow-up of 15+16 months. Patient management was influenced by the results of LS in 12 out of 42 patients (29%) |
3 |
| 59. Rouzet F, Chequer R, Benali K, et al. Respective performance of 18F-FDG PET and radiolabeled leukocyte scintigraphy for the diagnosis of prosthetic valve endocarditis. J Nucl Med. 55(12):1980-5, 2014 Dec. |
Observational-Dx |
39 patients with suspected prosthetic
valve endocarditis (PVE) |
To compare the respective performance of 18F-FDG PET and leukocyte scintigraphy for the diagnosis of prostheticvalve endocarditis (PVE) in 39 patients. |
Of the 39 patients, 14 were classified as having definite infective endocarditis (IE), 4 as having possible IE, and 21 as not having IE. The average interval between 18F-FDG PET and leukocyte scintigraphy was 7 ± 7 d. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy were 93%, 71%, 68%, 94%, and 80%, respectively, for 18F-FDG PET and 64%, 100%, 100%, 81%, and 86%, respectively, for leukocyte scintigraphy. Discrepancies between the results of 18F-FDG PET and leukocyte scintigraphy occurred in 12 patients (31%). In patients with definite IE, 5 had true-positive 18F-FDG PET results but false-negative leukocyte scintigraphy results. Of these 5 patients, 3 had nonpyogenic microorganism IE (Coxiella or Candida). Of patients for whom endocarditis had been excluded, 6 had true-negative leukocyte scintigraphy results but false-positive 18F-FDG PET results. These 6 patients had been imaged in the first 2 mo after the last cardiac surgery. The last patient with a discrepancy between 18FFD PET and leukocyte scintigraphy was classified as having possible endocarditis and had positive 18F-FDG PET results and negative leukocyte scintigraphy results. |
3 |
| 60. Harris KM, Ang E, Lesser JR, Sonnesyn SW. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging for detection of an abscess associated with prosthetic valve endocarditis: a case report. Heart Surg Forum. 2007;10(3):E186-187. |
Review/Other-Dx |
1 patient |
A case report of a patient with a febrile illness and prosthetic aortic valve suspected of having infectious endocarditis. |
MRI was useful in defining a paravalvular abscess associated with PVE due to propionibacterium acnes that was then successfully surgically repaired. |
4 |
| 61. Wong D, Rubinshtein R, Keynan Y. Alternative Cardiac Imaging Modalities to Echocardiography for the Diagnosis of Infective Endocarditis. [Review]. Am J Cardiol. 118(9):1410-1418, 2016 Nov 01. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review alternative cardiac imaging modalities to echocardiography for the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 62. Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, et al. Recommendations for Noninvasive Evaluation of Native Valvular Regurgitation: A Report from the American Society of Echocardiography Developed in Collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr 2017;30:303-71. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To report recommendations for noninvasive evaluation native valvular regurgitation. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 63. Thuny F, Di Salvo G, Belliard O, et al. Risk of embolism and death in infective endocarditis: prognostic value of echocardiography: a prospective multicenter study. Circulation. 2005;112(1):69-75. |
Observational-Dx |
384 consecutive patients; 2 blinded reviewers |
Prospective multicenter study of patients with a definite diagnosis of infective endocarditis by current diagnostic criteria in the contemporary era, with systematic use of TEE, to assess the predictive value of clinical and echocardiographic parameters on the subsequent risk of embolism and death. |
One-year mortality was 20.6%. In multivariable analysis, independently of the other predictors of death (age, female sex, creatinine serum >2 mg/L, moderate or severe congestive heart failure, and S aureus) and comorbidity, vegetation length >15 mm was a predictor of 1-year mortality (adjusted relative risk=1.8; 95% CI, 1.10 to 2.82; P=0.02). |
3 |
| 64. Vieira ML, Grinberg M, Pomerantzeff PM, Andrade JL, Mansur AJ. Repeated echocardiographic examinations of patients with suspected infective endocarditis. Heart. 2004;90(9):1020-1024. |
Observational-Dx |
262 patients with 266 episodes of suspected infective endocarditis |
Prospective cohort study to evaluate the frequency and diagnostic yield of repeated TTE and TEE of patients with suspected infective endocarditis. |
TTE examinations were repeated in 192 (72.2%) and TEE examinations were repeated in 49 (18.4%) of 266 episodes. A mean of 2.4 TTE and 1.2 TEE examinations were performed for each episode of suspected endocarditis. The second and third TTEs added diagnostic information in 34 (26.7%) and the second and third TEE added diagnostic information in 25 (19.7%) of 127 episodes with definite endocarditis. No additional diagnostic information was obtained after the third TTE or TEE .The usefulness of repeated TTE decreases with the number of repetitions. |
3 |
| 65. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction. Available at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Appropriateness-Criteria/RadiationDoseAssessmentIntro.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide evidence-based guidelines on exposure of patients to ionizing radiation. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
