| 1. McGlamry ED, Southerland JT, Vickers D, Boberg JS. McGlamry's comprehensive textbook of foot and ankle surgery. Fourth edition ed. Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 2013. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Textbook of foot and ankle surgery |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 2. Crim J. The painful lateral column of the foot: from back to front. [Review]. Skeletal Radiology. 51(6):1115-1125, 2022 Jun. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To focus attention on the abnormalities which the radiologist may encounter in patients presenting with lateral ankle or foot pain outside of the context of acute trauma. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 3. Hawke F, Burns J. Understanding the nature and mechanism of foot pain. Journal of Foot & Ankle Research. 2:1, 2009 Jan 14.J. foot ankle res.. 2:1, 2009 Jan 14. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To comprehensively review the literature on foot pain, with specific reference to its definition, prevalence, aetiology and predictors, classification, measurement and impact. |
No results stated in abstract |
4 |
| 4. Joong MA, El-Khoury GY. Radiologic evaluation of chronic foot pain. [Review] [32 refs]. Am Fam Physician. 76(7):975-83, 2007 Oct 01. |
Review/Other-Dx |
2 case reports |
To discuss causes of chronic foot pain, their clinical presentations and their radiologic findings and explain the American College of Radiology (ACR) Appropriateness Criteria scale for chronic foot pain imaging. |
No results stated in abstract |
4 |
| 5. Hawke F, Burns J, Radford JA, du Toit V. Custom-made foot orthoses for the treatment of foot pain. [Review] [80 refs]. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. (3)CD006801, 2008 Jul 16.Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (3)CD006801, 2008 Jul 16. |
Review/Other-Dx |
11 trials, 1332 participants |
To evaluate the effectiveness of custom foot orthoses for different types of foot pain. |
Eleven trials involving 1332 participants were included: five trials evaluated custom-made foot orthoses for plantar fasciitis (691 participants); three for foot pain in rheumatoid arthritis (231 participants); and one each for foot pain in pes cavus (154 participants), hallux valgus (209 participants) and juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) (47 participants). Comparisons to custom-made foot orthoses included sham orthoses; no intervention; standardised interventions given to all participants; non-custom (prefabricated) foot orthoses; combined manipulation, mobilisation or stretching; night splints; and surgery. Follow up ranged from one week to three years. Custom-made foot orthoses were effective for painful pes cavus (NNTB:5), rearfoot pain in rheumatoid arthritis (NNTB:4), foot pain in JIA (NNTB:3) and painful hallux valgus (NNTB:6); however, surgery was even more effective for hallux valgus and non-custom foot orthoses appeared just as effective for JIA but the analysis may have lacked sufficient power to detect a difference in effect. It is unclear if custom-made foot orthoses were effective for plantar fasciitis or metatarsophalangeal joint pain in rheumatoid arthritis. Custom-made foot orthoses were a safe intervention in all studies. |
4 |
| 6. Menz HB.. Chronic foot pain in older people. [Review]. Maturitas. 91:110-4, 2016 Sep.Maturitas. 91:110-4, 2016 Sep. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide an overview of (i) the prevalence and risk factors for foot pain, (ii) the impact of foot pain on mobility and quality of life, and (iii) the conservative management of foot pain. |
No results stated in abstract |
4 |
| 7. Walker EA, Beaman FD, Wessell DE, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Suspected Osteomyelitis of the Foot in Patients With Diabetes Mellitus. J Am Coll Radiol 2019;16:S440-S50. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for suspected osteomyelitis of the foot in patients wit diabetes mellitus. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 8. Chang EY, Tadros AS, Amini B, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Chronic Ankle Pain. J Am Coll Radiol 2018;15:S26-S38. |
Review/Other-Dx |
NA |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for Chronic Ankle Pain. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 9. Pierce JL, Perry MT, Wessell DE, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Suspected Osteomyelitis, Septic Arthritis, or Soft Tissue Infection (Excluding Spine and Diabetic Foot): 2022 Update. J Am Coll Radiol 2022;19:S473-S87. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for suspected osteomyelitis, septic arthritis, or soft tissue infection (excluding spine and diabetic foot). |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 10. Subhas N, Wu F, Fox MG, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Chronic Extremity Joint Pain-Suspected Inflammatory Arthritis, Crystalline Arthritis, or Erosive Osteoarthritis: 2022 Update. J Am Coll Radiol 2023;20:S20-S32. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for chronic extremity joint pain-suspected inflammatory arthritis, crystalline arthritis, or erosive osteoarthritis. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 11. Gorbachova T, Chang EY, Ha AS, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Acute Trauma to the Foot. J Am Coll Radiol 2020;17:S2-S11. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 12. Shereff MJ, DiGiovanni L, Bejjani FJ, Hersh A, Kummer FJ. A comparison of nonweight-bearing and weight-bearing radiographs of the foot. Foot Ankle 1990;10:306-11. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To compare the standardized measurements of the foot in nonweight-bearing and weight-bearing radiographs. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 13. Shelton TJ, Singh S, Bent Robinson E, et al. The Influence of Percentage Weight-Bearing on Foot Radiographs. Foot Ankle Spec 2019;12:363-69. |
Review/Other-Dx |
20 |
To determine whether percentage weight-bearing influences radiographic measurements of the normal foot. |
The TNCA and TCA increased significantly, whereas the CHG decreased significantly with increased percentage body weight. There were no differences in HVA, IMA, forefoot width, LisFranc distance, and TMA with increased percentage body weight. |
4 |
| 14. Harris RI, Beath T. Etiology of peroneal spastic flat foot. 1948;30B(4):624-634. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To demonstrate that most cases of peroneal spastic flat foot are due to tarsal anomalies. |
Lipping of the upper margin of the talonavicular joint strongly suggests the existence of one or other of the congenital anomalies. Both anomalies are visualized only by special radiological projections. |
4 |
| 15. Taylor JA, Sartoris DJ, Huang GS, Resnick DL. Painful conditions affecting the first metatarsal sesamoid bones. Radiographics. 13(4):817-30, 1993 Jul.Radiographics. 13(4):817-30, 1993 Jul. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review painful conditions affecting the first metatarsal sesamoid bones. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 16. Wright AA, Hegedus EJ, Lenchik L, Kuhn KJ, Santiago L, Smoliga JM. Diagnostic Accuracy of Various Imaging Modalities for Suspected Lower Extremity Stress Fractures: A Systematic Review With Evidence-Based Recommendations for Clinical Practice. Am J Sports Med 2016;44:255-63. |
Review/Other-Dx |
21 studies |
To determine the diagnostic accuracy statistics of imaging modalities used to diagnose lower extremity stress fractures and to synthesize evidence-based recommendations for clinical practice. |
Reported sensitivity and specificity (95% CI) were as follows: For conventional radiography, sensitivity ranged from 12% (0%-29%) to 56% (39%-72%) and specificity ranged from 88% (55%-100%) to 96% (87%-100%). For nuclear scintigraphy (NS), sensitivity ranged from 50% (23%-77%) to 97% (90%-100%) and specificity from 33% (12%-53%) to 98% (93%-100%). For magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), sensitivity ranged from 68% (45%-90%) to 99% (95%-100%) and specificity from 4% (0%-11%) to 97% (88%-100%). For computed tomography, sensitivity ranged from 32% (8%-57%) to 38% (16%-59%) and specificity from 88% (55%-100%) to 98% (91%-100%). For ultrasound, sensitivity ranged from 43% (26%-61%) to 99% (95%-100%) and specificity from 13% (0%-45%) to 79% (61%-96%). |
4 |
| 17. Jain S, Mannan K. The diagnosis and management of Morton's neuroma: a literature review. [Review]. Foot ankle spec.. 6(4):307-17, 2013 Aug. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the published literature to evaluate the outcomes of the available diagnostic modalities and treatment options for Morton's Neuroma and present an algorithm for clinical practice. |
No results stated in abstract |
4 |
| 18. Thomas JL, Christensen JC, Kravitz SR, et al. The diagnosis and treatment of heel pain: a clinical practice guideline-revision 2010. [Review] [462 refs]. Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery. 49(3 Suppl):S1-19, 2010 May-Jun.J Foot Ankle Surg. 49(3 Suppl):S1-19, 2010 May-Jun. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
A revision guideline of the original 2001 document developed by the American College of Foot and Ankle surgeons (ACFAS) heel pain committee. |
No results stated in abstract |
4 |
| 19. Osborne HR, Breidahl WH, Allison GT. Critical differences in lateral X-rays with and without a diagnosis of plantar fasciitis. J Sci Med Sport. 9(3):231-7, 2006 Jun. |
Experimental-Dx |
21 cases and 78 controls |
To examine the sensitivity and specificity of key features observed on the lateral X-ray for plantar fasciitis. |
In this study 106 (27 plantar fasciitis (PF) and 79 controls) plain non-weight bearing lateral X-rays were examined by a blind examinerto document the key features of the lateral X-ray between images of individuals with and without plantar fasciitis. As expected calcaneal spurs were observed in both groups (85% PF and 46% controls). However, plantar fascia thickness and fat pad abnormalities resulted in the best group differentiation (p < 0.0001) with sensitivity of 85% and specificity of 95% for plantar fasciitis. |
2 |
| 20. Breunung N, Barwick T, Fernando R, et al. Additional benefit of SPECT-CT in investigating heel pain. Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 33(10):705-6, 2008 Oct.Clin Nucl Med. 33(10):705-6, 2008 Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
No abstract available. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 21. Cochet H, Pele E, Amoretti N, Brunot S, Lafenetre O, Hauger O. Anterolateral ankle impingement: diagnostic performance of MDCT arthrography and sonography. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(6):1575-80, 2010 Jun. |
Observational-Dx |
51 consecutive patients |
Prospective study to compare the diagnostic performance of CT arthrography and sonography in the diagnosis of anterolateral ankle impingement. |
The sensitivity and specificity of sonography were respectively 77% and 57% before joint injection and 85% and 71% after joint injection. Positive Doppler masses were found to be anterolateral impingements at arthroscopy in all cases (10/10), and masses of hyperechoic appearance were found not to be anterolateral impingements in all cases (3/3). The sensitivity and specificity of CT arthrography in the diagnosis of anterolateral impingement were respectively 97% and 71%. The performances of CT arthrography and ankle sonography in the diagnosis of anterolateral ankle impingement were significantly different (p = 0.006). CT arthrography is quite accurate and superior to ankle sonography in the diagnosis of anterolateral impingement. The diagnostic performance of sonography is limited, but positive Doppler appearance and hyperechogenicity, when present, could help to exclude or confirm the diagnosis. |
2 |
| 22. Jaffee NW, Gilula LA, Wissman RD, Johnson JE. Diagnostic and therapeutic ankle tenography: outcomes and complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 176(2):365-71, 2001 Feb. |
Observational-Dx |
111 tenograms |
To evaluate outcomes of the current tenographic technique in a large series and evaluate complications. |
Of 65 patients undergoing posterior tibial tenography, 31 (48%) had complete or near-complete symptom resolution; 17 (26%) had no relief. Seventeen patients (26%) had initial relief with the subsequent return of pain to the pretenography level. Of 39 patients undergoing peroneal tenography, 18 (46%) had complete or near-complete symptom resolution; 10 (26%) had no and 11 (28%) had initial relief with subsequent pretenography pain return. Of three patients undergoing flexor digitorum longus tenography, one had complete, one had no, and one had initial relief with complete pretenography pain return. One of two patients who underwent flexor hallucis longus tenography had no relief; the other had initial relief with complete pain return. Two patients who underwent anterior tibial tenography had complete pain relief. We found no correlation between degree of tenosynovitis shown radiographically and therapeutic improvement with anesthetic and steroid injection. Tenography complications included one posterior tibial tendon rupture (0.89%) and 14 patients with skin discoloration at the tendon sheath injection site. Forty-seven percent of surgical candidates whose condition was refractory to conservative therapy had complete or near-complete prolonged symptom relief after tenography. In appropriate patients, tenography is excellent therapy for tenosynovitis. |
4 |
| 23. Fram BR, Rogero R, Fuchs D, Shakked RJ, Raikin SM, Pedowitz DI. Clinical Outcomes and Complications of Peroneal Tendon Sheath Ultrasound-Guided Corticosteroid Injection. Foot Ankle Int 2019;40:888-94. |
Review/Other-Dx |
96 patients |
To assess clinical outcomes following US-guided PTS corticosteroid injection for chronic tendinopathy or tears. |
Twenty-four of 96 (25%) progressed to have surgery on their peroneal tendons following injection. Following injection, 38/87 (43.7%) of patients reported 0-1 weeks of pain relief, 11/87 (12.6%) 2-6 weeks, 6/87 (6.9%) 7-12 weeks, and 32/87 (36.8%) greater than 12 weeks. Preinjection duration of symptoms was associated with postinjection duration of pain relief (P=.036). There were 2 reported complications (1.8%): 1 case of self-limited sural nerve irritation and 1 of peroneus longus tear progression. |
4 |
| 24. Lucas PE, Hurwitz SR, Kaplan PA, Dussault RG, Maurer EJ. Fluoroscopically guided injections into the foot and ankle: localization of the source of pain as a guide to treatment--prospective study. Radiology. 1997;204(2):411-415. |
Observational-Dx |
47 patients |
Prospective study to determine the value of injections of local anesthetic and steroids in the foot and ankle in localizing the source of pain as a guide to treatment. |
43 (91%) patients reported pain relief after injections. The level of confidence that the site injected was the source of pain increased in 68 (64%) sites, decreased in 19 (18%) sites, and remained unaltered in 19 (18%) sites (P < .01). The treatment plan was changed from nonsurgical initially to surgical in three (8%) of 36 patients and was changed from surgical to nonsurgical in three (27%) of 11 patients after injections. Of the remaining eight patients, treatment was altered in three (37%) as a result of pain relief after the injections. Fluoroscopically guided injections of local anesthetic and steroid in the foot and ankle can improve clinical confidence with regard to the site of pain and may be valuable in clinical decision making and patient treatment. |
4 |
| 25. Lee MJ, Kim S, Huh YM, et al. Morton neuroma: evaluated with ultrasonography and MR imaging. Korean J Radiol. 8(2):148-55, 2007 Mar-Apr. |
Observational-Dx |
20 neuromas from 17 patients |
To compare the diagnostic accuracy of both US and MRI for the assessment of Morton neuroma and to evaluate whether or not the gadolinium contrast enhanced T1-weighted image increases the conspicuity of the lesion. |
The detection rate of Morton neuroma was 79% for 14 neuromas from 11 patients who had undergone US followed by an operation. The detection rate was 76% for 17 neuromas from 15 patients who had undergone MRI and a subsequent operation. The mean size of the examined neuromas was 4.9 mm on the US images and it was 5.1 mm on the MRI studies. Ten neuromas (71%) were =5 mm as measured by US, and 3 neuromas were not detected, whereas on the MRI analysis, 10 neuromas (59%) were =5 mm and 4 neuromas were not visualized. Among the patients examined during postoperative follow-up, symptoms were completely relieved in 85% and the symptoms were partially relieved in 15%. |
3 |
| 26. Ashman CJ, Klecker RJ, Yu JS. Forefoot pain involving the metatarsal region: differential diagnosis with MR imaging. [Review] [58 refs]. Radiographics. 21(6):1425-40, 2001 Nov-Dec. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the MR imaging appearances of disorders that are capable of producing pain in the forefoot proximal to the phalanges. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 27. Terk MR, Kwong PK, Suthar M, Horvath BC, Colletti PM. Morton neuroma: evaluation with MR imaging performed with contrast enhancement and fat suppression. Radiology. 1993;189(1):239-241. |
Review/Other-Dx |
15 patients |
To evaluate clinically suspected Morton neuroma with contrast material-enhanced MRIs. |
In 6 patients, a tumor that conformed to the clinical findings was seen in the interdigital space; surgical findings in these patients correlated closely with the imaging findings in all patients. Patients without positive findings on MRIs tended to have less typical clinical findings and received nonsurgical treatment. In all patients, the lesions were best depicted with the combination of contrast-enhanced imaging and fat suppression; conventional MRIs either entirely failed to demonstrate the lesions or demonstrated the lesions less clearly. |
4 |
| 28. Flores DV, Mejia Gomez C, Fernandez Hernando M, Davis MA, Pathria MN. Adult Acquired Flatfoot Deformity: Anatomy, Biomechanics, Staging, and Imaging Findings. [Review]. Radiographics. 39(5):1437-1460, 2019 Sep-Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Emphasizes the anatomy and function of the foot's stabilizing structures to help the radiologist better understand this disabling disorder. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 29. Chang MY, Hong SH, Yoo HJ, Choi JY, Chae HD, Moon SJ. MRI of Cuboid Pulley Lesion. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 211(4):867-871, 2018 10. |
Review/Other-Dx |
19 patients |
To describe cuboid pulley lesions and associated abnormalities on the basis of clinical findings and the results of MRI examinations of the ankle. |
The mean (± SD) diameter of the cuboid pulley lesion was 8.9 ± 4.7 mm. Cuboid pulley lesions were associated with peroneal tenosynovitis (p < 0.001), Achilles enthesitis (p = 0.004), and a clinical diagnosis of inflammatory arthritis (p < 0.001). Eleven of the 19 patients in the group with cuboid pulley lesions had inflammatory arthritis (either rheumatoid arthritis [n = 7] or spondyloarthritis [n = 4]). The cuboid pulley lesions did not cause localized lateral foot pain and tenderness, except in one patient who had an accompanying stress fracture of the cuboid. |
4 |
| 30. Khan I, Peters J, Welck M, Saifuddin A. Sinus tarsi and sinus tarsi syndrome: An imaging review. [Review]. European Journal of Radiology. 161:110725, 2023 Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
In this article we review the anatomy of the ST, discuss some of the proposed aetiologies of STS, and present the imaging appearances of the normal ST and that of STS. |
Sinus Tarsi is a funnel shaped region containing fat, vessels, nerves and ligaments, at the junction of mid-foot and hind-foot. STS is a clinical entity associated with both traumatic and non-traumatic causes, although its exact aetiology remains unknown. Multiple other abnormalities may be present in patients with STS such as ligament and tendon injuries, particularly the lateral ankle ligaments and the TPT. MRI has an important role to play in the diagnosis of STS and identifying the underlying cause(s). Other imaging modalities such as CT or nuclear medicine imaging may rarely help if MRI is not available or to identify other pathologies but are not typically used for assessment of STS. |
4 |
| 31. Grasel RP, Schweitzer ME, Kovalovich AM, et al. MR imaging of plantar fasciitis: edema, tears, and occult marrow abnormalities correlated with outcome. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1999 Sep;173(3):699-701. |
Review/Other-Dx |
25 patients |
To evaluate various MRI signs of plantar fasciitis and to determine if a difference in these findings exists between clinically typical and atypical patients with chronic symptoms resistant to conservative treatment. |
The authors found signs on MRI that have not been described in the scientific literature for patients with plantar fasciitis. These signs included occult marrow edema and fascial tears. Patients with these manifestations seemed to respond to treatment in a manner similar to that of patients in whom MRI revealed more benign findings. |
4 |
| 32. Chimutengwende-Gordon M, O'Donnell P, Singh D. Magnetic resonance imaging in plantar heel pain. Foot Ankle Int. 31(10):865-70, 2010 Oct. |
Observational-Dx |
112 patients |
To evaluate a series of MRI scans from patients with persistent or atypical plantar heel pain. |
Of the 50 patients with persistent heel pain, 38 (76%) of MRIs confirmed the diagnosis of plantar fasciitis. Of the 62 patients who had presented with atypical symptoms or signs, 21 patients had presented with night pain and the remaining 41 had presented with acute pain, tenderness of the lateral or medial aspect of the heel, significant swelling, neurological features or pain posterior to the insertion of the plantar fascia. Patients with night pain were shown to have plantar fasciitis associated with calcaneal marrow edema in 15 (71.4%) cases (p < 0.05). One patient presenting with night pain was found to have a plantar arterio-venous malformation. Acute pain was associated with plantar fascia tears in 4 out of 9 (p < 0.05). |
3 |
| 33. Sung W, Weil L Jr, Weil LS Sr, Rolfes RJ. Diagnosis of plantar plate injury by magnetic resonance imaging with reference to intraoperative findings. J Foot Ankle Surg. 51(5):570-4, 2012 Sep-Oct. |
Observational-Dx |
41 patients |
To assess the utility of magnetic resonance imaging in evaluating injury to the plantar plate and to determine whether conventional low-field magnetic resonance imaging is a valid tool for diagnostic evaluation. |
Intraoperatively, 41 plantar plate tears and 4 intact ligaments were found. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictivevalue was 96%, 95%, 100%, 100%, and 67%, respectively. The clinical diagnosis of plantar plate injury was also highly accurate in our study population (41/45, 91%). Moderate concordance between the magnetic resonance imaging grade and surgical grade of plantar plate tear (28/45, 62%), with greater concordance occurring at higher grades. |
2 |
| 34. Albright RH, Brooks BM, Chingre M, Klein EE, Weil LS, Jr., Fleischer AE. Diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) versus dynamic ultrasound for plantar plate injuries: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Radiol 2022;152:110315. |
Meta-analysis |
11 studies |
To examine the diagnostic accuracy of MRI and dynamic, musculoskeletal ultrasound for lesser metatarsal plantar plate injuries using a systematic review and meta-analysis. |
Eleven studies met our inclusion criteria, representing 227 plantar plates for MRI and 238 plantar plates for ultrasound. MRI displayed a pooled sensitivity of 89% (95% CI 0.84, 0.93) and specificity of 83% (95% CI 0.64, 0.94). Ultrasound displayed a sensitivity and specificity of 95% (95% CI 0.91, 0.98) and 52% (95% CI 0.37, 0.68), respectively. |
Good |
| 35. Kier R, Abrahamian H, Caminear D, et al. MR arthrography of the second and third metatarsophalangeal joints for the detection of tears of the plantar plate and joint capsule. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 194(4):1079-81, 2010 Apr.AJR Am J Roentgenol. 194(4):1079-81, 2010 Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
41 patients |
To evaluate MR arthrography for evaluation of tears of the plantar plate and joint capsule of the metatarsophalangeal joint in 45 metatarsophalangeal joints in 41 patients. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 36. Mohana-Borges AV, Theumann NH, Pfirrmann CW, Chung CB, Resnick DL, Trudell DJ. Lesser metatarsophalangeal joints: standard MR imaging, MR arthrography, and MR bursography--initial results in 48 cadaveric joints. Radiology. 227(1):175-82, 2003 Apr. |
Observational-Dx |
48 lesser MTP joints of 12 cadaveric feet |
To delineate the normal magnetic resonance (MR) imaging anatomy of the lesser metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joints in a cadaveric model and compare the MR arthrographic and MR bursographic findings with the standard MR imaging findings. |
The coronal plane was best for simultaneous depiction of the fibrous capsule, plantar plate, and collateral ligament complex and for assessment of the relationship between the CLC and the plantar plate. The sagittal plane was best for analysis of the bone attachments of the plantar plate and the transverse plane for evaluation of the CLC attachment sites in the phalanges. MR arthrography enabled identification of the bare areas and recesses of the joints, better delineation of the plantar plate articular surface, and better evaluation of the integrity of the soft-tissue components of the joints. Compared with the other examinations, MR bursography did not help improve these evaluations. |
4 |
| 37. Zanetti M, Strehle JK, Kundert HP, Zollinger H, Hodler J. Morton neuroma: effect of MR imaging findings on diagnostic thinking and therapeutic decisions. Radiology. 213(2):583-8, 1999 Nov.Radiology. 213(2):583-8, 1999 Nov. |
Observational-Dx |
49 patients |
To determine the effect of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging results on diagnostic thinking and therapeutic decisions by orthopedic surgeons in cases of a possible Morton neuroma. |
After MR imaging, the clinical diagnosis of Morton neuroma was withdrawn in 15 of 54 (28%) feet. In 14 of 39 maintained diagnoses, the location ornumber of neuromas was changed after MR imaging. Confidence levels for Morton neuroma increased substantially after MR imaging. In 31 (57%) feet, a change in treatment plan resulted after MR imaging. Diameters of neuromas on MR images were significantly larger (P = .003) in surgically treated feet than in conservatively treated feet. MR imaging diagnoses were correct in all 23 revised intermetatarsal spaces. |
3 |
| 38. Zanetti M, Ledermann T, Zollinger H, Hodler J. Efficacy of MR imaging in patients suspected of having Morton's neuroma. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 168(2):529-32, 1997 Feb.AJR Am J Roentgenol. 168(2):529-32, 1997 Feb. |
Observational-Dx |
32 patients |
To evaluate the role of MR imaging in patients with suspected Morton’s neuroma and to assess the value of various MR sequences in this diagnosis. |
In 15 of 18 intermetatarsal spaces, a Morton’s neuroma was surgically proven. Thirteen true-positive, two false-negative, three true-negative, and no false-positiveMR diagnoses were given. In six of 15 proven neuromas, the clinical examiner was not able to identify the correct intermetatarsal space. The MR diagnoses in the 16 remaining patients who did not undergo surgery were Morton’s neuroma (n = 8), stress fracture (n = 1 ), foreign body reaction (n = 1), tendon sheath ganglion (n = 1), postoperative changes (n = 2), and no abnormality (n = 3). Standardized contrast-to-noise ratios (± SD) were 2.42 ± 0.72 for TI weighted images; 1.43 ± 1.13 for T2-weighted images; 1.26 ± I .47 for short inversion time inversion recovery images; and 0.83 ± 0.59 gadolinium-enhanced fat-suppressed images. The differences were statistically significant for the TI-weighted spin-echo images versus the three other sequences (p = .001-018), but not among the other sequences (p = .209-710). |
3 |
| 39. Franco H, Pagliaro T, Sparti C, Walsh HJ. Comparing Clinical Examination and Radiological Evaluation in the Preoperative Diagnosis and Location of Symptomatic Interdigital (Morton's) Neuroma. Journal of Foot & Ankle Surgery. 62(5):883-887, 2023 Sep-Oct. |
Observational-Dx |
101 |
This study investigates whether clinical examination is as sensitive as ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis and localization of symptomatic interdigital neuroma. |
Of the 101 patients with 118 suspected inter-digital neuroma, 115 were con?rmed histologically (97.5%). The sensitivity of clinical assessment to accurately diagnose and place an interdigital neuroma in the correct space was calculated as 96.5%. The most common preop-erative clinical feature was pain (99.2%). The calculated sensitivity for ultrasound to accurately diagnose an inter-digital neuroma was 83.6%, and to correctly locate neuroma was 79.5% respectively, which were both statistically different compared to clinical assessment (p value: <.001 and p value: <.001). The calculated sensitivity for MRI to accurately diagnose an interdigital neuroma was 93.6%, which was statistically different to clinical assessment (p value: .005). Preoperative clinical assessment has the highest sensitivity to accurately diagnose interdigital neu-roma when compared to MRI and ultrasound. Preoperative clinical assessment has higher sensitivity to accurately locate interdigital neuroma when compared to ultrasound. |
3 |
| 40. Bignotti B, Signori A, Sormani MP, Molfetta L, Martinoli C, Tagliafico A. Ultrasound versus magnetic resonance imaging for Morton neuroma: systematic review and meta-analysis. [Review]. Eur Radiol. 25(8):2254-62, 2015 Aug. |
Meta-analysis |
14 studies |
To compare ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in the diagnosis of Morton's neuroma. |
277 studies were initially found, and the meta-analysis was conducted on 14 studies. US sensitivity was studied in five studies, MRI sensitivity in three studies, and bothin six studies. All studies used surgery as the reference standard. A high sensitivity (SE) of diagnostic testing was observed for both US (SE (95 % CI)?=?0.91 (0.83-0.96)) and MRI (SE (95 % CI)?=?0.90 (0.82-0.96)) with no significant differences between the two modalities in diagnosis (Q test p?=?0.88). For MRI, specificity of test was 1.00 with a pooled estimation of 1.00 (0.73-1.00), while the pooled specificity was 0.854 (95 % CI: 0.41-1.00) for US. No differences were observed between US and MRI in study design (p?=?0.76). |
Good |
| 41. Zanetti M, Strehle JK, Zollinger H, Hodler J. Morton neuroma and fluid in the intermetatarsal bursae on MR images of 70 asymptomatic volunteers. Radiology. 1997;203(2):516-520. |
Observational-Dx |
70 asymptomatic subjects; 16 symptomatic subjects |
To determine the prevalence and size of presumed Morton neuromas and fluid in the intermetatarsal bursae on MRIs. |
24 Morton neuromas were diagnosed in 21 subjects (prevalence, 30%). The transverse diameter of the neuromas was 3-7 mm (mean, 4.5 mm) vs 4-8 mm (mean, 5.6 mm) in symptomatic subjects; this difference was significant (P=.0075). The prevalence of fluid in the intermetatarsal bursa was 20%, 47%, 49%, and 0% for the first through fourth intermetatarsal spaces. The transverse diameter of the fluid collection was 1-4 mm. |
3 |
| 42. McCarthy CL, Wilson DJ, Coltman TP. Anterolateral ankle impingement: findings and diagnostic accuracy with ultrasound imaging. Skeletal Radiol. 37(3):209-16, 2008 Mar. |
Observational-Dx |
17 footballers ; clinical diagnosis of ALI (n = 8) or control condition (n = 9) |
To evaluate the findings and diagnostic accuracy of US in ALI. US findings were correlated with subsequent arthroscopic appearance. |
US detected a synovitic mass in the antero-lateral gutter in all 8 footballers with clinical ALI (100%) and in 2 patients with a control diagnosis (22%). US is accurate in detecting synovitic lesions within the antero-lateral gutter, demonstrating associated ligamentous injuries and in differentiating soft tissue from osseous impingement. |
3 |
| 43. Sabir N, Demirlenk S, Yagci B, Karabulut N, Cubukcu S. Clinical utility of sonography in diagnosing plantar fasciitis. J Ultrasound Med. 24(8):1041-8, 2005 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
77 patients and 77 controls |
To investigate the efficacy of sonography in the detection of plantar fasciitis (PF) compared with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in subjects with inferior heel pain. |
Compared with MRI, sonography showed 80% sensitivity and 88.5% specificity in assessing PF. A strong correlation was found between plantar fascia and fat pad thickness measurements done by sonography (P < .001; r = 0.854) and MRI (P < .001; r = 0.798). Compared with the asymptomatic volunteers, patients with PF had significant increases in plantar fascia and heel pad thicknesses, weight, and body mass index (P = .0001). Heel pad thickness was also significantly increased with pain duration (P = .021). |
1 |
| 44. Abdel-Wahab N, Fathi S, Al-Emadi S, Mahdi S. High-resolution ultrasonographic diagnosis of plantar fasciitis: A correlation of ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. Int J Rheum Dis 2008;11:279-86. |
Observational-Dx |
23 symptomatic heels as cases and 22 heels as controls |
To compare high-resolution ultrasound to MRI to assess its value as an alternative modality to confirm a clinical diagnosis of plantar fasciitis. |
The plantar fascia was thickened in symptomatic feet. The thickness of the plantar fascia in symptomatic feet was (3.0–7.0 mm; 4.9 ± 1.3) measured by ultrasound which was significantly thicker than in the control group (1.1–2.4 mm; 1.7 ± 0.06); P < 0.05. Other sonographic signs used for the diagnosis of plantar fasciitis in the study were compared to MRI findings. The diagnostic accuracy was 69.5% for abnormal focal echogenicity within the plantar fascia, 60.8% for edema around the plantar fascia, 78.2% for perifascial edema, 69.5% for rupture of the plantar fascia and the lowest diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound was in detection of associated calcaneal spur (56.5%). The findings were tabulated and discussed in relation to other literature. |
3 |
| 45. Kapoor A, Sandhu HS, Sandhu PS, Kapoor A, Mahajan G, Kumar A. Realtime elastography in plantar fasciitis: comparison with ultrasonography and MRI. Current Orthopaedic Practice 2010;21:600-08. |
Observational-Dx |
25 patients |
To evaluate the role of elastography in the evaluation of plantar fasciitis and to compare it with ultrasound and MRI. |
Elastography showed a 95% sensitivity and 100% specificity in the diagnosis of plantar fasciitis while ultrasound was 65.8% sensitive and 75% specific with the differences being statistically significant (P=0.009). Elastography was shown to detect early stages I and II plantar fasciitis in 10 of 12 and in 15 of 16 patients, respectively, while ultrasound only detected four of 12 patients with stage I disease (P=0.001). |
2 |
| 46. Draghi F, Gitto S, Bortolotto C, Draghi AG, Ori Belometti G. Imaging of plantar fascia disorders: findings on plain radiography, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. [Review]. Insights Into Imaging. 8(1):69-78, 2017 Feb.Insights imaging. 8(1):69-78, 2017 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide simple and systematic guidelines for imaging assessment of Plantar fascia (PF) disease, focussing on key findings detectable on plain radiography, ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). |
No results stated in abstract |
4 |
| 47. Jeswani T, Morlese J, McNally EG. Getting to the heel of the problem: plantar fascia lesions. [Review] [26 refs]. Clin Radiol. 64(9):931-9, 2009 Sep. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To present a review describing the common lesions of the plantar fascia, including plantar fasciitis, plantar fascia rupture, plantar fibromatosis, and plantar xanthoma, and illustrate them with appropriate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound imaging. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 48. Sussman WI, Park DJ, Rucci PM, Chen YH. Subluxing fractured plantar fat pad: a case series and description of novel sonographic findings. Skeletal Radiology. 50(6):1241-1247, 2021 Jun. |
Review/Other-Dx |
4 patients |
TO describe the sonographic findings of this novel condition. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 49. Feuerstein CA, Weil L Jr, Weil LS Sr, Klein EE, Fleischer A, Argerakis NG. Static Versus Dynamic Musculoskeletal Ultrasound for Detection of Plantar Plate Pathology. Foot & Ankle Specialist. 7(4):259-265, 2014 Jul 15.Foot ankle spec.. 7(4):259-265, 2014 Jul 15. |
Observational-Dx |
36 patients |
To prospectively compare the value of using preoperative static and dynamic ultrasound findings to diagnose plantar plate pathology using intraoperative inspection as the standard of reference. |
Of the 36 patients, 29 were females and 7 were males with average age of 57.9 ± 7.8 years (range, 38-73). There were 38 plantar plate tears (84.4%) notedon intraoperative examination. The accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value for the static US exam were 80.0%, 81.6%, 71.4%, 93.9%, and 41.7%, respectively. The same values for the dynamic US exam were 88.9%, 100%, 28.6%, 88.3%, and 100%, respectively. |
2 |
| 50. Stone M, Eyler W, Rhodenizer J, van Holsbeeck M. Accuracy of Sonography in Plantar Plate Tears in Cadavers. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 36(7):1355-1361, 2017 Jul.J Ultrasound Med. 36(7):1355-1361, 2017 Jul. |
Observational-Dx |
6 cadavers |
To assess the accuracy of sonography in the diagnosis of plantar plate tears of the lesser digits using gross dissection as the reference standard. |
Ten plantar plates were graded as torn by sonography, all occurring in the distal plate near the phalangeal insertion. Seven of these plates were identified as torn on direct inspection. Fourteen plantar plates were found to be intact on sonography, 12 of which were intact on gross inspection. Overall, the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of sonography were 79.2%, 77.8%, and 80.0%, respectively. No correlation was seen between the accuracy of sonography and plate size, using plate number as a surrogate marker for plate size (P=.822). |
2 |
| 51. Gregg J, Silberstein M, Schneider T, Marks P. Sonographic and MRI evaluation of the plantar plate: A prospective study. Eur Radiol. 2006; 16(12):2661-2669. |
Observational-Dx |
160 asymptomatic and 160 symptomatic plantar plates |
To establish the accuracy of US in the examination of the plantar plate by comparing it with MRI, or if available, surgical findings. |
US detected 75/160 and 139/160 plantar plates torn in the asymptomatic and symptomatic groups, respectively. MRI detected 56/160 and 142/160 tears in the symptomatic and asymptomatic groups, respectively. The sensitivity of MRI and US with surgical correlation was calculated to be 87 and 96%, respectively, with poor specificity. US correlates moderately with MRI in the evaluation of the plantar plate. Surgical correlations, although limited (n=10), indicate US is superior to MRI with more accurate detection of tears. |
3 |
| 52. Xu Z, Duan X, Yu X, Wang H, Dong X, Xiang Z. The accuracy of ultrasonography and magnetic resonance imaging for the diagnosis of Morton's neuroma: a systematic review. [Review]. Clin Radiol. 70(4):351-8, 2015 Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
12 studies |
To determine the accuracy of MRI versus ultrasound for Morton’s neuroma. |
The study included 12 studies; 217 patients underwent MRI and 241 underwent ultrasound examinations. There appeared greater diagnostic accuracy for ultrasound than MRI for the diagnosis of Morton’s neuroma (ultrasound sensitivity 90%, specificity 88%, positive likelihood ratio 2.77, negative likelihood ratio 0.16 versus MRI sensitivity 93%, specificity 68%, positive likelihood ratio 1.89, negative likelihood ratio 0.19). |
4 |
| 53. Angoules AG, Angoules NA, Georgoudis M, Kapetanakis S. Update on diagnosis and management of cuboid fractures. [Review]. World j. orthop.. 10(2):71-80, 2019 Feb 18. |
Review/Other-Tx |
N/A |
To provide an update on diagnosis and management of cuboid fractures. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 54. Hirschmann MT, Davda K, Rasch H, Arnold MP, Friederich NF. Clinical value of combined single photon emission computerized tomography and conventional computer tomography (SPECT/CT) in sports medicine. [Review]. Sports med. arthrosc. rev.. 19(2):174-81, 2011 Jun. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To illustrate the clinical value and future perspectives of SPECT/CT in sports medicine. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 55. Chisin R, Peyser A, Milgrom C. Bone scintigraphy in the assessment of the hallucal sesamoids. Foot & Ankle International. 16(5):291-4, 1995 May.Foot Ankle Int. 16(5):291-4, 1995 May. |
Observational-Dx |
314 patients |
To report the results of an epidemiological study of the prevalence of increased scintigraphic activity over the hallucal sesamoids in a group of infantry recruits without foot or ankle symptoms and in a group of sedentary adults without foot or ankle symptoms |
Using a 0 to 2 bone scintigraphic rating system, 25 of 86 (29%) asymptomatic infantry recruits and 7 of 27 (26%) asymptomatic sedentary adults were found to have grade 1 or grade 2 activity. |
2 |
| 56. Arican P, Okudan B, Sefizade R, Naldoken S. Diagnostic Value of Bone SPECT/CT in Patients with Suspected Osteomyelitis. Mol Imaging Radionucl Ther. 28(3):89-95, 2019 09 06. |
Observational-Dx |
85 patients |
To evaluate the contribution of single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) to three phase bone scintigraphy/SPECT for the assessment of osteomyelitis (OM) and patient’s management. |
SPECT/CT changed the diagnosis and treatment planning in 14/85 (16.5%) patients. SPECT/CT was significantly superior to planar scan/SPECT imaging for determining OM (kappa value was 0.626 for planar scan/SPECT, 0.929 for SPECT/CT). SPECT/CT was statistically more successful in detection of chronic OM, and useful in differentiating chronic OM from acute OM (kappa value was 0.541 for planar scan/SPECT, 0.944 for SPECT/CT). |
3 |
| 57. Georgoulias P, Georgiadis I, Dimakopoulos N, Mortzos G. Scintigraphy of stress fractures of the sesamoid bones. Clinical Nuclear Medicine. 26(11):944-5, 2001 Nov.Clin Nucl Med. 26(11):944-5, 2001 Nov. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
No abstract available. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 58. Mandell GA, Harcke HT. Scintigraphic manifestations of infraction of the second metatarsal (Freiberg's disease). Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 28(2):249-51, 1987 Feb.J Nucl Med. 28(2):249-51, 1987 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
2 case reports |
To present two patients with Friberg's infraction of the second metatarsal. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 59. Romanowski CA, Barrington NA. The accessory navicular--an important cause of medial foot pain. Clin Radiol. 1992;46(4):261-264. |
Review/Other-Dx |
10 patients |
To present a group of patients with a symptomatic accessory navicular in whom bone scans were performed. |
Plain radiography reveals an accessory navicular united to the navicular by a synchondrosis (Type II). The diagnosis can be confirmed by showing increased localized uptake of isotope on a Tc-99m methylene diophosphate bone scan. In some cases, the accessory navicular is mistaken for a fracture. Awareness of this accessory ossicle causing such symptoms should lead to the correct diagnosis. |
4 |
| 60. Chan BY, Markhardt BK, Williams KL, Kanarek AA, Ross AB. Os Conundrum: Identifying Symptomatic Sesamoids and Accessory Ossicles of the Foot. [Review]. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 213(2):417-426, 2019 08. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide reassurance in normal cases and increase confidence when making the relatively uncommon diagnosis of a pathologic sesamoid or symptomatic ossicle. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 61. Mosel LD, Kat E, Voyvodic F. Imaging of the symptomatic type II accessory navicular bone. Australas Radiol. 48(2):267-71, 2004 Jun. |
Review/Other-Dx |
2 case reports |
Case reports of symptomatic type II accessory navicular bone. |
No results stated in abstract |
4 |
| 62. Jain S, Karunanithi S, Agarwal KK, Kumar G, Roy SG, Tripathi M. Incremental value of single photon emission tomography/computed tomography in 3-phase bone scintigraphy of an accessory navicular bone. Indian Journal of Nuclear Medicine. 29(3):191-2, 2014 Jul.Indian J. Nucl. Med.. 29(3):191-2, 2014 Jul. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To report a case highlighting the significance of single photon emission tomography/computed tomography in methylene diphosphonate bonescan in the evaluation of symptomatic accessory navicular bone where three phase bone scan is equivocal. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 63. Usmani S, Sit C, Gnanasegaran G, den Wyngaert TV, Marafi F. Pictorial atlas of symptomatic accessory ossicles by 18F-Sodium Fluoride (NaF) PET-CT. American Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging. 7(6):275-282, 2017. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To present a spectrum of clinical cases and review the potential diagnostic utility of 18F-NaF in the assessment of symptomatic accessory ossicles in patients referred for staging cancers. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 64. Almeida RR, Mansouri M, Tso DK, et al. The added value of cross-sectional imaging in the detection of additional radiographically occult fractures in the setting of a Chopart fracture. EMERG. RADIOL.. 25(5):513-520, 2018 Oct. |
Observational-Dx |
108 patients |
To determine the sensitivity of radiographs for detecting additional foot and ankle fractures related to Chopart fracture using CT or MRI as the reference standard. |
One hundred eight patients met the inclusion criteria. The calcaneocuboid articulation was the most commonly involved type of Chopart fracture, seen in 75% of cases (81/108). Chopart fractures were detected on the initial radiographs in 67.6% of cases (73/108). Additional fractures of the ankle and midfoot were diagnosed in 34.2% of cases (37/108), with 56.7% (21/37) of these cases having at least one additional fracture seen on CT or MRI that was not seen on the initial radiographs, with fractures of the midfoot most often missed. In 56.7% (17/30) patients whose radiographs detected Chopart fractures, at least one additional fracture was missed; 30% of them demonstrated intra-articular extension and 56.7% were considered displaced. High-energy trauma was related to higher incidence of additional fractures. There was no significant difference in the sensitivity of radiographs to detect additional fractures between high versus low-energy trauma (p?=?0.3) and WB versus non-WB radiographs (p?=?0.5). Most patients were treated nonoperatively (56.5%, 61/108), with surgical intervention more frequent in patients with a high energy of trauma (51.7% versus 33.3%, p?=?0.05). |
3 |
| 65. Choi CH, Ogilvie-Harris DJ. Occult osteochondral fractures of the subtalar joint: a review of 10 patients. J Foot Ankle Surg. 41(1):40-3, 2002 Jan-Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
10 patients |
To report a series of patients with occult injuries to the subtalar joint that occurred without dislocation. |
9 osteochondral fractures involved the posterior facet. 7 patients had a stiff and painful subtalar joint, and an arthrodesis was performed. 3 patients presented with adequate subtalar joint motion and were treated with physiotherapy. Detection of osteochondral fractures of the subtalar joint is difficult. The "early warning" signs are massive swelling without definitive bone injury on radiographic examination, and a failure to regain subtalar motion after a period of immobilization. Confirmatory evidence is obtained from CT scans or MRI. Initially, aggressive physiotherapy should be considered. Arthrodesis should be used for patients who remain symptomatic. |
4 |
| 66. Haapamaki VV, Kiuru MJ, Koskinen SK. Ankle and foot injuries: analysis of MDCT findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 183(3):615-22, 2004 Sep. |
Observational-Dx |
388 patients |
Retrospective study to assess MDCT findings and the advantages of MDCT compared with radiography in patients referred to a level 1 trauma center for diagnostic evaluation of acute ankle and foot trauma. |
344 (89%) of the 388 patients had one or more fractures in the ankle or foot. Calcaneus was the most commonly fractured bone, and the sensitivity of radiography in the detection of calcaneal fractures was 87%. The sensitivity of radiography in the detection of talar fractures was 78%, whereas it was only 25%-33% in the detection of midfoot fractures. A Lisfranc fracture-dislocation was not detected on primary radiography in 5 (24%) of 21 cases. The 3 main injury mechanisms were falling from a height (164 patients [48%]), a simple fall (68 patients [20%]), and a traffic accident (47 patients [14%]). In patients with injuries from high-energy polytrauma and in those with complex ankle and foot fractures, the sensitivity of radiography is only moderate to poor; in these cases, MDCT is recommended as the primary imaging technique. |
3 |
| 67. Suh CH, Yun SJ, Jin W, Lee SH, Park SY, Ryu CW. Diagnostic performance of dual-energy CT for the detection of bone marrow oedema: a systematic review and meta-analysis. [Review]. Eur Radiol. 28(10):4182-4194, 2018 Oct. |
Meta-analysis |
12 Studies |
To assess the sensitivity and specificity of dual-energy CT (DECT) for the detection of bone marrow oedema (BME). |
Twelve eligible studies (1901 lesions, 450 patients) were included. DECT exhibited a pooled sensitivity of 0.85 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.78–0.90] and a pooled specificity of 0.97 (95% CI: 0.92–0.98) for BME detection. In addition, the diagnostic performance of qualitative assessment (sensitivity, 0.85; specificity, 0.97) was higher than that of quantitative assessment (sensitivity, 0.84; specificity, 0.88) of DECT findings. The diagnostic performance of DECT for the spine (sensitivity, 0.84; specificity, 0.98) and appendicular skeleton (sensitivity, 0.84; specificity, 0.93) were excellent. According to meta-regression analysis, the use of a tin filter, = 2 image planes, and a slice thickness < 1 mm tended to exhibit higher sensitivity and hyperacute stage BME (< 24 h) tended to exhibit lower sensitivity. |
Good |
| 68. Biedert R, Hintermann B. Stress fractures of the medial great toe sesamoids in athletes. Foot & Ankle International. 24(2):137-41, 2003 Feb.Foot Ankle Int. 24(2):137-41, 2003 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
6 feet, 5 patients |
To determine whether specific symptoms and findings are present in patients with symptomatic stress fractures of the sesamoids of the great toe and, if so, whether partial sesamoidectomy is sufficient for successful treatment. |
Five consecutive athletes (five females; mean age 16.8 years [range, 13 to 22 years]) with six feet that were treated for symptomatic stress fractures of the sesamoids of the great toe were included in this study. Four athletes (five feet) performed rhythmic sports gymnastics; the fifth athlete was a longjumper. Some swelling to the forefoot and activity related pain that increased in forced dorsiflexion, but disappeared at rest was found in all patients. While plainX-rays evidenced fragmentation of the medial sesamoid, MRI (n=2) and frontal plane CT scan (n=3) did not always confirm the diagnosis, but bone scan (n=3) and axial as well as sagittal CT scan were useful to detect the pathology. After failure of conservative treatment measures, surgical excision of the proximal fragment was successful in all patients, and there were no complications. All patients were pain free and regained full sports activity within six months (range, 2.5 to six months). At final follow-up which averaged 50.6 months (range, 20 to 110 months), the overall clinical results were graded as good/excellent in all patients, and there was only one patient with of restriction sports activities. The obtained AOFAS-Hallux-Score was 95.3 (75 to 100) points. Apparently, stress fractures occurmore often at the medial sesamoid, and females are mainly involved. When a stress fracture is suspected, bone scan and CT scan are suggested as more reliable in confirming the diagnosis than other imaging methods. When conservative treatment has failed, surgical excision of the proximal fragment is recommended. |
4 |
| 69. Sanders TG, Rathur SK. Imaging of painful conditions of the hallucal sesamoid complex and plantar capsular structures of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. [Review] [37 refs]. Radiol Clin North Am. 46(6):1079-92, vii, 2008 Nov. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the normal anatomy of the hallucal sesamoidal complex and the plantar capsular structures of the first metatarsophalangeal joint. |
No results stated in abstract |
4 |
| 70. Chun KA, Oh HK, Wang KH, Suh JS. Freiberg's disease: quantitative assessment of osteonecrosis on three-dimensional CT. J Am Podiatr Med Assoc. 101(4):335-40, 2011 Jul-Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
10 patients |
To determine the reliability and prognostic ability of a new method for measurement of the extent of osteonecrosis in Freiberg’s disease on three-dimensional computed tomography. |
One patient presented with stage I disease (Smillie staging), one with stage II, two with stage III, five with stage IV, and two with stage V, respectively. The necrotic angle ratio of the metatarsal head was 14% in stage I, 21% in stage II, 34% in stage III, 43% in stage IV, and 53% in stage V. The interobserver reliability for computed tomography measurement was high (Cronbach a=0.96). We found the increase of the necrotic extent in proportion to the Smillie stage. The Smillie staging using radiographs and the necrotic angle ratio on computed tomography were significantly correlated. (P<0.05) |
3 |
| 71. Yao L, Do HM, Cracchiolo A, Farahani K. Plantar plate of the foot: findings on conventional arthrography and MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 163(3):641-4, 1994 Sep. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review findings on conventional arthrography and MR imaging of plantar plate of the foot. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 72. Mellado JM, Ramos A, Salvado E, Camins A, Danus M, Sauri A. Accessory ossicles and sesamoid bones of the ankle and foot: imaging findings, clinical significance and differential diagnosis. [Review] [30 refs]. Eur Radiol. 13 Suppl 4:L164-77, 2003 Dec. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
to review, illustrate and discuss the imaging findings of some of the more frequent accessory ossicles and sesamoid bones of the ankle and foot region, with particular emphasis on those that may be of clinical significance or simulate fractures. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 73. Karasick D, Schweitzer ME. The os trigonum syndrome: imaging features. AJR. 1996;166(1):125-129. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Pictorial essay is used to explore the role of imaging modalities in the diagnosis and treatment of the os trigonum syndrome, a symptom complex that may present difficult diagnostic problems. |
The roles of different imaging modalities are presented in this essay. |
4 |
| 74. Sadineni RT, Pasumarthy A, Bellapa NC, Velicheti S. Imaging Patterns in MRI in Recent Bone Injuries Following Negative or Inconclusive Plain Radiographs. J Clin Diagn Res. 9(10):TC10-3, 2015 Oct. |
Observational-Dx |
75 patients |
To determine the MRI imaging patterns in recent bone injuries (less than 4 weeks) following negative or inconclusive plain radiographs and to demonstrate the efficacy of MRI over conventional radiography in the detection of occult fractures. |
Out of the 75 individuals with history of recent injury of less than 4 weeks duration, fracture line was demonstrated in 16 patients (21%) who had no obvious evidence of bone injury on plain radiographs. Bone contusion or bruising of the bone was demonstrated in 39 (52%) patients. This was the commonest abnormality detected in MRI. The remaining 20 patients did not show any obvious injury to the bone on MR imaging however, soft tissue injury could be demonstrated in 12 (16%) patients which show that the extent of soft tissue injury was relatively well demonstrated by MR imaging. The present study showed that occult injuries commonly occur at the Knee followed by Ankle, Wrist, Foot, Elbow, Leg, Hands, Hips & Spine. |
3 |
| 75. Baker JC, Hoover EG, Hillen TJ, Smith MV, Wright RW, Rubin DA. Subradiographic Foot and Ankle Fractures and Bone Contusions Detected by MRI in Elite Ice Hockey Players. American Journal of Sports Medicine. 44(5):1317-23, 2016 May.Am J Sports Med. 44(5):1317-23, 2016 May. |
Observational-Dx |
27 participants |
To study foot and ankle bone injuries detected with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) that occurred in elite hockey players. |
The observers identified at least 1 bone injury in 27 of the 31 MRI examinations, including 10 with radiographically occultfractures. Agreement among the 3 observers for injury categorization was substantial (k = 0.76). Seventeen injuries were causedby a direct blow (15 from a moving puck, 2 from an uncertain source), resulting in 6 fractures and 6 high-grade bone contusions,with 14 of the 17 involving a medial bone (medial malleolus, navicular, or first metatarsal base). Compared with other mechanisms,direct impaction was statistically more likely to result in a severe bone injury and to involve the medial foot and ankle. In 20 injurieswhere return-to-play information was available, players with severe bone injuries missed a mean of 10.6 games compared with2.4 games for other players (P = .05). |
2 |
| 76. Pierre-Jerome C, Reyes EJ, Moncayo V, Chen ZN, Terk MR. MRI of the cuboid bone: analysis of changes in diabetic versus non-diabetic patients and their clinical significance. Eur J Radiol. 81(10):2771-5, 2012 Oct. |
Experimental-Tx |
237 patients |
To investigate the association between diabetes and marrow changes in the cuboid; and (2) to evaluate the influence of age, gender, body mass index (BMI) and use of insulin in the occurrence of marrow changes in the cuboid. |
Two hundred and forty two feet - 69 diabetic and 173 non-diabetic - were retrospectively evaluated. There was a higher prevalence of marrow edema and fractures in the diabetic cuboid (n=31, 45%) compared to non-diabetic cuboid (n=25, 14%, p=0.02). A fracture line was seen in fourteen (20%) diabetic cuboid bones compared to 4 (2%) in non-diabetic cuboid bones (p<0.0001). Eleven (79%) cases of cuboid fractures in the diabetic population were radiographically occult. Multivariate data analysis revealed an adjusted odds ratio of 4.416 (95% CI; 2.307, 8.454) for the relationship between marrow changes (edema and fractures) in the cuboid and diabetes. For each year of age, the odds of changes in the cuboid increased by 2.2% (95% CI; 1.001, 1.044). |
4 |
| 77. Porter DA.. Fifth Metatarsal Jones Fractures in the Athlete. Foot Ankle Int. 39(2):250-258, 2018 02. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review all aspects of the Jones fracture, including all 3 types of Jones fractures (Torg types I, II, and III) and its etiology, operative and nonoperative treatment, rehabilitation, return-to-play criterion, prevention, refracture, nonunion, augmentation, and orthobiologics. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 78. Karasick D, Schweitzer ME. Disorders of the hallux sesamoid complex: MR features. [Review] [30 refs]. Skeletal Radiology. 27(8):411-8, 1998 Aug.Skeletal Radiol. 27(8):411-8, 1998 Aug. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review MR features of disorders of the hallux sesamoid complex. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 79. Mateen S, Kwaadu KY, Ali S. Diagnosis, imaging, and potential morbidities of the hallux interphalangeal joint os interphalangeus. [Review]. Skeletal Radiology. 51(6):1143-1151, 2022 Jun. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe the anatomy and imaging appearance of the common os interphalangeus variants and associated complications including frictional effects, arthrosis, and IPK and discuss conservative and surgical management of a symptomatic ossicle. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 80. Tafur M, Rosenberg ZS, Bencardino JT. MR Imaging of the Midfoot Including Chopart and Lisfranc Joint Complexes. [Review]. Magnetic Resonance Imaging Clinics of North America. 25(1):95-125, 2017 Feb.Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 25(1):95-125, 2017 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide brief description of the normal anatomy and biomechanics of the midfoot, focussing on imaging features, with emphasis on MR imaging of common osseous, tendon, and ligament abnormalities that affect the midfoot. |
No results stated in abstract |
4 |
| 81. Berman Z, Tafur M, Ahmed SS, Huang BK, Chang EY. Ankle impingement syndromes: an imaging review. [Review]. Br J Radiol. 90(1070):20160735, 2017 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the relevant anatomy of the different compartments, describe the mechanisms of injury with common imaging findings, differential diagnoses when applicable and to review the different treatments options for ankle impingement syndromes. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 82. Gregg JM, Schneider T, Marks P. MR imaging and ultrasound of metatarsalgia--the lesser metatarsals. [Review] [50 refs]. Radiol Clin North Am. 46(6):1061-78, vi-vii, 2008 Nov. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the Magnetic Resonance imaging and Ultrasound of metatarsalgia. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 83. Couturier S, Gold G. Imaging Features of Avascular Necrosis of the Foot and Ankle. [Review]. Foot & Ankle Clinics. 24(1):17-33, 2019 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To understand key radiographic findings in the management of lesions due to avascular necrosis of the foot and ankle. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 84. Wang CL, Shieh JY, Wang TG, Hsieh FJ. Sonographic detection of occult fractures in the foot and ankle. J Clin Ultrasound. 27(8):421-5, 1999 Oct. |
Observational-Dx |
24 patients |
To determine whether high-resolution sonography can aid in the diagnosis of radiographically occult fractures in the foot and ankle. |
Twenty-four patients had occult fractures demonstrated by sonography. On sonography, the occult fractures appeared as a discontinuity of cortex echogenicity. The fractures were found at the calcaneus (n = 8), metatarsus (n = 6), talus (n = 3), navicular bone (n = 3), cuboid bone (n = 2), cuneiform bone (n = 1), and lateral malleolus (n = 1). Review of the patients' radiographs revealed tiny fractures at the sonographically identified locations in 2 patients. The first 5 patients underwent bone scans, which confirmed the presence of the fractures. The first 11 patients received follow-up sonographic examination 6 weeks after diagnosis; in all 11, an echogenic line over the previous fracture site, presumably representing callus formation, was noted. |
4 |
| 85. Oh SJ, Kim YH, Kim SK, Kim MW. Painful os peroneum syndrome presenting as lateral plantar foot pain. Annals of Rehabilitation Medicine. 36(1):163-6, 2012 Feb.Ann. rehabil. med.. 36(1):163-6, 2012 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
1 case report |
To report the rare condition painful os peroneum syndrome and review the relevant literature. |
No results stated in abstract |
4 |
| 86. van Hasselt AJ, Pustjens J, de Zwart AD, Dal M, de Vries AJ, van Raaij TM. Clinical impact of 99mTc-HDP SPECT/CT imaging as standard workup for foot and ankle osteoarthritis. BJR Open. 5(1):20230017, 2023. |
Review/Other-Dx |
107 |
The primary aim of this study was to assess to what extent 99mTc-HDP Single photon emission computed tomography/computed tomography (SPECT/CT) will lead to change of diagnosis and treatment, in patients with suspected foot and ankle osteoarthritis (OA). Secondary aim was to assess the intraobserver variability. |
The diagnosis changed in 53% (57/107) and treatment plans changed in 26% (28/107) of the patients. Intraobserver reliability for the conventional workup was k = 0.54 (moderate strength of agreement), compared to k = 0.66 (substantial strength of agreement) when SPECT/CT data were added. |
4 |
| 87. Omar IM, Weaver JS, Altbach MI, et al. Imaging of osteoarthritis from the ankle through the midfoot. [Review]. Skeletal Radiology. 52(11):2239-2257, 2023 Nov.Skeletal Radiol. 52(11):2239-2257, 2023 Nov. |
Review/Other-Dx |
n/a |
to understand the various imaging modalities used in diagnosing ankle, hindfoot, and midfoot OA and findings that may suggest specific patterns of instability and soft tissue insufficiency |
The ankle, hindfoot, and midfoot have complex anatomy and biomechanical loads that allow fine balance while walking on uneven terrain. Single or repetitive trauma and injury to the osteoarticular units and stabilizing soft tissue structures can result in instability, OA, deformity, loss of function, and decreased quality of life. Diagnostic imaging is an important tool to detect findings of instability and osteoarthritis and assess its severity, and recognizing patterns of OA and instability can guide therapy. Thus, it is important to understand the imaging modalities used to characterize ankle, hindfoot, and midfoot OA along with the imaging findings associated with various patterns of stability failure. |
4 |
| 88. Steadman J, Sripanich Y, Rungprai C, Mills MK, Saltzman CL, Barg A. Comparative assessment of midfoot osteoarthritis diagnostic sensitivity using weightbearing computed tomography vs weightbearing plain radiography. European Journal of Radiology. 134:109419, 2021 Jan. |
Observational-Dx |
302 patient feet |
To perform a standardized retrospective intra-patient analysis identifying the discrepancy of midfoot osteoarthritis diagnosis and osteoarthritis severity grading between WBPR and WBCT. |
From the WBPR radiologist interpretation, we found diagnostic sensitivity of 72.5 % and specificity of 87.9 % for Chopart joints; 61.5 % sensitivity, and 96.1 % specificity for central joints; and 68.4 % sensitivity, and 92.9 % specificity for tarsometatarsal joints. The severity of degenerative changes was also consistently underestimated when interpreted from WBPR relative to WBCT. |
3 |
| 89. Richter M, de Cesar Netto C, Lintz F, Barg A, Burssens A, Ellis S. The Assessment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Weight-Bearing Computed Tomography. [Review]. Foot & Ankle Clinics. 27(1):13-36, 2022 Mar.Foot Ankle Clin. 27(1):13-36, 2022 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
The assessment of ankle osteoarthritis with WBCT including the description of healthy status. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 90. Deng E, Gao L, Shi W, et al. Both Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography Are Reliable and Valid in Evaluating Cystic Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus. Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine. 8(9):2325967120946697, 2020 Sep. |
Review/Other-Dx |
48 patients |
To compare the reliability and validity of MRI and CT in evaluating OLTs with subchondral cysts. |
Interobserver reliability was almost perfect, with intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) ranging from 0.935 to 0.999. ICCs for intraobserver reliability ranged from 0.944 to 0.976. The mean size of cysts measured on MRI (length, 13.38 ± 4.23 mm; width, 9.28 ± 2.28 mm; depth, 11.54 ± 3.69 mm) was not significantly different to that evaluated on CT (length, 13.40 ± 4.08 mm; width, 9.25 ± 2.34 mm; depth, 11.32 ± 3.54 mm). The size of subchondral cysts was precisely estimated on both MRI and CT. The MRI classification and CT classification revealed almost perfect agreement (kappa = 0.831). |
4 |
| 91. Ha AS, Cunningham SX, Leung AS, Favinger JL, Hippe DS. Weightbearing Digital Tomosynthesis of Foot and Ankle Arthritis: Comparison With Radiography and Simulated Weightbearing CT in a Prospective Study. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 212(1):173-179, 2019 01.AJR Am J Roentgenol. 212(1):173-179, 2019 01. |
Observational-Dx |
91 ankles |
To evaluate whether digital tomosynthesis (DTS) can yield reliable quantitative alignment values, as radiography does with its weightbearing capability, and good qualitative osteoarthritic detail, as CT does. |
Ninety-one ankles were analyzed. Most joints were significantly less obscured by overlapping bone when seen with DTS (11.2%) or CT (4.3%) compared with radiography (30.4%). For quantitative foot alignment measurements, DTS had good to excellent agreement with weightbearing radiography (ICC, 0.65-0.93), which performed significantly better than CT (ICC, 0.39-0.87). For qualitative osteoarthritic details of each joint, DTS had significantly better agreement with weightbearing radiography on joint space narrowing (? = 0.38-0.67) than did CT (? = 0.08-0.62). Weightbearing radiography and DTS had similar levels of agreement with CT on grading of osteophytes, subchondral cysts, and loose bodies. |
2 |
| 92. Khosla S, Thiele R, Baumhauer JF. Ultrasound guidance for intra-articular injections of the foot and ankle. Foot & Ankle International. 30(9):886-90, 2009 Sep.Foot Ankle Int. 30(9):886-90, 2009 Sep. |
Review/Other-Dx |
14 cadavers |
To compare the accuracy of intra-articular injections of the foot and ankle using palpation versus dynamic ultrasound in a cadaver model. |
Palpation and ultrasound were 100% accurate in subtalar and ankle joint injections. Using palpation, the needle was correctly placed into the first TMT joint in three of 14 cadavers, and in four of 14 cadavers for the second TMT joint. Using ultrasound, the needle was correctly placed into the first TMT joint in ten of 14 cadavers, and into the second TMT joint in eight of 14 cadavers. When grouped, ultrasound was significantly more accurate for intra-articular needle placement compared to palpation in the midfoot (p = 0.003). On three specimens, dye extended beyond the second TMT joint. |
4 |
| 93. Peterson CK, Buck F, Pfirrmann CW, Zanetti M, Hodler J. Fluoroscopically guided diagnostic and therapeutic injections into foot articulations: report of short-term patient responses and comparison of outcomes between various injection sites. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 197(4):949-53, 2011 Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
348 patients |
Investigation of postinjection pain reduction overall and by specific articulation. |
Sixty-four percent of patients (224/348) reported clinically relevant pain reduction. The average decrease overall was 56% (SD, 36). Injections into the Lisfranc articulation were significantly more effective (61% pain reduction, p = 0.007) compared with other sites, with 74% of patients obtaining clinically relevant pain relief. Patients with osteoarthritis reported more relief (62%) compared with those without (50%, p = 0.002). No difference in outcomes comparing musculoskeletal radiologists with residents or fellows in training was found. |
4 |
| 94. Saifuddin A, Abdus-Samee M, Mann C, Singh D, Angel JC. CT guided diagnostic foot injections. Clin Radiol. 60(2):191-5, 2005 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
28 individuals |
To describe a CT technique for guiding diagnostic and therapeutic injections in the hind- and mid-foot. |
All injections but one were technically successful. Significant relief of symptoms was noted by 16 participants, whereas for 9 there was no improvement and for 3 a partial response was achieved. |
4 |
| 95. Khoury NJ, el-Khoury GY, Saltzman CL, Brandser EA. Intraarticular foot and ankle injections to identify source of pain before arthrodesis. AJR. 1996;167(3):669-673. |
Observational-Dx |
22 patients 24 joints |
Retrospective review to evaluate the value of diagnostic joint injections in patients with foot and ankle pain when the radiologist attempts to identify the source of pain before arthrodesis. |
In 20 patients (22 joints), long-term follow-up showed that injections allowed us to correctly identify the source of pain and successfully guide arthrodesis. Of these 20 patients, 17 had significant pain relief after injection and fusion, whereas three patients had mild or no response. With one of these patients, authors injected other joints and changed surgical plans. One of the two remaining patients had more pain relief after injection than after arthrodesis. The other patient had no relief after injection, but subsequent fusion because of persistent pain was successful. Imaging studies were fpund to be less useful than diagnostic injections when attempting to identify the source of pain. Intraarticular injection of anesthetic in painful foot and ankle joints helped confirm the source of pain in 20 of 22 patients, which in turn led to successful arthrodesis and good outcomes for these patients. |
4 |
| 96. Camerer M, Ehrenstein B, Hoffstetter P, Fleck M, Hartung W. High-resolution ultrasound of the midfoot: sonography is more sensitive than conventional radiography in detection of osteophytes and erosions in inflammatory and non-inflammatory joint disease. Clinical Rheumatology. 36(9):2145-2149, 2017 Sep.Clin Rheumatol. 36(9):2145-2149, 2017 Sep. |
Review/Other-Dx |
124 patients |
To compare the diagnostic value of ultrasonography to conventional radiography in detecting osteophytes and erosions in the midfoot joints in patients suffering from inflammatory and non-inflammatory joint disease. |
A total of 2445 joints in 124 patients (90 with inflammatory joint disease, 34 with non-inflammatory joint disease) were assessed. Ultrasonography detected significantly more osteophytes than conventional radiography (344; 14.1% vs. 13; 0.5%), as well as more erosions (60; 2.5% vs. 3; 0.1%). There was weak agreement between the two modalities (?-statistic 0.029-0.035). |
4 |
| 97. Zubler V, Zanetti M, Dietrich TJ, Espinosa N, Pfirrmann CW, Mamisch-Saupe N. Is there an Added Value of T1-Weighted Contrast-Enhanced Fat-suppressed Spin-Echo MR Sequences Compared to STIR Sequences in MRI of the Foot and Ankle?. European Radiology. 27(8):3452-3459, 2017 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
51 patients |
To prospectively compare T1-weighted fat-suppressed spin-echo magnetic resonance (MR) sequences after gadolinium application (T1wGdFS) to STIR sequences in patients with acute and chronic foot pain. |
Diagnostic accuracy with STIR protocol was 80% for reader 1, 67% for reader 2, with contrast-protocol 84%, both readers. Significance was found for reader 2. Diagnostic confidence for reader 1 was 1.7 with STIR, 1.3 with contrast-protocol; reader 2: 2.1/1.7. Significance was found for reader 1. Pain location correlated with STIR sequences in 64% and 52%, with gadolinium sequences in 70% and 71%. |
1 |
| 98. Nevalainen MT, Pitkanen MM, Saarakkala S. Diagnostic Performance of Ultrasonography for Evaluation of Osteoarthritis of Ankle Joint: Comparison With Radiography, Cone-Beam CT, and Symptoms. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 41(5):1139-1146, 2022 May.J Ultrasound Med. 41(5):1139-1146, 2022 May. |
Observational-Dx |
51 patients |
To determine the diagnostic performance of ultrasonography (US) for evaluation of the ankle joint osteoarthritic (OA) changes. |
US detected effusion/synovitis of the talocrural joint with 45% sensitivity and 90% specificity. For the detection of anterior talocrural osteophytes, US sensitivity was 78% and specificity 79%. For the medial talocrural osteophytes, they were 39 and 83%, and for the lateral talocrural osteophytes 54 and 100%, respectively. Considering cartilage damage of the talus, US yielded a low sensitivity of 18% and high specificity of 97%. Overall, the performance of US was only moderate and comparable to CR. The imaging findings showed only weak associations with ankle symptoms. |
2 |
| 99. Peterson JJ, Bancroft LW, Kransdorf MJ. Wooden foreign bodies: imaging appearance. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 178(3):557-62, 2002 Mar.AJR Am J Roentgenol. 178(3):557-62, 2002 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
12 patients |
Retrospectively review patients with surgically confirmed wooden FBs to identify the characteristic imaging features of wooden FBs. |
Radiographs failed to reveal the retained FBs in all patients. With MRI, wooden FBs displayed a variable signal intensity that was equal to or less than that of skeletal muscle on both T1- and T2-weighted images. MRI showed the surrounding inflammatory response in all patients. CT showed the retained wood as linear cylindric foci of increased attenuation. Wood was highly echogenic and revealed pronounced acoustic shadowing on US. Arthrography in one patient showed an associated reactive synovitis. US is frequently underused but proved most useful for the evaluation of retained wooden FBs. |
4 |
| 100. Aras MH, Miloglu O, Barutcugil C, Kantarci M, Ozcan E, Harorli A. Comparison of the sensitivity for detecting foreign bodies among conventional plain radiography, computed tomography and ultrasonography. Dentomaxillofac Radiol. 2010;39(2):72-78. |
Experimental-Dx |
Seven different materials into a sheep's head between the corpus mandible and muscle, in the tongue and in the maxillary sinus. |
To compare the sensitivity for detecting foreign bodies among conventional plain radiography, CT and ultrasonography in in vitro models. |
Metal, glass and stone can be detected with all the visualization techniques used in the study in all of the zones. In contrast to this, foreign bodies with low radiopacity, which could be detected in air with CT, became less visible or almost invisible in muscle tissue and between bone and muscle tissue. The performance of ultrasonography for visualizing foreign bodies with low radiopacity is relatively better than CT. |
2 |
| 101. Jarraya M, Hayashi D, de Villiers RV, et al. Multimodality imaging of foreign bodies of the musculoskeletal system. [Review]. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 203(1):W92-102, 2014 Jul. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To clarify the most relevant points in managing suspected foreign bodies of the musculoskeletal system on the basis of a literature review and published reports with cases to illustrate each type on different imaging modalities. |
Foreign bodies of the musculoskeletal system are a common problem in emergency departments, with more than a third missed in the initial clinical evaluation. These retained objects may result in various complications and also offer fertile ground for litigation. |
4 |
| 102. Hoffstetter P, Friedrich C, Framme C, et al. [Detection of intraorbital foreign material using MDCT]. Rofo 2011;183:543-8. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To judge the possibilities of detection of orbital foreign bodies in multidetector CT (MDCT) with a focus on glass slivers. |
Glass has comparatively high density values of at least 2000 HU. The density of glasses with strong refraction is significantly higher and reaches up to 12 400 HU. We calculated a minimum detectable volume of 0.07 mm (3) for glass with a density of 2000 HU. Only glass slivers with a density higher than 8300 HU were experimentally detectable in the sub-millimeter range up to a volume as small as 0.01 mm (3). Less dense glass slivers could not be seen, even though their volume was above the theoretically calculated threshold for detection. |
4 |
| 103. Ruder TD, Thali Y, Bolliger SA, et al. Material differentiation in forensic radiology with single-source dual-energy computed tomography. Forensic Sci Med Pathol 2013;9:163-9. |
Review/Other-Dx |
20 materials |
To investigate the use of dual-energy computed tomography (CT) in differentiating frequently encountered foreign material on CT images using a standard single-source CT scanner. |
We scanned 20 different, forensically relevant materials at two X-Ray energy levels (80 and 130 kVp) on CT. CT values were measured in each object at both energy levels. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to determine intra-reader reliability. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was performed to assess significance levels between X-Ray attenuation at 80 and 130 kVp. T test was used to investigate significance levels between mean HU values of individual object pairings at single energy levels of 80 and 130 kVp, respectively. ANOVA revealed that the difference in attenuation between beam energies of 80 kVp compared to 130 kVp was statistically significant (p < 0.005) for all materials except brass and lead. ICC was excellent at 80 kVp (0.999, p < 0.001) and at 130 kVp (0.998, p < 0.001). T test showed that using single energy levels of 80 and 130 kVp respectively 181/190 objects pairs could be differentiated from one another based on HU measurements. Using the combined information from both energy levels, 189/190 object pairs could be differentiated. |
4 |
| 104. Carneiro BC, Cruz IAN, Chemin RN, et al. Multimodality Imaging of Foreign Bodies: New Insights into Old Challenges. [Review]. Radiographics. 40(7):1965-1986, 2020 Nov-Dec.Radiographics. 40(7):1965-1986, 2020 Nov-Dec. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss and illustrate how a multimodal imaging approach may provide tools to create an effective thinking methodology. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 105. Monu JU, McManus CM, Ward WG, Haygood TM, Pope TL, Jr., Bohrer SP. Soft-tissue masses caused by long-standing foreign bodies in the extremities: MR imaging findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995;165:395-7. |
Review/Other-Dx |
3 case reports |
MR imaging findings for three patients with soft-tissue masses caused by long-standing foreign bodies in the extremity. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 106. Murakami AM, Chang A, Foo LF. Traumatic Lateral Plantar Artery Pseudoaneurysm and the Use of Time-Resolved MR Angiography. HSS J 2010;6:214-8. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
A case of traumatic pseudoaneurysm of the lateral plantar artery following a foot laceration. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 107. Karcnik TJ, Nazarian LN, Rao VM, Gibbons GE, Jr. Foreign body granuloma simulating solid neoplasm on MR. Clin Imaging 1997;21:269-72. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To consider foreign body granuloma, as it can mimic neoplastic disease both clinically and radiographically. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 108. Hunter TB, Taljanovic MS. Foreign bodies. Radiographics 2003;23:731-57. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Patients should be thoroughly screened for foreign bodies before undergoing a magnetic resonance imaging study. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 109. Boyse TD, Fessell DP, Jacobson JA, Lin J, van Holsbeeck MT, Hayes CW. US of soft-tissue foreign bodies and associated complications with surgical correlation. Radiographics 2001;21:1251-6. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
US allows accurate and efficient detection of radiolucent soft-tissue foreign bodies and aids assessment of their associated complications. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 110. Bray PW, Mahoney JL, Campbell JP. Sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in the diagnosis of foreign bodies in the hand. J Hand Surg Am 1995;20:661-6. |
Review/Other-Dx |
15 fresh-frozen cadaver hands |
To determine in a controlled manner the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasound in the diagnosis of foreign bodies in the hand. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 111. Jacobson JA, Powell A, Craig JG, Bouffard JA, van Holsbeeck MT. Wooden foreign bodies in soft tissue: detection at US. Radiology. 1998;206(1):45-48. |
Observational-Dx |
10 FBs were 2.5 x 1.0 mm (length x diameter); 10 were 5.0 x 1.0 mm |
To evaluate the use of US for detection of wooden FBs implanted in cadaveric specimens. Wooden FBs were randomly placed in the plantar soft-tissues of three cadaver feet by using 5-mm-long incisions. Three musculoskeletal Radiologists independently performed US in blinded fashion. |
Sensitivity and specificity for detection of 2.5-mm-long FBs were 86.7% and 96.7%, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity for detection of 5.0-mm-long FBs were 93.3% and 96.7%, respectively. Overall sensitivity was 90.0%, with specificity of 96.7%, accuracy of 92.3%, PPV of 98.0%, and NPV of 83.0%. US can be used effectively to locate wooden FBs as small as 2.5 mm in length. |
2 |
| 112. Horton LK, Jacobson JA, Powell A, Fessell DP, Hayes CW. Sonography and radiography of soft-tissue foreign bodies. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2001;176:1155-9. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Sonography and radiography of soft-tissue foreign bodies. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 113. Rubin JM, Adler RS, Bude RO, Fowlkes JB, Carson PL. Clean and dirty shadowing at US: a reappraisal. Radiology 1991;181:231-6. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To evaluate the characteristics of shadows behind different objects at US. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 114. Davae KC, Sofka CM, DiCarlo E, Adler RS. Value of power Doppler imaging and the hypoechoic halo in the sonographic detection of foreign bodies: correlation with histopathologic findings. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. 22(12):1309-13; quiz 1314-6, 2003 Dec.J Ultrasound Med. 22(12):1309-13; quiz 1314-6, 2003 Dec. |
Review/Other-Dx |
25 patients |
To present the power Doppler findings and evaluate the hypoechoic rim in increasing the conspicuity of foreign bodies detected on sonography and to correlate the sonographic and histopathologic findings. |
Twenty-five patients were referred for evaluation of possible foreign bodies. Twelve patients underwent surgery and had pathologic correlation. Sonography had sensitivity of 92% for the overall detection of foreign bodies. There were 2 false-positive findings in which discrete foreign bodies were not seen at gross inspection, but inflammation and scar tissue were present at histologic examination. Pathologic findings were thought to represent chronic foreign body reactions. Hypervascularity immediately surrounding the foreign bodies was shown on power Doppler imaging in all cases, correlating with granulation tissue and neovascularity on pathologic examinations. The hypoechoic halo was shown in all but 2 cases and correlated with fibrinous exudate, granulation tissue, and collagenous capsule formation. |
4 |
| 115. Cappello ZJ, Kasdan ML, Louis DS. Meta-analysis of imaging techniques for the diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome type I. [Review]. J Hand Surg [Am]. 37(2):288-96, 2012 Feb. |
Meta-analysis |
24 studies, 1916 participants |
To compare the effectiveness of imaging techniques in aiding and confirming the diagnosis of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) type I. |
To determine the effectiveness of each imaging technique, we determined the average specificity, sensitivity, negative predictive value, and positive predictive value and then statistically compared them using the analysis of variance statistical test, which indicated that compared with magnetic resonance imaging and plain film radiography, triple-phase bone scan had a significantly better sensitivity and negative predictive values. However, there appeared to be no statistical significance between imaging techniques when we evaluated specificity and positive predictive value using the analysis of variance test. |
Inadequate |
| 116. Flanigan RM, DiGiovanni BF. Peripheral nerve entrapments of the lower leg, ankle, and foot. Foot Ankle Clin 2011;16:255-74. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss in detail the anatomy, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment options for peripheral nerve entrapments of the lower extremity involving the sural, saphenous and common, superficial, and deep peroneal nerves. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 117. Nwawka OK, Miller TT. Ultrasound-Guided Peripheral Nerve Injection Techniques. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2016;207:507-16. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide a technical guide for common upper and lower extremity peripheral nerve injections, including the median, ulnar, and radial nerves in the upper extremity and the lateral femoral cutaneous, sciatic, common peroneal, tibial, and sural nerves in the lower extremity. |
US is an effective modality for use in common upper and lower extremity peripheral nerve injections. With correct technique, peripheral nerve injections can be performed safely and are useful for both diagnostic evaluation of and therapy for peripheral neuropathy. |
4 |
| 118. Borchers AT, Gershwin ME. Complex regional pain syndrome: a comprehensive and critical review. [Review]. Autoimmun Rev. 13(3):242-65, 2014 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide a detailed critical overview of the history of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), the epidemiology, the clinical features, the pathophysiological studies, the proposed criteria, the therapy and, in particular, an emphasis that future research should apply more rigorous standards to allow a better understanding of CRPS, i.e. what it is, if it is, and when it is. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 119. Schurmann M, Zaspel J, Lohr P, et al. Imaging in early posttraumatic complex regional pain syndrome: a comparison of diagnostic methods. Clin J Pain. 23(5):449-57, 2007 Jun. |
Observational-Dx |
175 |
To compare the diagnostic power of the aforementioned methods (x-ray, thermography, 3-phase bone scans, and MRI) in identifying patients with clinically diagnosed CRPS I in a group of patients with distal radial fracture. |
We evaluated the changes on TPBS according to clinical stages based on time course. In the early acute stage within 6 weeks, minimal uptake on all TPBS phases was observed in the 90% of the patients in the CRPS-I group and in 75% of the patients in the non-CRPS group. In the acute stage of CRPS in the range of 2 to 20 weeks, moderately increased uptake was seen for 78%, 83%, and 83% of the patients in the CRPS group for the 3 phases, respectively. However, only 16% of the patients in the non-CRPS group had moderately increased uptake as seen on all TPBS phases. In the late stage of more than 21 weeks, there was no distinct difference in uptake between the 2 groups. A sequential change during the time course for the CPRS-I group was statistically significant (P < 0.05). |
2 |
| 120. Schweitzer ME, Mandel S, Schwartzman RJ, Knobler RL, Tahmoush AJ. Reflex sympathetic dystrophy revisited: MR imaging findings before and after infusion of contrast material. Radiology. 1995;195(1):211-214. |
Observational-Dx |
51 patients |
To determine the appearance of RSD at MRI. |
RSD was confirmed in 45 patients. In 35 patients with stage 1 RSD, skin thickening (31 patients), tissue enhancement with contrast material (31 patients), and soft-tissue edema (6 patients) were demonstrated. In 5 patients with stage 2 RSD, skin thickening (2 patients), skin thinning (2 patients), and infrequent contrast material enhancement (1 patient) were demonstrated. There was no edema in this group of patients. In 5 patients with stage 3 RSD, inconsistent skin changes were also demonstrated; however, muscle atrophy (4 patients) was demonstrated in this stage only. |
3 |
| 121. Agten CA, Kobe A, Barnaure I, Galley J, Pfirrmann CW, Brunner F. MRI of complex regional pain syndrome in the foot. European Journal of Radiology. 129:109044, 2020 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
50 patients |
To evaluate the diagnostic potential of MRI in patients with suspected CRPS (complex regional pain syndrome). |
CRPS was diagnosed in 22/50(44 %) patients. Skin thickness (1.9 ± 0.5 mm vs. 1.7 ± 0.3 mm, p = 0.399), enhancement, and subcutaneous edema showed no differences between CRPS and non-CRPS patients. Bone marrow edema presence and pattern were not different between groups. Up to 50 % of CRPS patients showed no bone marrow edema. Subcortical enhancement and periosteal enhancement were not different between groups. For reader 1, muscle edema score was higher in the non-CRPS group compared to the CRPS group (0.1 ± 0.2 vs. 0.6 ± 1.0, p = 0.008), but not different for reader 2 (0.1 ± 0.5 vs. 0.2 ± 0.8, p = 0.819). Perfusion pattern was more extensive in non-CRPS patients for reader 1 (p = 0.048), but not for reader 2 (p = 0.157). Joint effusions showed no difference between groups. |
2 |
| 122. Garwood ER, Duarte A, Bencardino JT. MR Imaging of Entrapment Neuropathies of the Lower Extremity. [Review]. Radiol Clin North Am. 56(6):997-1012, 2018 Nov. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review MR Imaging of entrapment neuropathies of the lower extremity. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 123. Kim SJ, Hong SH, Jun WS, et al. MR imaging mapping of skeletal muscle denervation in entrapment and compressive neuropathies. [Review]. Radiographics. 31(2):319-32, 2011 Mar-Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe the MR imaging patterns of denervated muscles caused by specific entrapment or compressive neuropathies in the upper and lower extremities and to demonstrate the potential utility of MR imaging for the diagnosis of those neuropathies by mapping muscle denervation. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 124. De Maeseneer M, Madani H, Lenchik L, et al. Normal Anatomy and Compression Areas of Nerves of the Foot and Ankle: US and MR Imaging with Anatomic Correlation. [Review]. Radiographics. 35(5):1469-82, 2015 Sep-Oct. |
Observational-Dx |
N/A |
To review the normal anatomy and common variants of the nerves of the foot and ankle, with use of dissected specimens and correlative US andMR imaging findings. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 125. Schmid DT, Hodler J, Mengiardi B, Pfirrmann CW, Espinosa N, Zanetti M. Fatty muscle atrophy: prevalence in the hindfoot muscles on MR images of asymptomatic volunteers and patients with foot pain. Radiology. 253(1):160-6, 2009 Oct. |
Observational-Dx |
80 volunteers and 80 patients |
To determine prevalence and degree of fatty muscle atrophy in plantar foot muscles in asymptomatic volunteers and in patients with foot pain. |
Readers 1 and 2 found substantial fatty atrophy of the ADM muscle in four (5%) and five (6%) volunteers, respectively, and in three (4%) and nine (11%) patients,respectively. One reader diagnosed substantial fatty atrophy of the AH muscle in three (4%) volunteers and of the FDB muscle in two (2%) volunteers. Prevalence for the QP muscle varied between 0% and 1%. An association between age and degree of fatty atrophy of the ADM muscle was found for volunteers by both readers and for patients by reader 1 (P < .01). |
2 |
| 126. Chari B, McNally E. Nerve Entrapment in Ankle and Foot: Ultrasound Imaging. [Review]. Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology. 22(3):354-363, 2018 Jul. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Imaging plays a key role in identifying primary and secondary causes of nerve entrapment, specifically ultrasound (US) and magnetic resonance imaging. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 127. Presley JC, Maida E, Pawlina W, Murthy N, Ryssman DB, Smith J. Sonographic visualization of the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve (baxter nerve): technique and validation using perineural injections in a cadaveric model. J Ultrasound Med. 32(9):1643-52, 2013 Sep. |
Experimental-Dx |
12 unembalmed cadaveric ankle-foot specimens |
To document the ability of high-resolution sonography to accurately identify the first branch of the lateral plantar nerve (FBLPN) using sonographically guided perineural injections in an unembalmed cadaveric model. |
All 12 injections accurately placed latex onto the FBLPN within the AH-QP interval, with 11 of 12 (91%) resulting in complete nerve coverage. Proximal latex overflow to the lateral plantar nerve occurred in 82% of cases (10 of 12). The average distance between the plantar fascia and injected latex was 1.2 cm (range, 1.0–1.75 cm). No vascular injury was seen in any specimen. The average nerve conspicuities were 3.7 (range, 3–4) using the cart-based US machine and 1.8 (range, 1–4) using the portable US machine. |
3 |
| 128. Nazarian LN, Schweitzer ME, Mandel S, et al. Increased soft-tissue blood flow in patients with reflex sympathetic dystrophy of the lower extremity revealed by power Doppler sonography. AJR. 1998;171(5):1245-1250. |
Observational-Dx |
30 patients and 26 controls |
To evaluate the ability of power Doppler US to show increased soft-tissue blood flow in patients with RSD of the lower extremity. |
More power Doppler flow was seen in the patients with RSD than in the control subjects (P<.005). In addition, side-to-side asymmetry of flow was seen in patients, but this trend was not statistically significant (P<.20). ROC analysis showed that combined flow and asymmetry were more related to RSD than either parameter alone (area under the ROC curve: for flow, 0.748; for asymmetry, 0.566; for both, 0.799). The authors found that when the sum of power Doppler flow in both feet was =5, and asymmetry of flow was =1, the sensitivity of power Doppler US for RSD was 73% and the specificity was 92%. |
4 |
| 129. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics; Committee on Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. In: Becker T, Chin M, Bates N, eds. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US) Copyright 2022 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.; 2022. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Sex and gender are often conflated under the assumptions that they are mutually determined and do not differ from each other; however, the growing visibility of transgender and intersex populations, as well as efforts to improve the measurement of sex and gender across many scientific fields, has demonstrated the need to reconsider how sex, gender, and the relationship between them are conceptualized. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 130. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction. Available at: https://edge.sitecorecloud.io/americancoldf5f-acrorgf92a-productioncb02-3650/media/ACR/Files/Clinical/Appropriateness-Criteria/ACR-Appropriateness-Criteria-Radiation-Dose-Assessment-Introduction.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide evidence-based guidelines on exposure of patients to ionizing radiation. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
