| 1. Cohen SP. Epidemiology, diagnosis, and treatment of neck pain. [Review]. Mayo Clinic Proceedings. 90(2):284-99, 2015 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To include epidemiological aspects, classification, the natural course of neck pain, and an evidencebased, comprehensive guide to work-up, diagnosis,and treatment. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 2. Haldeman S, Carroll L, Cassidy JD. Findings from the bone and joint decade 2000 to 2010 task force on neck pain and its associated disorders. J Occup Environ Med 2010;52:424-7. |
Review/Other-Dx |
552 studies |
To summarize the key findings of a best-evidence synthesis on neck pain. |
There were 552 studies judged to have adequate internal validity to form the basis of the best-evidence synthesis. Neck pain is common across populations and age groups. Most do not experience a complete resolution of symptoms, and its course of recovery is similar across populations. In the absence of trauma and "red flags," routine imaging is not needed. Treatments emphasizing activity and return to normal function are more beneficial than those without such a focus. |
4 |
| 3. Manchikanti L, Singh V, Datta S, Cohen SP, Hirsch JA, American Society of Interventional Pain P. Comprehensive review of epidemiology, scope, and impact of spinal pain. Pain Physician 2009;12:E35-70. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To evaluates the epidemiology, scope, and impact of spinal pain and its relevance to health care interventions. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 4. Cohen SP, Hooten WM. Advances in the diagnosis and management of neck pain. [Review]. BMJ. 358:j3221, 2017 Aug 14. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
nullTo review the Advances in the diagnosis and management of neck pain. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 5. Global burden of 369 diseases and injuries in 204 countries and territories, 1990-2019: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet 2020;396:1204-22. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries |
Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. |
4 |
| 6. Shin DW, Shin JI, Koyanagi A, et al. Global, regional, and national neck pain burden in the general population, 1990-2019: An analysis of the global burden of disease study 2019. Front Neurol. 13:955367, 2022. |
Observational-Dx |
N/A |
To describe the global epidemiology and trends associated with neck pain. Global Burden of Disease data collected between 1990 and 2019 were used to determine the global burden of neck pain in the general populations of 204 countries. |
Globally, in 2019, the age-standardized rates for prevalence, incidence, and YLD of neck pain per 100,000 population was 2,696.5 (95% uncertainty interval [UI], 2,177.0 to 3,375.2), 579.1 (95% UI, 457.9 to 729.6), and 267.4 (95% UI, 175.5 to 383.5) per 100,000 population, respectively. Overall, there was no significant difference in prevalence, incidence, or YLD of neck pain between 1990 and 2019. The highest age-standardized YLD of neck pain per 100,000 population in 2019 was observed in high-income North America (479.1, 95% UI 323.0 to 677.6), Southeast Asia (416.1, 95% UI 273.7 to 596.5), and East Asia (356.4, 95% UI 233.2 to 513.2). High-income North America (17.0, 95% UI 9.0 to 25.4%) had the largest increases in YLD of neck pain per 100,000 population from 1990 to 2019. At the national level, the highest age-standardized YLD of neck pain was found in the Philippines (530.1, 95% UI 350.6 to 764.8) and the highest change age-standardized YLD between 1990 and 2019 was found in the United States (18.4, 95% UI 9.9 to 27.6%). Overall, the global burden of neck pain increased with age until the age of 70-74 years, and was higher in women than men. In general, positive associations between socio-demographic index and burden of neck pain were found. |
2 |
| 7. Fejer R, Kyvik KO, Hartvigsen J. The prevalence of neck pain in the world population: a systematic critical review of the literature. Eur Spine J. 2006;15(6):834-848. |
Review/Other-Dx |
21 studies |
To determine the prevalence of neck pain (NP) in the world population and to identify areas of methodological variation between studies. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 8. Dieleman JL, Cao J, Chapin A, et al. US Health Care Spending by Payer and Health Condition, 1996-2016. Jama 2020;323:863-84. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To estimate US spending on health care according to 3 types of payers (public insurance [including Medicare, Medicaid, and other government programs], private insurance, or out-of-pocket payments) and by health condition, age group, sex, and type of care for 1996 through 2016. |
Total health care spending increased from an estimated $1.4 trillion in 1996 (13.3% of gross domestic product [GDP]; $5259 per person) to an estimated $3.1 trillion in 2016 (17.9% of GDP; $9655 per person); 85.2% of that spending was included in this study. In 2016, an estimated 48.0% (95% CI, 48.0%-48.0%) of health care spending was paid by private insurance, 42.6% (95% CI, 42.5%-42.6%) by public insurance, and 9.4% (95% CI, 9.4%-9.4%) by out-of-pocket payments. In 2016, among the 154 conditions, low back and neck pain had the highest amount of health care spending with an estimated $134.5 billion (95% CI, $122.4-$146.9 billion) in spending, of which 57.2% (95% CI, 52.2%-61.2%) was paid by private insurance, 33.7% (95% CI, 30.0%-38.4%) by public insurance, and 9.2% (95% CI, 8.3%-10.4%) by out-of-pocket payments. Other musculoskeletal disorders accounted for the second highest amount of health care spending (estimated at $129.8 billion [95% CI, $116.3-$149.7 billion]) and most had private insurance (56.4% [95% CI, 52.6%-59.3%]). Diabetes accounted for the third highest amount of the health care spending (estimated at $111.2 billion [95% CI, $105.7-$115.9 billion]) and most had public insurance (49.8% [95% CI, 44.4%-56.0%]). Other conditions estimated to have substantial health care spending in 2016 were ischemic heart disease ($89.3 billion [95% CI, $81.1-$95.5 billion]), falls ($87.4 billion [95% CI, $75.0-$100.1 billion]), urinary diseases ($86.0 billion [95% CI, $76.3-$95.9 billion]), skin and subcutaneous diseases ($85.0 billion [95% CI, $80.5-$90.2 billion]), osteoarthritis ($80.0 billion [95% CI, $72.2-$86.1 billion]), dementias ($79.2 billion [95% CI, $67.6-$90.8 billion]), and hypertension ($79.0 billion [95% CI, $72.6-$86.8 billion]). The conditions with the highest spending varied by type of payer, age, sex, type of care, and year. After adjusting for changes in inflation, population size, and age groups, public insurance spending was estimated to have increased at an annualized rate of 2.9% (95% CI, 2.9%-2.9%); private insurance, 2.6% (95% CI, 2.6%-2.6%); and out-of-pocket payments, 1.1% (95% CI, 1.0%-1.1%). |
4 |
| 9. Childress MA, Stuek SJ. Neck Pain: Initial Evaluation and Management. [Review]. American Family Physician. 102(3):150-156, 2020 08 01. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the initial evaluation and management |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 10. Beckmann NM, West OC, Nunez D, Jr., et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Suspected Spine Trauma. J Am Coll Radiol 2019;16:S264-S85. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for suspected spine trauma. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 11. Aulino JM, Kirsch CFE, Burns J, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Neck Mass-Adenopathy. J Am Coll Radiol 2019;16:S150-S60. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for neck mass-adenopathy. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 12. Agarwal V, Shah LM, Parsons MS, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Myelopathy: 2021 Update. J Am Coll Radiol 2021;18:S73-S82. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for myelopathy 2021 update. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 13. Boulter DJ, Job J, Shah LM, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Plexopathy: 2021 Update. J Am Coll Radiol 2021;18:S423-S41. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for plexopathy 2021 update. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 14. Utukuri PS, Shih RY, Ajam AA, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Headache: 2022 Update. J Am Coll Radiol 2023;20:S70-S93. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for headache. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 15. Kazeminasab S, Nejadghaderi SA, Amiri P, et al. Neck pain: global epidemiology, trends and risk factors. BMC musculoskeletal disorders 2022;23:26. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe the global epidemiology and trends associated with neck pain, before exploring the psychological and biological risk factors associated with the initiation and progression of neck pain. |
Psychological risk factors, such as long-term stress, lack of social support, anxiety, and depression are important risk factors for neck pain. In terms of the biological risks, neck pain might occur as a consequence of certain diseases, such as neuromusculoskeletal disorders or autoimmune diseases. There is also evidence that demographic characteristics, such as age and sex, can influence the prevalence and development of neck pain, although further research is needed. |
4 |
| 16. Barton C, Kalakoti P, Bedard NA, Hendrickson NR, Saifi C, Pugely AJ. What Are the Costs of Cervical Radiculopathy Prior to Surgical Treatment?. Spine. 44(13):937-942, 2019 Jul 01. |
Review/Other-Dx |
12,514 patients |
To examine the costs associated with nonoperative management (diagnosis and treatment) of cervical radiculopathy in the year prior to anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF). |
Overall 12,514 patients (52% female) with cervical radiculopathy underwent ACDF. Cumulative costs and per-capita costs for nonoperative management, during the year prior to ACDF was $14.3 million and $1143, respectively. All patients underwent at least one diagnostic test (MRI: 86.7%; x-ray: 57.5%; CT: 35.2%) while 73.3% patients received a nonoperative treatment. Diagnostic testing comprised of over 62% of total nonoperative costs ($8.9 million) with MRI constituting the highest total relative spend ($5.3 million; per-capita: $489) followed by CT ($2.6 million; per-capita: $606), x-rays ($0.54 million; per-capita: $76), and EMG/NCS ($0.39 million; per-capita: $467). Conservative treatments comprised of 37.7% of the total nonoperative costs ($5.4 million) with injections costs constituting the highest relative spend ($3.01 million; per-capita: $988) followed by PT ($1.13 million; per-capita: $510) and medications (narcotics: $0.51 million, per-capita $101; gabapentin: $0.21 million, per-capita $93; NSAIDs: 0.107 million, per-capita $47), bracing ($0.25 million; per-capita: $193), and chiropractic services ($0.137 million; per-capita: $193). |
4 |
| 17. Marion-Moffet H, Bocti C, Evoy F. Appropriateness of MRI Requests for Low Back Pain and Neck Pain. Can J Neurol Sci. 50(2):262-265, 2023 03. |
Observational-Dx |
N/A |
To describe the proportion of appropriate, possibly appropriate, and inappropriate MRI requests for low back pain and neck pain. |
Sixty-three requests (53%) were classified as inappropriate, with a higher proportion in the cervical group (34 (64%)) than the lumbar group (28 (43%)). Appropriate and possibly appropriate requests were 19 (16%) and 38 (31%), respectively. The subgroup with an MRI ordered within 90 days of symptom onset had a similar proportion of inappropriate use. |
4 |
| 18. Griffith B, Kelly M, Vallee P, et al. Screening cervical spine CT in the emergency department, Phase 2: A prospective assessment of use. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 34(4):899-903, 2013 Apr. |
Observational-Dx |
507 CT |
To ascertain the number of unnecessary cervical spine computed tomography (CT) studies on the basis of proper application of established clinical guidelines and, secondarily, to determine indications for ordering studies in the absence of guideline criteria. |
Of 507 CT examinations, 5 (1%) were positive and 497 (98.0%) were negative for acute cervical spine injury. Five studies (1%) were indeterminate for acute injury but demonstrated no abnormality on subsequent imaging and clinical follow-up. Of the 502 studies without cervical spine injury, 81 (16.1%) were imaged despite meeting all 5 NEXUS criteria for nonimaging. Of these, the most common study indication was dangerous mechanism of injury (48.1%) followed by subjective neck pain (40.7%). |
2 |
| 19. Hoffman JR, Mower WR, Wolfson AB, Todd KH, Zucker MI. Validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study Group.[Erratum appears in N Engl J Med 2001 Feb 8;344(6):464]. N Engl J Med. 343(2):94-9, 2000 Jul 13. |
Observational-Dx |
34,069 patients; 818 patients had CSI |
Multicenter study. Prospective observational study to determine validity of a set of clinical criteria to rule out injury to the cervical spine in patients with blunt trauma. National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study. (NEXUS). |
Decision instrument had sensitivity of 99% [95% CI, 98.0%-99.6%]), NPV of 99.8% (95% CI, 99.6%-100%), specificity 12.9%, and PPV 2.7%. Decision instrument based on clinical criteria can help physicians identify patients who need radiography of the cervical spine after blunt trauma. Application of this instrument could reduce the use of imaging in such patients. |
3 |
| 20. Michaleff ZA, Maher CG, Verhagen AP, Rebbeck T, Lin CW. Accuracy of the Canadian C-spine rule and NEXUS to screen for clinically important cervical spine injury in patients following blunt trauma: a systematic review. [Review]. CMAJ. 184(16):E867-76, 2012 Nov 06. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To investigate the diagnostic accuracy of the Canadian C-spine rule and the National Emergency X-Radiography Utilization Study (NEXUS) criteria, 2 rules that are available to assist emergency physicians to assess the need for cervical spine imaging. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 21. Stiell IG, Wells GA, Vandemheen KL, et al. The Canadian C-spine rule for radiography in alert and stable trauma patients. JAMA. 286(15):1841-8, 2001 Oct 17. |
Observational-Dx |
8,924 patients; 151 (1.7%) had C-spine injury |
Multicenter study. Prospective cohort study to derive a clinical decision rule that is highly sensitive for detecting acute CSI and to allow emergency department physicians to be more selective in their use of cervical radiography. |
Canadian decision rule is composed of 3 questions: Any high risk factors present? Any low risk factor which allows safe assessment of range of motion? Can the patient rotate neck 45 degrees to the left and right? Rule had 100% sensitivity (95%, CI: 100%) and 42.5% specificity (95%, CI: 40%-44%). The rule proved sensitive. |
3 |
| 22. Chou R, Fu R, Carrino JA, Deyo RA. Imaging strategies for low-back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2009;373:463-72. |
Meta-analysis |
Six trials (n=1804) |
To investigate the effects of routine, immediate lumbar imaging versus usual clinical care without immediate imaging on clinical outcomes in patients with low-back pain and no indication of serious underlying conditions. |
We did not record significant differences between immediate lumbar imaging and usual care without immediate imaging for primary outcomes at either short-term (up to 3 months, standardised mean difference 0.19, 95% CI -0.01 to 0.39 for pain and 0.11, -0.29 to 0.50 for function, negative values favour routine imaging) or long-term (6-12 months, -0.04, -0.15 to 0.07 for pain and 0.01, -0.17 to 0.19 for function) follow-up. Other outcomes did not differ significantly. Trial quality, use of different imaging methods, and duration of low-back pain did not affect the results, but analyses were limited by small numbers of trials. Results are most applicable to acute or subacute low-back pain assessed in primary-care settings. |
Good |
| 23. Henschke N, Maher CG, Ostelo RW, de Vet HC, Macaskill P, Irwig L. Red flags to screen for malignancy in patients with low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2:CD008686. |
Review/Other-Dx |
8 cohort studies |
To assess the diagnostic performance of clinical characteristics identified by taking a clinical history and conducting a physical examination ("red flags") to screen for spinal malignancy in patients presenting with LBP. |
The authors included eight cohort studies of which six were performed in primary care (total number of patients; n = 6622), one study was from an accident and emergency setting (n = 482), and one study was from a secondary care setting (n = 257). In the six primary care studies, the prevalence of spinal malignancy ranged from 0% to 0.66%. Overall, data from 20 index tests were extracted and presented, however only seven of these were evaluated by more than one study. Because of the limited number of studies and clinical heterogeneity, statistical pooling of diagnostic accuracy data was not performed.There was some evidence from individual studies that having a previous history of cancer meaningfully increases the probability of malignancy. Most "red flags" such as insidious onset, age > 50, and failure to improve after one month have high false positive rates.All of the tests were evaluated in isolation and no study presented data on a combination of positive tests to identify spinal malignancy. The authors conclude that for most "red flags," there is insufficient evidence to provide recommendations regarding their diagnostic accuracy or usefulness for detecting spinal malignancy. The available evidence indicates that in patients with LBP, an indication of spinal malignancy should not be based on the results of one single "red flag" question. |
4 |
| 24. Henschke N, Maher CG, Refshauge KM, et al. Prevalence of and screening for serious spinal pathology in patients presenting to primary care settings with acute low back pain. Arthritis and rheumatism 2009;60:3072-80. |
Observational-Dx |
1,172 patients |
To determine the prevalence of serious pathology in patients presenting to primary care settings with acute low back pain, and to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of recommended "red flag" screening questions. |
There were 11 cases (0.9%) of serious pathology, including 8 cases of fracture. Despite the low prevalence of serious pathology, most patients (80.4%) had at least 1 red flag (median 2, interquartile range 1-3). Only 3 of the red flags for fracture recommended for use in clinical guidelines were informative: prolonged use of corticosteroids, age >70 years, and significant trauma. Clinicians identified 5 of the 11 cases of serious pathology at the initial consultation and made 6 false-positive diagnoses. The status of a diagnostic prediction rule containing 4 features (female sex, age >70 years, significant trauma, and prolonged use of corticosteroids) was moderately associated with the presence of fracture (the area under the curve for the rule score was 0.834 [95% confidence interval 0.654-1.014]; P = 0.001). |
1 |
| 25. Hutchins TA, Peckham M, Shah LM, et al. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Low Back Pain: 2021 Update. J Am Coll Radiol 2021;18:S361-S79. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for low back pain. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 26. van Tulder M, Becker A, Bekkering T, et al. Chapter 3. European guidelines for the management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care. Eur Spine J 2006;15 Suppl 2:S169-91. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the european guidelines for the management of acute nonspecific low back pain in primary care. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 27. Backer HC, Wu CH, Perka C, Panics G. Dual-Energy Computed Tomography in Spine Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Spine Surg 2021;15:525-35. |
Review/Other-Dx |
13 studies |
To perform a systematic literature review and meta-analysis to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of dual-energy computed tomography (DE-CT) of bone marrow edema and disc edema in spine injuries.In vertebral injuries, prompt diagnosis is essential to avoid any delays in treatment. Conventional radiography may only reveal indirect signs of fractures, such as when it is displaced. |
Within the 13 studies, 515 patients, 3335 vertebrae, and 926 acute fractures (27.8%) defined by MRI were included. The largest cohort included 76 patients with 774 vertebrae. In 12 publications, MRI was reported for comparison. For DE-CT, the overall sensitivity was 86.2% with a specificity of 91.2% and accuracy of 89.3%. Furthermore, 5 studies reported the accuracy of CT with an overall sensitivity of 81.3%, specificity of 80.7%, and accuracy with 80.9%. Significant differences were found for specificity (P < .001) and accuracy (P = .023). However, significant interobserver differences were reported. |
4 |
| 28. Huang HC, Srinivasan R, Sun Y, Kazakia GJ, Lin PC, Yeh BM. Detection of Lumbar Spine Osseous Metastases Using Dual-Energy CT: Phantom Results and Preliminary Clinical Validation. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 212(2):402-410, 2019 02. |
Observational-Dx |
N/A |
To evaluate the sensitivity, tumor conspicuity, and image quality of different material decomposition images of phantoms and patients with nearly isodense bone metastases using rapid-kilovoltage-switching dual-energy CT (DECT). |
The hydroxyapatite-water material decomposition algorithm showed improved sensitivity for isodense lesion detection (without torso phantom encasement, 94% vs 82%, p = 0.031; with torso phantom encasement, 38% vs 18%, p = 0.013), and higher tumor conspicuity scores (p < 0.0001) compared with 70-keV virtual monoenergetic images. Artifacts were more prevalent with all material decomposition images than with 70-keV virtual monoenergetic images. Similar results were seen in the patient study. |
2 |
| 29. Nair JR, Burrows C, Jerome S, et al. Dual energy CT: a step ahead in brain and spine imaging. Br J Radiol. 93(1109):20190872, 2020 May 01. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To illustrate the utility of dual energy CT as an adjunct or alternative to routine single energy CT (SECT) scan of the brain and spine in emergency neuroradiology practice. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 30. Rajiah P, Sundaram M, Subhas N. Dual-Energy CT in Musculoskeletal Imaging: What Is the Role Beyond Gout?. [Review]. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 213(3):493-505, 2019 09. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the current role of Dual-energy CT (DECT) in musculoskeletal imaging, primarily focusing on nongout entities. |
No results stated in the abstract |
4 |
| 31. Rau A, Straehle J, Stein T, et al. Photon-Counting Computed Tomography (PC-CT) of the spine: impact on diagnostic confidence and radiation dose. European radiology 2023;33:5578-86. |
Observational-Dx |
32 patients |
To investigate the potential of multispectral photon-counting computed tomography (PC-CT) on image quality, diagnostic confidence, and radiation dose compared to an energy-integrating CT (EID-CT). |
Sharpness was rated significantly higher (p = 0.009) and noise significantly lower (p < 0.001) in PC-CTstd vs. EID-CT. In the subset of patients with metallic implants, reading scores for PC-CT130 keV revealed superior ratings vs. PC-CTstd for image quality, artifacts, noise, and diagnostic confidence (all p < 0.001) accompanied by a significant increase of HU values within the artifact (p < 0.001). Radiation dose was significantly lower for PC-CT vs. EID-CT (mean CTDIvol: 8.83 vs. 15.7 mGy; p < 0.001). |
2 |
| 32. Liang KN, Feng PY, Feng XR, Cheng H. Diffusion Tensor Imaging and Fiber Tractography Reveal Significant Microstructural Changes of Cervical Nerve Roots in Patients with Cervical Spondylotic Radiculopathy. World Neurosurg. 126:e57-e64, 2019 Jun. |
Observational-Dx |
54 patients |
To delineate the fractional anisotropy (FA) and apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values of patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy by diffusion tensor imaging and fiber bundle tracing. |
Fiber tractography revealed thinned and sparse nerve roots and disruption of the fiber bundles in patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy. The FA values of C5-C8 in healthy volunteers or heterolateral nonstenotic nerve of patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy were significantly greater than those of the stenotic cervical segments of patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy (both P < 0.01). Furthermore, the ADC values of C5-C8 in healthy volunteers or heterolateral nonstenotic nerve of patients with cervical spondylotic radiculopathy were significantly lower than those of the stenotic cervical segments of cervical spondylotic radiculopathy patients (both P < 0.01). |
2 |
| 33. Woodworth DC, Holly LT, Mayer EA, Salamon N, Ellingson BM. Alterations in Cortical Thickness and Subcortical Volume are Associated With Neurological Symptoms and Neck Pain in Patients With Cervical Spondylosis. Neurosurgery. 84(3):588-598, 2019 03 01. |
Observational-Dx |
26 patients |
To explore the associations between cortical thickness, subcortical volumes, neurological symptoms, and pain severity in CS patients with or without myelopathy and healthy controls (HCs). |
Cortical thinning within the superior frontal gyrus, anterior cingulate, precuneus, and reduction in putamen volume were associated with worsening neurological and pain symptoms. Among the strongest associations were cortical thickness within the left precuneus (R2 = 0.34) and left and right putamen (R2 = 0.43, 0.47, respectively) vs mJOA, and the left precuneus (R2 = 0.55), insula (R2 = 0.57), and right putamen (R2 = 0.54) vs NDI (P = .0001 for all). Cortical thickness along Brodmann areas 3a, 4a, and 4p were also moderately associated with mJOA. Preliminary evidence also suggests that patients with CS may undergo cortical atrophy at a faster rate than HCs. |
2 |
| 34. Xuan J, Ke B, Ma W, Liang Y, Hu W. Spinal disease diagnosis assistant based on MRI images using deep transfer learning methods. Front. public health. 11:1044525, 2023. |
Review/Other-Dx |
604 patients |
To investigate the use of artificial intelligence technology for auxiliary diagnosis of spinal diseases. |
This software automatically provides auxiliary diagnoses in 14.5 s on a standard computer, is much faster than doctors in diagnosing human spines, which typically take 10 min, and its accuracy of 98% can be compared to that of experienced doctors in the comparison of various diagnostic methods. It significantly improves doctors' working efficiency, reduces the phenomenon of missed diagnoses and misdiagnoses, and demonstrates the efficacy of the developed intelligent spinal auxiliary diagnosis software. |
4 |
| 35. Yang Q, Xu H, Zhang M, Wang Y, Li D. Volumetric and functional connectivity alterations in patients with chronic cervical spondylotic pain. Neuroradiology. 62(8):995-1001, 2020 Aug. |
Review/Other-Dx |
31 patients |
To explore the structural and functional alterations of the whole brain in patients with chronic cervical spondylotic pain (cCSP). |
Patients with cCSP exhibited reduced gray matter volume (GMV) in the right middle cingulate cortex (MCC), right superior temporal gyrus (STG) and right precuneus compared to healthy controls. Furthermore, patients with cCSP displayed decreased functional connectivity between the right precuneus and bilateral medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). Additionally, GMV of the right MCC, right STG, and right precuneus, together with rs-FC of the right precuneus to bilateral mPFC, were negatively correlated with the VAS respectively. |
4 |
| 36. Yu CX, Ji TT, Song H, et al. Abnormality of spontaneous brain activities in patients with chronic neck and shoulder pain: A resting-state fMRI study. J Int Med Res. 45(1):182-192, 2017 Feb. |
Observational-Dx |
20 patients |
To investigate cerebral structural and functional changes in CNSP patients. Methods In total, 25 CNSP patients and 20 healthy volunteers participated in the study. |
The results revealed no significant differences in brain structure between the two groups. In the patient group, ReHo values were significantly increased in the bilateral middle frontal gyrus and decreased in the left insula, superior frontal gyrus, middle cingulate gyrus, supplementary motor area, right postcentral gyrus, and superior parietal lobule. Conclusions This initial structural and rs-fMRI study of CNSP revealed characteristic features of spontaneous brain activity of CNSP patients. These findings may be helpful for increasing our understanding of the neuropathology of CNSP. |
2 |
| 37. Vasseljen O, Woodhouse A, Bjorngaard JH, Leivseth L. Natural course of acute neck and low back pain in the general population: the HUNT study. Pain. 154(8):1237-44, 2013 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
219 subjects |
To describe the natural course of Neck pain (NP) and low back pain (LBP) over 1 year in cases of the general population with a new episode of NP or LBP. |
Use of medication and health care was described and associations between pain intensity and seeking health care were estimated. Pain declined rapidly within 1 month after a new pain episode, with a reduction of 0.91 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.50-1.32) for neck pain and 1.40 (95% CI 0.82-1.99) for low back pain with little change thereafter. However, pain remained unchanged over the follow-up year for those with equal pain in the neck and low back areas at baseline and for those reporting 4 or more pain sites at baseline. Only 1 in 5 sought health care for their complaints. Still, the course of pain was comparable to effect sizes reported in interventional studies. |
2 |
| 38. Bot SD, van der Waal JM, Terwee CB, et al. Predictors of outcome in neck and shoulder symptoms: a cohort study in general practice. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005;30:E459-70. |
Observational-Dx |
443 patients |
To describe the clinical course and to identify predictors of recovery, changes in pain intensity, and changes in functional disability in patients with neck or shoulder symptoms at 3- and 12-month follow-up. |
The recovery rate was low; 24% of the patients reported recovery at 3 months and 32% reported recovery at 12-month follow-up. Duration of the symptoms before consulting the GP and a history of neck or shoulder symptoms increased the probability of an unfavorable outcome. Furthermore, less vitality and more worrying were consistently associated with poorer outcome after 3 and 12 months. The area under the receiver-operator characteristic curve for the model predicting recovery was 0.8 at 3 months and 0.75 at 12 months. The explained variance of the models on pain and functional disability ranged from 43 to 54%. |
2 |
| 39. Vos CJ, Verhagen AP, Passchier J, Koes BW. Clinical course and prognostic factors in acute neck pain: an inception cohort study in general practice. Pain Medicine. 9(5):572-80, 2008 Jul-Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
187 patients |
To describe the natural course of patients with acute neck pain presenting in general practice and to identify prognostic factors for recovery and sick leave. |
One hundred eighty-seven patients were included and 138 (74%) provided follow-up data. After 1 year, 76% of the patients stated to be fully recovered or much improved, although 47% reported to have ongoing neck pain. Almost half of the patients on sick leave at baseline returned to work within 7 days. Multivariate analysis showed that the highest association with recovery was the advice of the general practitioner (GP) "to wait and see" (odds ratio [OR] 6.7, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6-31.8). For sick leave, referral by the GP, for physical therapy or to a medical specialist, showed the highest association (OR 2.8, 95% CI 1.0-8.4). |
3 |
| 40. Nordin M, Carragee EJ, Hogg-Johnson S, et al. Assessment of neck pain and its associated disorders: results of the Bone and Joint Decade 2000-2010 Task Force on Neck Pain and Its Associated Disorders. [Review] [125 refs][Erratum appears in Spine. 2009 Mar 15;34(6):640], [Erratum appears in Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2009 Mar;18(3):435-6], [Reprint in J Manipulative Physiol Ther. 2009 Feb;32(2 Suppl):S117-40; PMID: 19251060]. Spine. 33(4 Suppl):S101-22, 2008 Feb 15. |
Review/Other-Dx |
95 articles |
To critically appraise and synthesize the literature on assessment of neck pain. |
CT scans had better validity (in adults and elderly) than radiographs in assessing high-risk and/or multi-injured blunt trauma neck patients. In the absence of serious pathology, clinical physical examinations are more predictive at excluding than confirming structural lesions causing neurologic compression. One exception is the manual provocation test for cervical radiculopathy, which has high PPV. There was no evidence that specific MRI findings are associated with neck pain, cervicogenic headache, or whiplash exposure. No evidence supports using cervical provocative discography, anesthetic facet, or medial branch blocks in evaluating neck pain. Reliable and valid self-report questionnaires are useful in assessing pain, function, disability, and psychosocial status in individuals with neck pain. |
4 |
| 41. Koppula BR, Morton KA, Al-Dulaimi R, Fine GC, Damme NM, Brown RKJ. SPECT/CT in the Evaluation of Suspected Skeletal Pathology. Tomography 2021;7:581-605. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To address the technique, basic science principles, and applications of integrated SPECT/CT in the evaluation of musculoskeletal pathology. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 42. Kalichman L, Hunter DJ. Lumbar facet joint osteoarthritis: a review. [Review] [131 refs]. Seminars in Arthritis & Rheumatism. 37(2):69-80, 2007 Oct. |
Meta-analysis |
N/A |
To review the anatomy, biomechanics, and possible sources of pain of the FJ, natural history, and risk factors of lumbar FJ osteoarthritis and briefly reviewed the relevant imaging methods. |
The FJ play an important role in load transmission; they provide a posterior load-bearing helper, stabilizing the motion segment in flexion and extension and also restricting axial rotation. The capsule of the FJ, subchondral bone, and synovium are richly innervated and can be a potential source of the low back pain. Degenerative changes in the FJ comprise cartilage degradation that leads to the formation of focal and then diffuse erosions with joint space narrowing, and sclerosis of the subchondral bone. Because the most prominent changes occur in bone, the best method of evaluation of the FJ is computed tomography. Risk factors for lumbar FJ osteoarthritis include advanced age, relatively more sagittal orientation of the FJ, and a background of intervertebral disk degeneration. |
Inadequate |
| 43. Kalichman L, Kim DH, Li L, Guermazi A, Hunter DJ. Computed tomography-evaluated features of spinal degeneration: prevalence, intercorrelation, and association with self-reported low back pain. Spine Journal: Official Journal of the North American Spine Society. 10(3):200-8, 2010 Mar. |
Observational-Dx |
187 participants |
To evaluate the prevalence of lumbar spine degeneration features, evaluated on computed tomography (CT), in a community-based sample and to evaluate the association between lumbar spine degeneration features. The secondary purpose was to evaluate the association between spinal degeneration features and LBP. |
In total, 104 men and 83 women, with a mean age (+/-standard deviation) of 52.6+/-10.8 years, participated in the study. There was a high prevalence of intervertebral disc narrowing (63.9%), facet joint OA (64.5%), and spondylolysis (11.5%) in the studied sample. When all spinal degeneration features as well as age, sex, and BMI were factored in stepwise fashion into a multiple logistic regression model, only spinal stenosis showed statistically significant association with LBP, odds ratio (OR) (95% confidence interval [CI]): 3.45 [1.12-10.68]. Significant association was found between facet joint OA and low density of multifidus (OR [95% CI]: 3.68 [1.36-9.97]) and erector spinae (OR [95% CI]: 2.80 [1.10-7.16]) muscles. |
1 |
| 44. Graafen D, Emrich T, Halfmann MC, et al. Dose Reduction and Image Quality in Photon-counting Detector High-resolution Computed Tomography of the Chest: Routine Clinical Data. J Thorac Imaging 2022;37:315-22. |
Observational-Dx |
32 patients |
To perform an intrapatient comparison of the radiation dose and image quality of PCD-CT compared with conventional energy-integrating detector CT (EID-CT). |
The mean CTDI vol was 2.0 times higher in the conventional EID-CT scans (1.8±0.5 mGy) compared with PCD-CT (0.9±0.5 mGy, P <0.001). The overall image quality was rated significantly better by all 3 raters ( P <0.001) in the PCD-CT relative to the EID-CT. Quantitative analysis showed no significant differences in noise and signal-to-noise ratio in the lung parenchyma between PCD-CT and EID-CT. |
2 |
| 45. Symons R, Pourmorteza A, Sandfort V, et al. Feasibility of Dose-reduced Chest CT with Photon-counting Detectors: Initial Results in Humans. Radiology 2017;285:980-89. |
Observational-Dx |
30 patients |
To investigate whether photon-counting detector (PCD) technology can improve dose-reduced chest computed tomography (CT) image quality compared with that attained with conventional energy-integrating detector (EID) technology in vivo. |
Thirty study subjects were evaluated (mean age, 55.0 years ± 8.7 [standard deviation]; 14 men). Of these patients, 10 had a normal body mass index (BMI) (BMI range, 18.5-24.9 kg/m2; group 1), 10 were overweight (BMI range, 25.0-29.9 kg/m2; group 2), and 10 were obese (BMI =30.0 kg/m2, group 3). PCD diagnostic quality was higher than EID diagnostic quality (P = .016, P = .016, and P = .013 for readers 1, 2, and 3, respectively), with significantly better NPS and image quality scores for lung, soft tissue, and bone and with fewer beam-hardening artifacts (all P < .001). Image noise was significantly lower for PCD images in all BMI groups (P < .001 for groups 1 and 3, P < .01 for group 2), with higher CNR for lung nodule detection (12.1 ± 1.7 vs 10.0 ± 1.8, P < .001). Inter- and intrareader reproducibility were good (all ICC > 0.800). Conclusion Initial human experience with dose-reduced PCD chest CT demonstrated lower image noise compared with conventional EID CT, with better diagnostic quality and lung nodule CNR. © RSNA, 2017 Online supplemental material is available for this article. |
2 |
| 46. Matsumoto M, Fujimura Y, Suzuki N, et al. MRI of cervical intervertebral discs in asymptomatic subjects. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1998;80(1):19-24. |
Observational-Dx |
497 volunteers |
To prospectively investigate the degenerative changes on Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in the cervical discs of a sample of an asymptomatic Japanese population. |
The frequency of all degenerative findings increased linearly with age. Disc degeneration was the most common observation, being present in 17% of discs of men and 12% of those of women in their twenties, and 86% and 89% of discs of both men and women over 60 years of age. We found significant differences in frequency between genders for posterior disc protrusion and foraminal stenosis. The former, with demonstrable compression of the spinal cord, was observed in 7.6% of subjects, mostly over 50 years of age. |
2 |
| 47. Carragee E, Alamin T, Cheng I, Franklin T, van den Haak E, Hurwitz E. Are first-time episodes of serious LBP associated with new MRI findings? Spine J. 2006;6(6):624-635. |
Observational-Dx |
200 total patients; 51 had 67 MR scans, 2 independent and blinded readers |
Prospective observational study to determine if new and serious episodes of LBP are associated with new and relevant findings on MRI. |
Findings on MRI within 12 weeks of serious LBP inception are highly unlikely to represent any new structural change. Most new changes (loss of disc signal, facet arthrosis, and end plate signal changes) represent progressive age changes not associated with acute events. Primary radicular syndromes may have new root compression findings associated with root irritation. |
3 |
| 48. Leichtle UG, Wunschel M, Socci M, Kurze C, Niemeyer T, Leichtle CI. Spine radiography in the evaluation of back and neck pain in an orthopaedic emergency clinic. J Back Musculoskeletal Rehabil. 28(1):43-8, 2015. |
Review/Other-Dx |
484 patients |
To analyze and optimize diagnostics and treatment of patients with acute back pain. |
Radiographs of the lumbar, cervical, or thoracic spine were performed in 338 cases (70%). Radiographs were normal in 142 patients (42%) and degenerative changes were identified in 123 patients (36%). Only 2 patients (0.4%) had radiographic findings that had direct therapeutic relevance: 1 patient with metastatic disease and 1 patient with posttraumatic C1-C2 instability. For most patients without sensorimotor deficits and absent specific indications for radiography (“red flags”), therapy was not affected by the results of radiography. |
4 |
| 49. Johnson MJ, Lucas GL. Value of cervical spine radiographs as a screening tool. Clinical Orthopaedics & Related Research. (340)102-8, 1997 Jul. |
Review/Other-Dx |
470 patients |
To assess the yield of useful and critical information in a group of patients without trauma. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 50. Beckworth WJ, Abramoff BA, Bailey IM, et al. Acute Cervical Radiculopathy Outcomes: Soft Disc Herniations vs Osteophytes. PAIN MED. 22(3):561-566, 2021 03 18. |
Observational-Dx |
60 patients |
To evaluate the clinical outcomes of acute cervical radiculopathy with respect to soft disc herniations vs osteophytes. |
More than 75% reduction in pain was seen in 77% of patients with soft disc herniations and 66% of patients with osteophytes (P > 0.05) at 12 months. A pain score =2 out of 10 within 6 to 12 months was seen in 86% of patients with soft disc herniations and 81% of patients with osteophytes (P > 0.05). Moderate or marked improvement at 12 months was seen in 85% of patients with soft discs and 77% of patients with osteophytes (P > 0.05). Baseline-to-12-month numerical rating scale pain scores of patients with soft discs vs osteophytes had overlapping confidence intervals at each follow-up. At 12 months, very few had undergone surgery (7% of patients with soft discs, 11% of patients with osteophytes; P > 0.05) or were on opioids (7% of patients with soft discs, 9% of patients with osteophytes; P > 0.05). |
2 |
| 51. Radhakrishnan K, Litchy WJ, O'Fallon WM, Kurland LT. Epidemiology of cervical radiculopathy. A population-based study from Rochester, Minnesota, 1976 through 1990. Brain. 1994;117 ( Pt 2):325-335. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the population-based study from Rochester, Minnesota, 1976 through 1990. |
The median duration of symptoms prior to diagnosis was 15 days. A monoradiculopathy involving C7 nerve root was the most frequent, followed by C6. A confirmed disc protrusion was responsible for cervical radiculopathy in 21.9% of patients; 68.4% were related to spondylosis, disc or both. During the median duration of follow-up of 4.9 years, recurrence of the condition occurred in 31.7%, and 26% underwent surgery for cervical radiculopathy. A combination of radicular pain and sensory deficit, and objective muscle weakness were predictors of a decision to operate. At last follow-up 90% of our population-based patients were asymptomatic or only midly incapacitated due to cervical radiculopathy. The average annual age-adjusted incidence rates per 100,000 population for cervical radiculopathy in Rochester were 83.2 for the total, 107.3 for males and 63.5 for females. The age-specific annual incidence rate per 100,000 population reached a peak of 202.9 for the age group 50-54 years. |
4 |
| 52. Yoon SH.. Cervical radiculopathy. [Review]. Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation Clinics of North America. 22(3):439-46, viii, 2011 Aug. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the Cervical radiculopathy. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 53. Kuijper B, Tans JT, Schimsheimer RJ, et al. Degenerative cervical radiculopathy: diagnosis and conservative treatment. A review. Eur J Neurol 2009;16:15-20. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide a state-of-the-art assessment of diagnosis and non-surgical treatment of degenerative cervical radiculopathy a literature search for studies on epidemiology, diagnosis including electrophysiological examination and imaging studies, and different types of conservative treatment was undertaken. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 54. Thoomes EJ, van Geest S, van der Windt DA, et al. Value of physical tests in diagnosing cervical radiculopathy: a systematic review. [Review]. Spine Journal: Official Journal of the North American Spine Society. 18(1):179-189, 2018 01. |
Meta-analysis |
3 articles |
To summarize and update the evidence on diagnostic performance of tests carried out during a physical examination for the diagnosis of cervical radiculopathy. |
Five diagnostic accuracy studies were identified. Only Spurling's test was evaluated in more than one study, showing high specificity ranging from 0.89 to 1.00 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.59-1.00); sensitivity varied from 0.38 to 0.97 (95% CI: 0.21-0.99). No studies were found that assessed the diagnostic accuracy of widely used neurological tests such as key muscle strength, tendon reflexes, and sensory impairments. |
Not Assessed |
| 55. Kuijper B, Tans JT, van der Kallen BF, Nollet F, Lycklama A Nijeholt GJ, de Visser M. Root compression on MRI compared with clinical findings in patients with recent onset cervical radiculopathy. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 82(5):561-3, 2011 May. |
Observational-Dx |
82 patients |
To evaluate the occurrence of symptomatic and asymptomatic root compression caused by herniated discs and spondylotic foraminal stenosis by magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in patients with recent onset cervical radiculopathy. |
In 73% of patients, the clinically affected root was compressed on MRI. In 45%, MRI showed root compression without clinical substrate together with, or to a lesser extent without, the coexistence of compression of the clinically affected root. MRIs were assessed as normal in 13-15% of cases, and in 9-10% only asymptomatic roots were compressed. Herniated discs without spondylosis were more often responsible for root compressions only at the clinically affected level and spondylotic foraminal stenosis for multiple root compression including compression of clinically unaffected roots. |
2 |
| 56. Kuijper B, Tans JT, Beelen A, Nollet F, de Visser M. Cervical collar or physiotherapy versus wait and see policy for recent onset cervical radiculopathy: randomised trial. BMJ 2009;339:b3883. |
Experimental-Dx |
205 patients |
To evaluate the effectiveness of treatment with collar or physiotherapy compared with a wait and see policy in recent onset cervical radiculopathy. |
In the wait and see group, arm pain diminished by 3 mm/week on the visual analogue scale (beta=-3.1 mm, 95% confidence interval -4.0 to -2.2 mm) and by 19 mm in total over six weeks. Patients who were treated with cervical collar or physiotherapy achieved additional pain reduction (collar: beta=-1.9 mm, -3.3 to -0.5 mm; physiotherapy: beta=-1.9, -3.3 to -0.8), resulting in an extra pain reduction compared with the control group of 12 mm after six weeks. In the wait and see group, neck pain did not decrease significantly in the first six weeks (beta=-0.9 mm, -2.0 to 0.3). Treatment with the collar resulted in a weekly reduction on the visual analogue scale of 2.8 mm (-4.2 to -1.3), amounting to 17 mm in six weeks, whereas physiotherapy gave a weekly reduction of 2.4 mm (-3.9 to -0.8) resulting in a decrease of 14 mm after six weeks. Compared with a wait and see policy, the neck disability index showed a significant change with the use of the collar and rest (beta=-0.9 mm, -1.6 to -0.1) and a non-significant effect with physiotherapy and home exercises. |
1 |
| 57. Bush K, Chaudhuri R, Hillier S, Penny J. The pathomorphologic changes that accompany the resolution of cervical radiculopathy. A prospective study with repeat magnetic resonance imaging. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1997;22:183-6; discussion 87. |
Observational-Dx |
13 patients |
To assess whether regression of cervical intervertebral disc herniations accompanied and correlated with clinical improvement in patients recovering from cervical radiculopathy without undergoing surgical intervention. |
Regression of cervical disc herniations was demonstrated in 12 of the 13 patients. All patients had made a satisfactory clinical recovery, but the one with the herniation that had not regressed suffered from persistent minor symptoms. |
2 |
| 58. Maigne JY, Deligne L. Computed tomographic follow-up study of 21 cases of nonoperatively treated cervical intervertebral soft disc herniation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 1994;19:189-91. |
Observational-Dx |
21 patients |
To discuss the Computed tomographic follow-up study of 21 cases of nonoperatively treated cervical intervertebral soft disc herniation |
No results stated in the abstract. |
2 |
| 59. Vinas FC, Wilner H, Rengachary S. The spontaneous resorption of herniated cervical discs. J Clin Neurosci 2001;8:542-6. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the spontaneous resorption of herniated cervical discs. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 60. Brinjikji W, Luetmer PH, Comstock B, et al. Systematic literature review of imaging features of spinal degeneration in asymptomatic populations. [Review]. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 36(4):811-6, 2015 Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
33 articles |
To estimate the prevalence, by age, of common degenerative spine conditions by performing a systematic review studying the prevalence of spine degeneration on imaging in asymptomatic individuals. |
Thirty-three articles reporting imaging findings for 3110 asymptomatic individuals met the study inclusion criteria. The prevalence of disk degeneration in asymptomatic individuals increased from 37% of 20-year-old individuals to 96% of 80-year-old individuals. Disk bulge prevalence increased from 30% of those 20 years of age to 84% of those 80 years of age. Disk protrusion prevalence increased from 29% of those 20 years of age to 43% of those 80 years of age. The prevalence of annular fissure increased from 19% of those 20 years of age to 29% of those 80 years of age. |
4 |
| 61. Machino M, Yukawa Y, Imagama S, et al. Age-Related and Degenerative Changes in the Osseous Anatomy, Alignment, and Range of Motion of the Cervical Spine: A Comparative Study of Radiographic Data From 1016 Patients With Cervical Spondylotic Myelopathy and 1230 Asymptomatic Subjects. Spine. 41(6):476-82, 2016 Mar. |
Observational-Dx |
1025 patients |
To establish cervical spine morphometry, alignment, and range of motion (ROM) and to clarify the impact of these age-related and degenerative changes. |
Cervical lordosis in the neutral position increased gradually with age in both groups. Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) patients showed significantly smaller lordotic angles compared with those shown by asymptomatic subjects within each decade. The total ROM decreased with increasing age in both groups. The total ROM of females was larger than males. The ROM of CSM patients was significantly smaller than asymptomatic subjects. The flexion ROM did not change with aging in either group. There was no significant difference in the flexion ROM between males and females in the two groups. However, the extension ROM decreased gradually in both groups. The extension ROM of CSM patients was significantly smaller than asymptomatic subjects. |
3 |
| 62. van Rijn JC, Klemetso N, Reitsma JB, et al. Observer variation in the evaluation of lumbar herniated discs and root compression: spiral CT compared with MRI. Br J Radiol. 2006;79(941):372-377. |
Observational-Dx |
171 intervertebral discs |
To compare radiological evaluation of spiral computed tomography (CT) with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) in patients suspected of herniated discs. |
For detection of herniated or bulging discs, we observed no significant difference in interobserver agreement (CT kappa 0.66 vs MRI kappa 0.71; p = 0.40). For root compression, we observed significantly better interobserver agreement at MRI evaluation (CT kappa 0.59 vs MRI kappa 0.78; p = 0.01). In 30 of 171 lumbar discs (18%) and in 54 of 456 nerve roots (12%), the observers disagreed on whether CT results were similar to MRI. In the cases without disagreement, CT differed from MRI in 6 discs (3.5%) and in 3 nerve roots (0.7%). For radiological evaluation of lumbar herniated discs, we found no evidence that spiral CT is inferior to MRI. |
2 |
| 63. Yi JS, Cha JG, Han JK, Kim HJ. Imaging of Herniated Discs of the Cervical Spine: Inter-Modality Differences between 64-Slice Multidetector CT and 1.5-T MRI. Korean journal of radiology 2015;16:881-8. |
Observational-Dx |
51 patients |
To assess inter-modality variability when evaluating cervical intervertebral disc herniation using 64-slice multidetector-row computed tomography (MDCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). |
The interobserver agreement rates upon evaluation of disc morphology by the three radiologists were in fair to moderate agreement (k = 0.39-0.53 for MDCT images; k = 0.45-0.56 for MRIs). When the disc morphology was categorized into two and four grades, the inter-modality agreement rates were moderate (k-value, 0.59) and substantial (k-value, 0.66), respectively. The inter-modality agreements for evaluations of the NIS (k-value, 0.78) and the epicenter (k-value, 0.79) were substantial. Also, the interobserver agreements for the NIS (CT; k-value, 0.85 and MRI; k-value, 0.88) and epicenter (CT; k-value, 0.74 and MRI; k-value, 0.70) evaluations by two readers were substantial. MDCT tended to underestimate the extent of herniated disc lesions compared with MRI. |
2 |
| 64. Harreld JH, McMenamy JM, Toomay SM, Chason DP. Myelography: a primer. [Review]. Curr Probl Diagn Radiol. 40(4):149-57, 2011 Jul-Aug. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To present techniques for the safe and efficient performance of myelography, lumbar, and cervical puncture, which remain important skills to be mastered by radiology residents and fellows. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 65. Pomerantz SR.. Myelography: modern technique and indications. [Review]. Handb. clin. neurol.. 135:193-208, 2016. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describes the instillation of intrathecal contrast media for the imaging evaluation of spinal canal pathology. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 66. Patel DM, Weinberg BD, Hoch MJ. CT Myelography: Clinical Indications and Imaging Findings. Radiographics 2020;40:470-84. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review common and uncommon indications for computed tomography (CT) myelography and demonstrate various pathologic conditions in which CT myelography plays a vital role in patient treatment in this modern era of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 67. Tao Y, Galbusera F, Niemeyer F, Samartzis D, Vogele D, Wilke HJ. Radiographic cervical spine degenerative findings: a study on a large population from age 18 to 97 years. Eur Spine J 2021;30:431-43. |
Observational-Dx |
1581 patients |
(1) to determine the prevalence of radiographic cervical disc degeneration in a large population of patients aged from 18 to 97 years; (2) to investigate individually the prevalence and distribution of height loss, osteophyte formation, endplate sclerosis and spondylolisthesis; and (3) to describe the patterns of cervical disc degeneration. |
53.9% of individuals had radiographic disc degeneration and the most affected level was C5/C6. The presence and severity of disc degeneration were found to be significantly associated with age both in male and female subjects. The most frequent and severe occurrences of height loss, osteophyte formation, and endplate sclerosis were at C5/C6, whereas spondylolisthesis was most observed at C4/C5. Age was significantly correlated with radiographic degenerative findings. Contiguous levels degeneration pattern was more likely found than skipped level degeneration. The number of degenerated levels was also associated with age. |
2 |
| 68. Brown BM, Schwartz RH, Frank E, Blank NK. Preoperative evaluation of cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy by surface-coil MR imaging. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 1988;151(6):1205-1212. |
Review/Other-Dx |
256 patients |
To retrospectively review 2-year experience with Magnetic Resonance (MR) and plain-film screening for surgically proved lesions in the cervical spine |
MR correctly predicted 88% of all surgically proved lesions compared with 81% for computed tomography (CT) myelography, 58% for myelography, and 50% for CT. Missed herniated disks on either MR or CT myelography usually were the result of technically suboptimal studies caused by motion artifacts on MR and beam-hardening artifacts on CT myelography. Small osteophytes adjoining herniated disks sometimes were not predicted on MR, although such osteophytes invariably were seen on plain films and were palpable during standard anterior cervical diskectomy procedures. Herniated disks in the lateral root canals found in two patients appeared to be detected more readily by CT myelography than by MR. All proved lesions were detected by either screening MR images and plain films or by follow-up CT myelograms. MR replaced invasive evaluations by myelography and CT myelography in 32% of preoperative patients. |
4 |
| 69. Song KJ, Choi BW, Kim GH, Kim JR. Clinical usefulness of CT-myelogram comparing with the MRI in degenerative cervical spinal disorders: is CTM still useful for primary diagnostic tool?. J Spinal Disord Tech. 22(5):353-7, 2009 Jul. |
Observational-Dx |
50 patients (29 radiculopathy and 21 myelopathy) |
To compare the accuracy between MRI and CTM in degenerative cervical spine disease by assessing the degree of interobserver and intraobserver agreement. |
Intraclass correlation coefficiency statistical analysis showed moderate intraobserver agreement (Cronbach's alpha=0.63) and interobserver agreement (0.52). There was no significant difference in intraobserver, interobserver agreement between MRI (0.58) and CTM (0.57). Compared between MRI and CTM, disc abnormality and nerve root compression on MRI and foraminal stenosis and bony lesion on CTM showed better agreement. |
3 |
| 70. Redebrandt HN, Brandt C, Hawran S, Bendix T. Clinical evaluation versus magnetic resonance imaging findings in patients with radicular arm pain-A pragmatic study. Health Sci Rep 2022;5:e589. |
Observational-Dx |
83 Patients |
To determine the accuracy of the clinical evaluation relative to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings in patients with arm radiculopathy. |
Eighty-three patients met the inclusion criteria. The Interobserver reproducibility between clinical evaluators was 58%, with a modest ? coefficient (0.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.18-0.47) classified only as "fair agreement." Only 31% (95% CI: 22-42) of the 83 patients exhibited full agreement regarding the suspected cervical root as assessed via the clinical evaluation and MRI. In another 28% (95% CI: 18-39), the clinical evaluation identified an adjacent level to that identified on MRI. |
2 |
| 71. Alvarez AP, Anderson A, Farhan SD, et al. The Utility of Flexion-Extension Radiographs in Degenerative Cervical Spondylolisthesis. Clin Spine Surg 2022;35:319-22. |
Observational-Dx |
111 patients |
To investigate if lateral flexion-extension radiographs identify additional cases of degenerative cervical spondylolisthesis (DCS) that would be missed by obtaining solely neutral upright radiographs, and determine the reliability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in diagnosis. |
A total of 111 patients (555 cervical levels) were analyzed. In all, 41 patients (36.9%) demonstrated cervical spondylolisthesis on neutral and/or flexion-extension radiographs. Of the 77 levels of spondylolisthesis, 17 (22.1%) were missed on neutral radiographs ( P ,0.05). Twenty levels (26.0%) were missed when flexion-extension radiographs were used alone ( P =0.02). Twenty-nine levels (37.7%) of DCS identified on radiograph were missed by MRI ( P =0.004). |
2 |
| 72. Bellini M, Ferrara M, Grazzini I, Cerase A. Neuroimaging of the Postoperative Spine. [Review]. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 24(3):601-20, 2016 Aug. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide the basic tools to evaluate complications after different operative procedures and offers an overview on the main topics a radiologist may encounter during his or her professional carrier. |
No results stated in the abstract |
4 |
| 73. Benson JC, Lehman VT, Sebastian AS, et al. Successful fusion versus pseudarthrosis after spinal instrumentation: a comprehensive imaging review. [Review]. Neuroradiology. 64(9):1719-1728, 2022 Sep. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review in-depth overview of the imaging of the post-operative spine, with particular emphasis on differentiating between pseudoarthrosis and arthrodesis. |
A comprehensive overview of imaging of the post-operative spine is given, including the most common imaging modalities utilized, the expected post-operative findings, imaging findings in pseudoarthrosis, and imaging definitions of fusion. |
4 |
| 74. Shriver MF, Lewis DJ, Kshettry VR, Rosenbaum BP, Benzel EC, Mroz TE. Pseudoarthrosis rates in anterior cervical discectomy and fusion: a meta-analysis. Spine J. 15(9):2016-27, 2015 Sep 01. |
Meta-analysis |
17 studies |
To identify all prospective studies reporting pseudoarthrosis rates for Anterior cervical discectomy and fusion (ACDF) with plate fixation. |
Of the 7,130 retrieved articles, 17 met the inclusion criteria. The overall pseudoarthrosis rate was 2.6% (95% CI: 1.3-3.9). Use of autograft fusion (0.9%, 95% CI: -0.4 to 2.1) resulted in a reduced pseudoarthrosis rate compared with allograft fusion procedures (4.8%, 95% CI: 1.7-7.9). Studies were separated based on the length of follow-up: 12 to 24 and greater than 24 months. These groups reported rates of 3.1% (95% CI: 1.2-5.0) and 2.3% (95% CI: 0.1-4.4), respectively. Studies performing single-level ACDF yielded a rate of 3.7% (95% CI: 1.6-5.7). Additionally, there was a large difference in the rate of pseudoarthrosis in randomized controlled trials (4.8%, 95% CI: 2.6-7.0) versus prospective cohort studies (0.2%, 95% CI: -0.1 to 0.5), indicating that the extent of follow-up criteria affects the rate of pseudoarthrosis. |
Good |
| 75. Mehren C, Heider F, Siepe CJ, et al. Clinical and radiological outcome at 10 years of follow-up after total cervical disc replacement. Eur Spine J. 26(9):2441-2449, 2017 09. |
Observational-Dx |
50 patients |
To investigate the clinical and radiological results of cTDR at long-term FU. |
A significant and maintained clinical improvement of all clinical outcome scores was observed after a mean FU of 10.2 years (VASarm 6.3-2.1; VASneck 6.4-1.9; NDI 21-6; p < 0.05). An increase in the incidence and the extent of heterotopic ossifications was noted during the post-operative course with a significant influence on the function of the prosthesis, which, however, did not reveal any detrimental effect on the patients' clinical symptomatology. Prosthesis mobility declined from 9.0° preoperatively and 9.1° at 1 year FU to 7.7° and 7.6° at the five- and ten-year FU examinations, respectively. Radiological signs of adjacent segment degeneration were detected in 13/38 (35.7%), however, in only 3/38 (7.9%) patients this radiological changes were associated with clinical symptoms requiring conservative treatment. Intraoperative technical failure in two cases required interbody fusion with a cage (2/50). One patient (1/48, 2.1%) treated this motion device had revision surgery at the index level. |
2 |
| 76. Nunley PD, Jawahar A, Cavanaugh DA, Gordon CR, Kerr EJ 3rd, Utter PA. Symptomatic adjacent segment disease after cervical total disc replacement: re-examining the clinical and radiological evidence with established criteria. Spine J. 13(1):5-12, 2013 Jan. |
Meta-analysis |
N/A |
To predict the true incidence of symptomatic adjacent segment disease (ASD) after total disc replacement (TDR) surgery in the cervical spine at one or two levels at a median follow-up period of 4 years. |
Twenty-six patients (15.2%) were identified to satisfy our criteria for ASD at the median follow-up of 51 months, with the annual incidence of 3.1% as calculated by life tables. The actuarial 5-year freedom from ASD rate was 71.6%+/-0.6%, and the mean period for freedom from ASD was 70.4+/-2.1 months. |
Not Assessed |
| 77. Lee JC, Lee SH, Peters C, Riew KD. Adjacent segment pathology requiring reoperation after anterior cervical arthrodesis: the influence of smoking, sex, and number of operated levels. Spine. 40(10):E571-7, 2015 May 15. |
Observational-Dx |
1038 patients |
To determine, using survivorship analysis, the rate of adjacent segment pathology (ASP) development and to identify the risk factors for reoperation. |
Secondary surgery on adjacent segments occurred at a relatively constant rate of 2.4% per year (95% confidence interval, 1.9-3.0). The Kaplan-Meier analysis predicted that 22.2% of patients would need reoperation at adjacent segments by 10 years postoperatively. Factors increasing the risk were smoking, female sex, and the number of arthrodesis segments. One or 2-segment arthrodesis had an 1.8 times greater risk than arthrodesis involving 3 or more segments. Age, neurological diagnosis, diabetes, Klippel-Feil syndrome, and noncontiguous segmental-type ossification of posterior longitudinal ligament were not significant risks. |
3 |
| 78. Iseda T, Nakano S, Suzuki Y, et al. Radiographic and scintigraphic courses of union in cervical interbody fusion: hydroxyapatite grafts versus iliac bone autografts. J Nucl Med. 2000;41(10):1642-1645. |
Experimental-Dx |
12 patients |
To clarify the course of union of HAgrafts with adjacent vertebrae using serial plain radiographs and 99mTc-hydroxymethylene diphosphonate (HMDP) bone scintigrams. |
In the HA graft group, the plain radiographs of all patients showed a radiolucent stripe that disappeared 7.3 +/- 1.5 (mean +/- SD) months after surgery. In the autograft group, a radiolucent stripe around the graft was not seen for any patient, and union was confirmed by follow-up radiographs within 6 mo after surgery. The serial changes in the 99mTc-HMDP uptake ratio showed no difference between the 2 groups. The 99mTc-HMDP uptake ratio peaked 1 mo after surgery and decreased rapidly to a plateau within 2 mo. |
1 |
| 79. Corona-Cedillo R, Saavedra-Navarrete MT, Espinoza-Garcia JJ, Mendoza-Aguilar AN, Ternovoy SK, Roldan-Valadez E. Imaging Assessment of the Postoperative Spine: An Updated Pictorial Review of Selected Complications. Biomed Res Int 2021;2021:9940001. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To present a pictorial narrative review of the most common findings observed in noninstrumented and instrumented postoperative spines. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 80. Hudyana H, Maes A, Vandenberghe T, et al. Accuracy of bone SPECT/CT for identifying hardware loosening in patients who underwent lumbar fusion with pedicle screws. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 2016;43:349-54. |
Observational-Dx |
48 patients |
To evaluate the accuracy of bone SPECT (single photon emission computed tomography)/CT (computed tomography) in diagnosing loosening of fixation material in patients with recurrent or persistent back pain that underwent lumbar arthrodesis with pedicle screws using surgery and clinical follow-up as gold standard |
The median length of time from primary surgery to bone SPECT/CT referral was 29.5 months (range 12-192 months). Median follow-up was 18 months (range 6-57) for subjects who did not undergo surgery. Thirteen of the 48 patients were found to be positive for loosening on bone SPECT/CT. Surgical evaluation (8 patients) and clinical follow-up (5 patients) showed that bone SPECT/CT correctly predicted loosening in 9 of 13 patients, while it falsely diagnosed loosening in 4 patients. Of 35 negative bone SPECT/CT scans, 12 were surgically confirmed. In 18 patients, bone SPECT/CT revealed lesions that could provide an alternative explanation for the symptoms of pain (active facet degeneration in 14 patients, and disc and sacroiliac osteodegeneration in 7 patients and 1 patient, respectively). Overall sensitivity and specificity for the detection of loosening were 100 % and 89.7 %, respectively. The positive and negative predictive values were 69 % and 100 %, respectively. |
4 |
| 81. Al-Riyami K, Gnanasegaran G, Van den Wyngaert T, Bomanji J. Bone SPECT/CT in the postoperative spine: a focus on spinal fusion. European journal of nuclear medicine and molecular imaging 2017;44:2094-104. |
Observational-Dx |
10 patients |
To review the key contribution of integrated bone SPECT/CT in evaluating patients with persistent or recurring pain after spinal surgery, focusing on spinal fusion. Current literature supports the use of bone SPECT/CT as an adjunct imaging modality and problem-solving tool in evaluating patients with suspicion of pseudarthrosis, adjacent segment degeneration, and hardware failure. |
No results state din the abstract. |
2 |
| 82. Buchowski JM, Liu G, Bunmaprasert T, Rose PS, Riew KD. Anterior cervical fusion assessment: surgical exploration versus radiographic evaluation. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2008;33(11):1185-1191. |
Observational-Dx |
14 patients |
To assess the reliability of plain radiographs, computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to detect a pseudarthrosis after an anterior cervical fusion compared with intraoperative exploration. |
Of the 14 patients included, 8 had pseudarthroses. Assessment of the agreement between intraoperative and radiographic findings revealed a mean Kappa statistic of 0.67 (range, 0.51-0.75, P < 0.05) for plain radiographs, 0.81 (range, 0.71-0.87, P < 0.05) for CT, and 0.48 (range, 0.32-0.71, P < 0.05) for MRI. When all studies were taken into consideration, the mean Kappa statistic increased to 0.85 (range, 0.71-1.00, P < 0.05). Assessment of paired interobserver reliability revealed a mean Kappa statistic of 0.46 (range, 0.31-0.55, P < 0.05) for plain radiographs, 0.82 (range, 0.73-0.87, P < 0.05) for CT, and 0.32 (range, 0.21-0.40, P < 0.05) for MRI. When all radiographic studies were taken into consideration, paired interobserver reliability had a mean Kappa statistic of 0.70 (range, 0.55-0.85, P < 0.05). |
2 |
| 83. Derakhshan A, Lubelski D, Steinmetz MP, Benzel EC, Mroz TE. Utility of Computed Tomography following Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion. Global Spine J. 2015;5(5):411-416. |
Observational-Dx |
690 patients |
To assess the utility of postoperative computed tomography (CT) following anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion (ACDF) and to determine the clinical circumstances most likely to lead to an abnormal CT scan. |
The charts of 690 patients who underwent ACDF were reviewed. Of the 690 patients, 45 (7%) had postoperative CTs. These patients accounted for 53 postoperative CT scans, 45 (85%) of which were taken for patients who expressed persistent postoperative symptoms and/or had abnormal imaging. There were no indications for 8 (15%) of the CTs. Patients who had a CT for persistent symptoms and/or abnormal preliminary imaging were significantly more likely to have an abnormal CT (p = 0.03) and/or an alteration in treatment course (p = 0.04) compared with those with no symptomatic or radiologic indication for CT. |
3 |
| 84. Ploumis A, Mehbod A, Garvey T, Gilbert T, Transfeldt E, Wood K. Prospective assessment of cervical fusion status: plain radiographs versus CT-scan. Acta Orthop Belg. 2006;72(3):342-346. |
Observational-Dx |
47 patients |
To compare the pseudarthrosis rate after anterior cervical fusion, estimated either with static and dynamic plain radiographs or with two-dimensional CT-scans. |
CT assessment led to higher pseudarthrosis rates than plain radiographs: 13 to 31% according to CT; 2 to 16% according to plain radiographs. The difference averaged 11%. Consistency between reviewers was higher with CT (average agreement: 89%; range 82%-96%) than with plain radiographs (average agreement: 81%; range: 76% to 87%). The need to accurately document pseudarthrosis is critical as it helps direct the postoperative management of the patient. |
2 |
| 85. Selby MD, Clark SR, Hall DJ, Freeman BJ. Radiologic assessment of spinal fusion. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 20(11):694-703, 2012 Nov. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the Radiologic assessment of spinal fusion. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 86. Pessis E, Campagna R, Sverzut JM, et al. Virtual monochromatic spectral imaging with fast kilovoltage switching: reduction of metal artifacts at CT. Radiographics. 2013;33(2):573-583. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the theory of VMS imaging and describe our clinical experience with a single-source dual-energy scanner with fast kilovoltage switching (ie, rapid alternation between high- and low-kilovoltage settings) to reduce beam-hardening artifact, using optimized protocols to improve diagnostic performance inpatients with metal implants. |
Despite advances in detector technology and computer software, artifacts from metal implants can seriously degrade the quality of CT images, sometimes to the point of making them diagnostically unusable. Several factors may help reduce the number and severity of artifacts at multidetector CT, including decreasing the detector collimation and pitch, increasing the kilovolt peak and tube charge, and using appropriate reconstruction algorithms and section thickness. More recently, dual-energy CT has been proposed as a means of reducing beam-hardening artifacts. The use of dual-energy CT scanners allows the synthesis of virtual monochromatic spectral (VMS) images. Monochromatic images depict how the imaged object would look if the x-ray source produced x-ray photons at only a single energy level. For this reason, VMS imaging is expected to provide improved image quality by reducing beam-hardening artifacts. |
4 |
| 87. Shah RR, Mohammed S, Saifuddin A, Taylor BA. Comparison of plain radiographs with CT scan to evaluate interbody fusion following the use of titanium interbody cages and transpedicular instrumentation. Eur Spine J 2003;12:378-85. |
Observational-Dx |
53 Patients |
To determine whether high-quality thin-slice (1- to 3-mm) computed tomography (CT) scans allow proper evaluation of interbody fusion through titanium cages. Patients undergoing lumbar interbody fusion were prospectively evaluated with CT scan and plain radiographs 6 months following surgery. |
Fifty-three patients (156 cages) undergoing posterior lumbar interbody fusion using titanium interbody cages were evaluated. Posterior elements were used to pack the cages and no graft was packed outside the cages. The outcome data were analysed using the Kappa co-efficient and chi-squared analysis. On CT scan, both observers noted bridging trabeculation in 95% of the cages (Kappa 0.85), while on radiographs this was present in only 4% (Kappa 0.74). Both observers also identified bridging trabeculation surrounding the cages on CT scan in 90% of cages (Kappa 0.82), while on the radiographs this was 8% (Kappa 0.86). Radiographs also failed to demonstrate all the loose cages. The results of the study show that high-quality CT scans show images suggesting bridging bony trabeculae following the use of titanium interbody cages. They also appear to show consistent bone outside the cages in spite of no bone graft having been used, and they appear to be better than plain radiographs in the early detection of cage loosening. |
2 |
| 88. Thakkar RS, Malloy JP 4th, Thakkar SC, Carrino JA, Khanna AJ. Imaging the postoperative spine. [Review]. Radiol Clin North Am. 50(4):731-47, 2012 Jul. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide a review of various imaging techniques, with their advantages and disadvantages, for the evaluation of the postoperative spine. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 89. Gruskay JA, Webb ML, Grauer JN. Methods of evaluating lumbar and cervical fusion. [Review]. Spine Journal: Official Journal of the North American Spine Society. 14(3):531-9, 2014 Mar 01. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the methods of evaluating lumbar and cervical fusion. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 90. Ross JS.. Magnetic resonance imaging of the postoperative spine. [Review] [50 refs]. Seminars in Musculoskeletal Radiology. 4(3):281-91, 2000. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To evaluate the magnetic resonance imaging of the postoperative spine. |
No results stated in the abstract |
4 |
| 91. Ross JS, Masaryk TJ, Schrader M, Gentili A, Bohlman H, Modic MT. MR imaging of the postoperative lumbar spine: assessment with gadopentetate dimeglumine. AJR. American Journal of Roentgenology. 155(4):867-72, 1990 Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
193 patients |
To define the accuracy of gadopentetate-dimeglumine-enhanced MR imaging in patients with failed back surgery syndrome by comparing the imaging studies with surgical findings in a large patient population. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 92. Harada GK, Siyaji ZK, Younis S, Louie PK, Samartzis D, An HS. Imaging in Spine Surgery: Current Concepts and Future Directions. Spine Surg Relat Res 2020;4:99-110. |
Review/Other-Dx |
97 articles |
To review and highlight the historical and recent advances of imaging in spine surgery and to discuss current applications and future directions. |
We reviewed 97 articles that discussed past, present, and future applications for imaging in spine surgery. Although most historical approaches relied heavily upon basic radiography, more recent advances have begun to expand upon advanced modalities, including the integration of more sophisticated equipment and artificial intelligence. |
4 |
| 93. Tali ET. Spinal infections. Eur J Radiol 2004;50:120-33. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the spinal infections. |
No results stated in the abstract |
4 |
| 94. Arbelaez A, Restrepo F, Castillo M. Spinal infections: clinical and imaging features. [Review]. Topics in Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 23(5):303-14, 2014 Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the clinical and imaging features of spinal infections. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 95. Grammatico L, Baron S, Rusch E, et al. Epidemiology of vertebral osteomyelitis (VO) in France: analysis of hospital-discharge data 2002-2003. Epidemiol Infect. 2008;136(5):653-660. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To estimate the incidence of Vertebral osteomyelitis (VO) in France for 2002-2003, national hospital-discharge data were used. Hospital stays were categorized as definite, probable or possible VO. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 96. Schimmer RC, Jeanneret C, Nunley PD, Jeanneret B. Osteomyelitis of the cervical spine: a potentially dramatic disease. J Spinal Disord Tech 2002;15:110-7. |
Review/Other-Dx |
15 patients |
To discuss the osteomyelitis of the cervical spine: a potentially dramatic disease. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 97. Talbott JF, Shah VN, Uzelac A, et al. Imaging-Based Approach to Extradural Infections of the Spine. [Review]. Semin Ultrasound CT MR. 39(6):570-586, 2018 12. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the imaging-based approach to Extradural Infections of the Spine. |
No results stated in the abstract |
4 |
| 98. Darouiche RO. Spinal epidural abscess. N Engl J Med 2006;355:2012-20. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To explain the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges and how to avoid spinal cord infarction. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 99. Go JL, Rothman S, Prosper A, Silbergleit R, Lerner A. Spine infections. Neuroimaging Clin N Am 2012;22:755-72. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To reviews the underlying pathophysiologic basis of infection, clinical manifestations, and imaging modalities used to diagnose infections of the spine and spinal cord. |
No results stated in the abstract |
4 |
| 100. Gouliouris T, Aliyu SH, Brown NM. Spondylodiscitis: update on diagnosis and management. J Antimicrob Chemother 2010;65 Suppl 3:iii11-24. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the update on diagnosis and management of Spondylodiscitis. |
No results stated in the abstract |
4 |
| 101. Fuster D, Sola O, Soriano A, et al. A prospective study comparing whole-body FDG PET/CT to combined planar bone scan with 67Ga SPECT/CT in the Diagnosis of Spondylodiskitis. Clin Nucl Med 2012;37:827-32. |
Observational-Dx |
34 patients |
To prospectively evaluate the usefulness of PET/CT using F-FDG in comparison to bone scan and Ga in the diagnosis of spondylodiskitis. |
Spondylodiskitis was confirmed in 18 of 34 patients. In the other 16 patients, spondylodiskitis was finally excluded, and the most frequent findings observed were degenerative spondyloarthropathy (n = 7), vertebral fracture (n = 3), endocarditis (n = 2), and other processes (n = 4). The sensitivity and specificity of combined bone scan and Ga were 78% and 81%, with a positive predictive value of 82%, a negative predictive value of 76%, and an overall accuracy of 79%. SPECT/CT with Ga helped identify soft tissue involvement in 10 of 18 patients. The sensitivity and specificity of PET/CT were 89% and 88%, with a positive predictive value of 89%, a negative predictive value of 87%, and an overall accuracy of 88%. Concordance between Ga and PET/CT was good (? = 0.71; 95% confidence interval, 0.48-0.94). PET/CT was able to detect soft tissue involvement in 12 of 18 patients. In 2 patients, a multifocality was found, which was only diagnosed by PET/CT. |
2 |
| 102. Palestro CJ.. Radionuclide imaging of osteomyelitis. [Review]. Semin Nucl Med. 45(1):32-46, 2015 Jan. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review radionuclide imaging of osteomyelitis. |
(18)F-FDG is the radionuclide test of choice for spinal infection. The test is sensitive, with a high negative predictive value, and reliably differentiates degenerative from infectious vertebral body end-plate abnormalities. Data on the accuracy of (18)F-FDG for diagnosing diabetic pedal osteomyelitis are contradictory, and its role for this indication remains to be determined. Initial investigations suggested that (18)F-FDG accurately diagnoses prosthetic joint infection; more recent data indicate that it cannot differentiate infection from other causes of prosthetic failure. Preliminary data on the PET agents gallium-68 and iodine-124 fialuridine indicate that these agents may have a role in diagnosing osteomyelitis. |
4 |
| 103. Sans N, Faruch M, Lapegue F, Ponsot A, Chiavassa H, Railhac JJ. Infections of the spinal column--spondylodiscitis. Diagn Interv Imaging. 2012;93(6):520-529. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the Infections of the spinal column |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 104. Gratz S, Dorner J, Fischer U, et al. 18F-FDG hybrid PET in patients with suspected spondylitis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 29(4):516-24, 2002 Apr. |
Observational-Dx |
16 patients |
To investigate the value of fluorine-18 2'-deoxy-2-fluoro- D-glucose (FDG) imaging with a double-headed gamma camera operated in coincidence (hybrid PET) detection mode in patients with suspected spondylitis. |
Twelve out of 16 patients were found to be positive for spondylitis. Independent of the grade of infection and the location in the spine, all known infected vertebrae ( n=23, 9 thoracic, 12 lumbar, 2 sacral) were detected by FDG hybrid PET. T/B ratios higher than 1.45+/-0.05 (at 1 h p.i.) were indicative of infectious disease, whereas ratios below this value were found in cases of degenerative change. FDG hybrid PET was superior to MRI in patients who had a history of surgery and suffered from a high-grade infection in combination with paravertebral abscess formation ( n=2; further computed tomography was needed) and in those with low-grade spondylitis ( n=2, no oedema) or discitis ( n=2, mild oedema). False-positive 67Ga citrate images ( n=5: 2 spondylodiscitis, 1 aortitis, 1 pleuritis, 1 pulmonary tuberculosis) and 99mTc-MDP SPET ( n=4: 1 osteoporosis, 2 spondylodiscitis, 1 fracture) were equally well detected by FDG hybrid PET and MRI. No diagnostic problems were seen in the other patients ( n=5). In this study, FDG hybrid PET was superior to MRI, 67Ga citrate and (99m)Tc-MDP, especially in patients with low-grade spondylitis (as compared with MRI), adjacent soft tissue infections (as compared with 67Ga citrate) and advanced bone degeneration (as compared with 99mTc-MDP). |
4 |
| 105. Kourbeti IS, Tsiodras S, Boumpas DT. Spinal infections: evolving concepts. Curr Opin Rheumatol 2008;20:471-9. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss Spinal infections evolving concepts. |
The range of the pathogens causing spinal infections has expanded as a result of the increasing number of individuals at risk and enhanced diagnostics. The role of newer biological therapies in producing spinal infections has not been elucidated yet. Pyogenic bacteria still account for most of the cases; however, tuberculosis and brucellosis remain major causes in endemic countries and susceptible patients. Endoscopic techniques assist in sampling suspicious lesions and molecular microbiology has revolutionized diagnosis. Magnetic resonance imaging techniques remain the gold standard for diagnostic imaging; their role in follow-up is a matter of debate. Long-term antimicrobial treatment is currently the standard of care. The identification of individuals most likely to benefit from surgical intervention is crucial. Surgery may be required early to address any neurological deficits and later to treat infection refractory to conservative treatment. |
4 |
| 106. Ledermann HP, Schweitzer ME, Morrison WB, Carrino JA. MR imaging findings in spinal infections: rules or myths? Radiology. 2003;228(2):506-514. |
Observational-Dx |
44 patients |
To systematically evaluate magnetic resonance (MR) imaging findings described as being indicative of spinal infection in patients with proven spinal infection. |
In the 44 patients with disk infection, MR imaging criteria with good to excellent sensitivity included presence of paraspinal or epidural inflammation (n 43, 97.7% sensitivity), disk enhancement (n 42, 95.4% sensitivity), hyperintensity or fluid-equivalent disk signal intensity on T2-weighted MR images (n 41, 93.2%sensitivity), and erosion or destruction of at least one vertebral endplate (n 37, 84.1% sensitivity). Effacement of the nuclear cleft was only applicable in 18 patients (n 15, 83.3% sensitivity). Criteria with low sensitivity included decreased height of the intervertebral space (n 23, 52.3% sensitivity) and disk hypointensity on T1-weighted MR images (n 13, 29.5% sensitivity). Involvement of several spinal levels occurred in seven (16%) patients. Other spinal infections included isolated vertebral osteomyelitis (n 1) and primary epidural abscess (n 1). |
2 |
| 107. Palestro CJ, Kim CK, Swyer AJ, Vallabhajosula S, Goldsmith SJ. Radionuclide diagnosis of vertebral osteomyelitis: indium-111-leukocyte and technetium-99m-methylene diphosphonate bone scintigraphy. J Nucl Med 1991;32:1861-5. |
Observational-Dx |
71 patients |
To discuss the Radionuclide diagnosis of vertebral osteomyelitis. |
Vertebral labeled leukocyte activity was normal in 2, increased in 11, and decreased in 15 cases of osteomyelitis. The median duration of symptoms was significantly longer in patients with osteomyelitis and decreased vertebral activity than in patients with osteomyelitis and increased activity (3 mo versus 2 wk; p = 0.019). No significant relationship between the duration of antibiotic therapy and the appearance of vertebral osteomyelitis on leukocyte images was identified (p = 0.62). Increased vertebral activity was highly specific (98%) for osteomyelitis but relatively insensitive (39%). Decreased activity was neither sensitive (54%) nor specific (52%). Seven patients with clinically resolved infection underwent follow-up imaging. Of four patients who initially presented with increased activity, one had normal and three had decreased vertebral activity on follow up studies. All three patients with decreased activity initially had decreased activity on follow-up. Using increased or decreased activity as criteria for infection, the accuracy of leukocyte imaging for diagnosing vertebral osteomyelitis was 66%, similar to that of 99mTc bone imaging (63%) in our population. Leukocyte imaging did however provide important information about extraosseous infection in 12 of the patients studied. |
2 |
| 108. Mahnken AH, Wildberger JE, Adam G, et al. Is there a need for contrast-enhanced T1-weighted MRI of the spine after inconspicuous short tau inversion recovery imaging? Eur Radiol. 2005;15(7):1387-1392. |
Observational-Dx |
172 patients |
To assess the use of contrast- enhanced T1-weighted images in comparison with short t inversion recovery (STIR) images for the detection of vertebral bone marrow abnormalities. |
The PPV and the NPV of STIR images for detection of vertebral bone marrow abnormalities were 99.3 and 95.9%. In the case of normal STIRimages no relevant additional information was found with contrastenhanced T1-weighted images, while in the case of abnormal STIR images significant supplementary information was obtained. There was no difference in the diagnostic value when comparing combined assessment of STIR and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images with combined evaluation of T2-weighted and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images. Normal STIR images allow contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images for detection of bone marrow abnormalities to be omitted, whereas further imaging is needed in case of abnormal STIR images. |
3 |
| 109. Longo M, Granata F, Ricciardi K, Gaeta M, Blandino A. Contrast-enhanced MR imaging with fat suppression in adult-onset septic spondylodiscitis. [Review] [53 refs]. European Radiology. 13(3):626-37, 2003 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the Contrast-enhanced MR imaging with fat suppression in adult-onset septic spondylodiscitis. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 110. Moritani T, Kim J, Capizzano AA, Kirby P, Kademian J, Sato Y. Pyogenic and non-pyogenic spinal infections: emphasis on diffusion-weighted imaging for the detection of abscesses and pus collections. British Journal of Radiology. 87(1041):20140011, 2014 Sep. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To: 1. Demonstrate Diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) findings in pyogenic and non-pyogenic spinal infections involving epidural/subdural spaces, leptomeninges, spinal cord, paraspinal soft tissue and iliopsoas muscle as well as other disseminated infections. 2. Illustrate and discuss the differential diagnosis and imaging pitfalls. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 111. Dang L, Liu X, Dang G, et al. Primary tumors of the spine: a review of clinical features in 438 patients. J Neurooncol. 2015;121(3):513-520. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the Primary tumors of the spine |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 112. Patel KB, Poplawski MM, Pawha PS, Naidich TP, Tanenbaum LN. Diffusion-weighted MRI "claw sign" improves differentiation of infectious from degenerative modic type 1 signal changes of the spine. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 35(8):1647-52, 2014 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
73 patients |
To analyze the utility and accuracy of a novel, diffusion-weighted "claw sign" for distinguishing symptomatic type 1 degeneration from vertebral diskitis/osteomyelitis. |
When the 2 neuroradiologists identified a definite claw, 38 of 39 patients (97%) and 29 of 29 patients (100%) proved to be infection-free. When the readers identified a probable claw, 14 of 14 patients (100%) and 16 of 19 patients (84%) proved to be infection-free. Conversely, when the readers identified the absence of claw sign (diffuse DWI pattern), there was proved infection in 17 of 17 cases (100%) and 13 of 14 cases (93%). |
1 |
| 113. Varma R, Lander P, Assaf A. Imaging of pyogenic infectious spondylodiskitis. Radiol Clin North Am. 2001;39(2):203-213. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the Imaging of pyogenic infectious spondylodiskitis. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 114. Palestro CJ, Love C, Bhargava KK. Labeled leukocyte imaging: current status and future directions. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2009;53:105-23. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the current status and future directions of the labeled leukocyte imaging. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 115. Kouijzer IJE, Scheper H, de Rooy JWJ, et al. The diagnostic value of 18F-FDG-PET/CT and MRI in suspected vertebral osteomyelitis - a prospective study. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 45(5):798-805, 2018 05. |
Observational-Dx |
32 patients |
To determine the diagnostic value of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) positron emission tomography and computed tomography (PET/CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in diagnosing vertebral osteomyelitis. |
For 18F-FDG-PET/CT, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV in diagnosing vertebral osteomyelitis were 100%, 83.3%, 90.9%, and 100%, respectively. For MRI, sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were 100%, 91.7%, 95.2%, and 100%, respectively. MRI detected more epidural/spinal abscesses. An important advantage of 18F-FDG-PET/CT is the detection of metastatic infection (16 patients, 50.0%). |
2 |
| 116. Moynagh MR, Colleran GC, Tavernaraki K, Eustace SJ, Kavanagh EC. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging: assessment of skeletal metastases. [Review] [79 refs]. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol. 14(1):22-36, 2010 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To outline the current perspective of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging in the assessment of skeletal metastatic disease, with comparisons made to alternative whole-body imaging modalities. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 117. Patel PY, Dalal I, Griffith B. [(18)F]FDG-PET Evaluation of Spinal Pathology in Patients in Oncology: Pearls and Pitfalls for the Neuroradiologist. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2022;43:332-40. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the normal and posttherapy appearance of the spine on [18F]FDG-PET, the various types and patterns of metastatic disease that involve the spine and spinal cord, and, finally, important spinal pathologies that may mimic malignancy on [18F]FDG-PET. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 118. Shah LM, Salzman KL. Imaging of spinal metastatic disease. International Journal of Surgical Oncology Print. 2011:769753, 2011. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the review of the imaging techniques and typical imaging appearances of spinal metastatic disease. |
Awareness of the different manifestations of spinal metastatic disease is essential as the spine is the most common site of osseous metastatic disease. Imaging modalities have complimentary roles in the evaluation of spinal metastatic disease. CT best delineates osseous integrity, while MRI is better at assessing soft tissue involvement. Physiologic properties, particularly in treated disease, can be evaluated with other imaging modalities such as FDG PET and advanced MRI sequences. Imaging plays a fundamental role in not only diagnosis but also treatment planning of spinal metastatic disease. |
4 |
| 119. Tseng CL, Eppinga W, Charest-Morin R, et al. Spine Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy: Indications, Outcomes, and Points of Caution. Global spine j.. 7(2):179-197, 2017 Apr. |
Meta-analysis |
N/A |
To provide a technical review of spine stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) planning and delivery, indications for treatment, outcomes, complications, and the challenges of response assessment. The surgical approach to spinal metastases is discussed with an overview of emerging minimally invasive techniques. |
The optimal management of patients with spinal metastases is complex and requires multidisciplinary assessment from an oncologic team that is familiar with the shifting paradigm as a consequence of evolving techniques in surgery and stereotactic radiation, as well as new developments in systemic agents. The Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score and the epidural spinal cord compression (Bilsky) grading system are useful tools that facilitate communication among oncologic team members and can direct management by providing a baseline assessment of risks prior to therapy. The combined multimodality approach with "separation surgery" followed by postoperative spine SBRT achieves thecal sac decompression, improves tumor control, and avoids complications that may be associated with more extensive surgery. |
Inadequate |
| 120. Coleman RE, Rubens RD. The clinical course of bone metastases from breast cancer. Br J Cancer 1987;55:61-6. |
Review/Other-Dx |
2240 patients with primary breast cancer |
To study the incidence, prognosis, morbidity and response to treatment of bone metastases.To compare biological characteristics of the primary tumour in patients relapsing first in bone or liver. |
Sixty-nine percent of patients dying with breast cancer had bone metastases and bone was the commonest site of first distant relapse. Bone relapse was more common in receptor positive or well differentiated (grade 1) tumours. The median survival was 24 months in those with disease apparently confined to the skeleton compared with 3 months after first relapse in liver. Ten percent of patients with breast cancer developed hypercalcaemia. All had metastatic disease and 85% had widespread skeletal involvement. Fifteen percent of patients with disease confined to the skeleton developed hypercalcaemia. |
4 |
| 121. Schulman KL, Kohles J. Economic burden of metastatic bone disease in the U.S. Cancer 2007;109:2334-42. |
Observational-Dx |
396,200 patients |
To quantify the prevalence and direct medical care costs of patients with MBD and the resulting cost impact on U.S. oncology expenditure. |
Cancer prevalence in the U.S. during the study period was estimated at 4,861,987 cases annually, and 5.3% (n=256,137) of those patients had MBD. Rates of MBD were highest in patients with multiple myeloma (28.8%) and lung cancer (15.6%). The mean direct medical cost for all cancers combined was $75,329 for patients with MBD and $31,382 for controls. Regression-adjusted, incremental costs were $44,442 (P<.001) across all cancer types. The incremental cost was highest for patients with multiple myeloma ($63,455) and lowest for patients with lung cancer ($24,946). |
4 |
| 122. Zhang Y, Zhao C, Liu H, Hou H, Zhang H. Multiple metastasis-like bone lesions in scintigraphic imaging. J Biomed Biotechnol 2012;2012:957364. |
Review/Other-Dx |
5 patients |
To analyze multiple benign osteolytic lesions, like eosinophilic granuloma (EG), multiple myeloma (MM), disseminated tuberculosis, fibrous dysplasia, or enchondroma, occurring in our daily clinical work and concluded that additional attention should be paid before giving the diagnosis of multiple bone metastases. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 123. Cuccurullo V, Cascini GL, Tamburrini O, Rotondo A, Mansi L. Bone metastases radiopharmaceuticals: an overview. [Review]. Curr Radiopharm. 6(1):41-7, 2013 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the most important radiocompounds that can be successfully used to detect and/or characterize bone metastases. |
No results stated in the abstract |
4 |
| 124. Dadgar H, Norouzbeigi N, Jokar N, et al. Comparison of (18) F-NaF Imaging, (99m) Tc-MDP Scintigraphy, and (18) F-FDG for Detecting Bone Metastases. World J Nucl Med 2022;21:1-8. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the basic and technical aspects of 18 F-NaF imaging and its mechanism of action, and compare this modality with the 99m Tc-MDP bone scan and 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose using current evidence from the pertinent literature and case examples of the center in the study. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 125. Buhmann Kirchhoff S, Becker C, Duerr HR, Reiser M, Baur-Melnyk A. Detection of osseous metastases of the spine: comparison of high resolution multi-detector-CT with MRI. Eur J Radiol. 69(3):567-73, 2009 Mar. |
Observational-Dx |
79 patients |
To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of multi-slice-computed tomography (MDCT) for the detection of vertebral metastases in comparison to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). |
201/639 vertebral bodies were defined as metastatically affected by the gold standard. In MDCT 133/201 lesions, in MRI 198/201 lesions were detected. 68 vertebral bodies were false negative in MDCT, whereas 3 false negatives were found in MRI. 3 false positive results were obtained in MDCT, 5 in MRI. Sensitivity was significantly lower for MDCT (66.2%) than for MRI (98.5%) (p<0.0001). Specificity was not significantly different for both methods (MDCT: 99.3%; MRI: 98.9%). The diagnostic accuracy resulted in 88.8% for MDCT and 98.7% for MRI. |
3 |
| 126. Yu HH, Tsai YY, Hoffe SE. Overview of diagnosis and management of metastatic disease to bone. [Review]. Cancer Control. 19(2):84-91, 2012 Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the current literature pertaining to management of metastatic disease to bone, and the medical, radiotherapeutic, and surgical treatment options for management of bone metastasis are discussed. |
Current management of skeletal metastasis includes analgesia, systemic therapy, radiation therapy, and surgery. We propose treatment algorithms for management of vertebral and nonvertebral bone metastases and suggest individualized interventions based on clinical presentation. |
4 |
| 127. Headache Classification Committee of the International Headache Society (IHS) The International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition. Cephalalgia 2018;38:1-211. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss discuss classification of Headache Disorders. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 128. Jadvar H, Desai B, Conti PS. Sodium 18F-fluoride PET/CT of bone, joint, and other disorders. Semin Nucl Med 2015;45:58-65. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the current evidence on the diagnostic utility of (18)F-NaF in the imaging assessment of the bone and joint in a variety of clinical conditions. |
No results stated in the abstract |
4 |
| 129. Yang HL, Liu T, Wang XM, Xu Y, Deng SM. Diagnosis of bone metastases: a meta-analysis comparing 18FDG PET, CT, MRI and bone scintigraphy. [Review]. Eur Radiol. 21(12):2604-17, 2011 Dec. |
Meta-analysis |
145 studies |
To perform a meta-analysis to compare (18)FDG PET, CT, MRI and bone scintigraphy (BS) for the diagnosis of bone metastases. |
67 articles consisting of 145 studies fulfilled all inclusion criteria. On per-patient basis, the pooled sensitivity estimates for PET, CT, MRI and BS were 89.7%, 72.9%, 90.6% and 86.0% respectively. PET=MRI>BS>CT. ("="indicated no significant difference, P > 0.05; ">" indicated significantly higher, P < 0.05). The pooled specificity estimates for PET, CT, MRI and BS were 96.8%, 94.8%, 95.4% and 81.4% respectively. PET = CT = MRI>BS. On per-lesion basis, the pooled sensitivity estimates for PET, CT, MRI and BS were 86.9%, 77.1%, 90.4% and 75.1% respectively. PET = MRI>BS>CT. The pooled specificity estimates for PET, CT, MRI and BS were 97.0%, 83.2%, 96.0% and 93.6% respectively. PET>MRI>BS>CT. |
Good |
| 130. Kwon HW, Becker AK, Goo JM, Cheon GJ. FDG Whole-Body PET/MRI in Oncology: a Systematic Review. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2017;51:22-31. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the systematic review of the FDG Whole-Body PET/MRI in Oncology |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 131. Fraum TJ, Fowler KJ, McConathy J. Conspicuity of FDG-Avid Osseous Lesions on PET/MRI Versus PET/CT: a Quantitative and Visual Analysis. Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2016;50:228-39. |
Observational-Dx |
190 patients |
To evaluate whether MRI-based AC compromises detection of FFBLs, by comparing their conspicuity both quantitatively and qualitatively on PET/MRI versus PET/CT. |
SUV-mean was lower on PET/MRI for both FFBLs (-6.5 %, p = 0.009) and BB (-20.5 %, p < 0.001). SUV-max was lower on PET/MRI for BB (-14.2 %, p = 0.002) but not for FFBLs (-6.2 %, p = 0.068). The ratio of FFBL SUV-mean to BB SUV-mean was higher for PET/MRI (+29.5 %, p < 0.001). Forty of 50 lesions (80 %) were visually deemed to be of equal or greater conspicuity on PET images derived from PET/MRI. Thirty-five of 50 FFBLs (70 %) had CT correlates, while 40/50 FFBLs (80 %) had a correlate on at least one MRI sequence. The mean interval from tracer administration to imaging was longer (p < 0.001) for PET/MRI (127 v. 62 min). |
2 |
| 132. Beiderwellen K, Huebner M, Heusch P, et al. Whole-body [18F]FDG PET/MRI vs. PET/CT in the assessment of bone lesions in oncological patients: initial results. Eur Radiol. 24(8):2023-30, 2014 Aug. |
Observational-Dx |
67 patients |
To compare [(18)F]FDG PET/MRI with PET/CT for the assessment of bone lesions in oncologic patients. |
Bone metastases were present in ten patients (15%), and benign bone lesions in 15 patients (22%). Bone metastases were predominantly localized in the pelvis (18 lesions, 38%) and the spine (14 lesions, 29%). Benign bone lesions were exclusively osteosclerotic and smaller than the metastases (mean size 6 mm vs. 23 mm). While PET/CT allowed identification of 45 of 48 bone metastases (94%), PET/MRI allowed identification of all bone metastases (100%). Conspicuity of metastases was high for both modalities with significantly better results using PET/MRI (p < 0.05). Diagnostic confidence in lesion detection was high for both modalities without a significant difference. In benign lesions, conspicuity and diagnostic confidence were significantly higher with PET/CT (p < 0.05). |
1 |
| 133. Heindel W, Gubitz R, Vieth V, Weckesser M, Schober O, Schafers M. The diagnostic imaging of bone metastases. [Review]. Dtsch. Arztebl. int.. 111(44):741-7, 2014 Oct 31. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To detect skeletal metastases early, whenever they are suspected on the basis of clinical or laboratory findings or in patients who are at high risk. Other important issues include assessment of the risk of fracture and the response to treatment. |
Projectional radiography (plain films) is still useful for the immediate investigation of symptomatic bone pain and for the assessment of stability. Skeletal scintigraphy, the classic screening test for patients with cancer who do not have bone pain (specificity 81%, sensitivity 86%), has now been supplemented-in some cases, replaced-by other techniques. CT, including lowdose CT, is used to detect changes in bone structure due to metastases of some types of primary tumor (specificity 95%, sensitivity 73%); whole-body MRI, to detect metastases in the bone marrow and extraosseous soft tissues, e.g., metastases compressing the spinal cord (specificity 95%, sensitivity 91%); PET-CT, to detect metabolically active tumors (specificity 97%, sensitivity 90%). |
4 |
| 134. Usmani S, Marafi F, Ahmed N, Esmail A, Al Kandari F, Van den Wyngaert T. Diagnostic Challenge of Staging Metastatic Bone Disease in the Morbidly Obese Patients: A Primary Study Evaluating the Usefulness of 18F-Sodium Fluoride (NaF) PET-CT. Clin Nucl Med. 42(11):829-836, 2017 Nov. |
Observational-Dx |
212 patients |
To assess the diagnostic efficacy of sodium fluoride positron emission tomography computed tomography (F-NaF PET-CT) in the evaluation of bone metastases in obese cancer patients. |
F-NaF PET-CT was definitely benign in 145, possibly benign in 3, equivocal in 4, possibly malignant in 13, and definitely malignant in 47 patients. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of F-NaF PET-CT were 93.1%, 96.1%, 90%, 97.3%, and 95.2%, respectively (95% confidence interval). |
2 |
| 135. Kruger S, Buck AK, Mottaghy FM, et al. Detection of bone metastases in patients with lung cancer: 99mTc-MDP planar bone scintigraphy, 18F-fluoride PET or 18F-FDG PET/CT. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 36(11):1807-12, 2009 Nov. |
Observational-Dx |
126 patients bone scintigraphy (n=58) or FDG-PET (n=68); 2 readers |
To compare the diagnostic accuracy of FDG- PET/CT vs standard planar bone scintigraphy and 18F-fluoride PET for the detection of bone metastases in NSCLC. |
92 patients showed degenerative lesions (grade 4/5) on PET/CT, bone scintigraphy or 18F-fluoride PET. In 34 patients (27%) bone metastases lesions were diagnosed (grades 1 and 2). In 13/18 patients bone metastases were concordantly diagnosed with PET/CT and 18F-fluoride PET. PET/CT showed more bone metastases compared to 18F-fluoride PET (53 vs 40). In one patient one osteolytic bone metastases was false-negative on 18F-fluoride PET. However, 18F-fluoride PETidentified 4 patients with bone metastases compared to negative findings on PET/CT. Of 16 patients, 11 had concordant findings of bone metastases on PET/CT and bone scintigraphy. In 3 patients bone scintigraphy was false-negative and in two patients bone metastases were diagnosed as indifferent. Integrated FDG-PET/CT is superior to bone scintigraphy in the detection of osteolytic bone metastases in NSCLC. Thus, PET/CT may obviate the need to perform additional BS or 18F-fluoride PET in the staging of NSCLC, which significantly reduces costs. |
2 |
| 136. O'Sullivan GJ, Carty FL, Cronin CG. Imaging of bone metastasis: An update. World J Radiol. 2015;7(8):202-211. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the Imaging of bone metastasis |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 137. Choi J, Raghavan M. Diagnostic imaging and image-guided therapy of skeletal metastases. [Review]. Cancer Control. 19(2):102-12, 2012 Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the reviews of current methods of diagnostic imaging in the evaluation of skeletal metastases and image-guided treatment of bone metastases for the palliation of pain based primarily on the assessment of imaging and interventional radiologic literature. |
Approaches to diagnostic imaging of skeletal metastases are summarized. Skeletal scintigraphy provides high sensitivity for detecting skeletal metastases, but targeted computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be needed to increase specificity. Newer imaging modalities, such as positron emission tomography (PET)/CT, improve detection of both lytic and blastic metastases. Minimally invasive percutaneous ablative treatment techniques, including radiofrequency ablation, microwave ablation, and cryoablation, are examined. They provide alternative approaches to radiation therapy to effectively palliate pain of bone metastases. Preliminary results of MR-guided focused ultrasound surgery (MRgFUS) demonstrate its effectiveness in palliating pain from skeletal metastases. |
4 |
| 138. Chazen JL, Roytman M, Yoon ES, Mullen TK, Lebl DR. CT-Guided C2 Dorsal Root Ganglion Radiofrequency Ablation for the Treatment of Cervicogenic Headache: Case Series and Clinical Outcomes. Ajnr: American Journal of Neuroradiology. 43(4):575-578, 2022 04. |
Review/Other-Dx |
11 patients |
To present 11 patients with cervicogenic headache who underwent C2 dorsal root ganglion thermal radiofrequency ablation. Radiologists should be familiar with this efficacious procedure and technical considerations to avoid complications. |
No results stated in the abstract. |
4 |
| 139. Demont A, Lafrance S, Benaissa L, Mawet J. Cervicogenic headache, an easy diagnosis? A systematic review and meta-analysis of diagnostic studies. [Review]. Musculoskelet Sci Pract. 62:102640, 2022 Dec. |
Meta-analysis |
11 studies |
To update and evaluate available evidence of the prevalence and the diagnostic accuracy of the detailed history and clinical findings for CGH in adults with headache. |
Eleven studies were included. Moderate certainty evidence indicated that the CFRT differentiated CGH from lower cervical facet-induced headache, migraine, concomitant headaches or asymptomatic subjects (Se 83.0% [95%CI:70.0%-92.0%]; Sp 83.0% [95%CI:71.0%-91.0%]; positive LR 5.0 [95%CI:2.6-9.5]; negative LR 0.2 [95%CI:0.1-0.4]; n = 4 studies; n = 182 participants). Several diagnostic classifications and test clusters based on headache history and clinical findings can be useful, despite uncertain accuracy, in formulating the diagnosis of CGH. |
Good |
| 140. Avijgan M, Thomas LC, Osmotherly PG, Bolton PS. A Systematic Review of the Diagnostic Criteria Used to Select Participants in Randomised Controlled Trials of Interventions Used to Treat Cervicogenic Headache. Headache. 60(1):15-27, 2020 01. |
Review/Other-Dx |
39 randomized controlled trials |
The aim of this study was to determine the diagnostic criteria used in randomized controlled trials to define trial participants as having cervicogenic headache (CeH). |
Two independent reviewers found most trials cited 1 (31/39; 79.5%) or more (3/39; 7.6%) references to define the criteria used to identify CeH in their study participants. In spite of updated publications concerning the characteristics and definition of CeH, many (27/39; 69.2%) used diagnostic criteria published between 5 and 24 years prior to the randomized controlled trial. The most commonly cited diagnostic criteria included unilateral headache (18/39; 46.2%), cervical movement or sustained posture that either provoked (18/39; 46.2%) or precipitated (17/39; 43.6%) the headache. Fifteen trials did not exclude participants with signs or symptoms of other forms of headache. Although anesthetic blockade of cervical tissue or nerves is considered necessary for a "definitive" diagnosis, only 7.6% (3/39) of trials used anesthetic blockade at recruitment. |
4 |
| 141. Coskun O, Ucler S, Karakurum B, et al. Magnetic resonance imaging of patients with cervicogenic headache. Cephalalgia. 2003;23(8):842-845. |
Observational-Dx |
22 patients; 20 control patients |
To evaluate cervical structures in patients with Cervicogenic headache (CH) using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). |
In this study, cervical MRI were studied in 22 patients with cervicogenic headache and 20 control patients who did not have any disease which may effect the bone and muscle structures of cervical region. MRI imaging of cervical vertebra showed a disc bulging in 10 (45.4%) out of 22 patients with CH and in 9 (45.0%) of 20 controls (P > 0.05). The distribution of pathological lesions in patients and controls were not significantly different (P > 0.05). As a result, MRI may not be an adequate method to detect pathological findings underlying the aetiology of CH such as nerve roots, intervertebral joints and periosteum. |
2 |
| 142. Viana M, Sances G, Terrazzino S, Sprenger T, Nappi G, Tassorelli C. When cervical pain is actually migraine: An observational study in 207 patients. Cephalalgia 2018;38:383-88. |
Observational-Dx |
207 patients |
To aim to phenotype and classify the headache of patients with self-diagnosed CP, and to describe this sample of patients. Methods Consecutive patients aged 18 to 75 years, referred to the Headache Center of the Mondino Institute (Pavia, Italy) for a first visit for headache, completed a questionnaire about CP and were subsequently examined by an experienced clinician. |
Out of 207 patients, 132 (64%) believed they suffered from CP. According to ICHD-IIIß criteria, these patients suffered from migraine or probable migraine in 91% of cases. The great majority of patients who believed that they suffered from CP underwent unnecessary medical exams (including radiation exposure in 40% of cases) and used treatments that were inadequate for their real diagnosis |
2 |
| 143. Hu JQ, Zhang J, Ru B, et al. Computed tomography-guided radiofrequency ablation of cervical intervertebral discs for the treatment of refractory cervicogenic headache: A retrospective chart review. Headache. 62(7):839-847, 2022 07. |
Observational-Dx |
44 patients |
To evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of computed tomography (CT)-guided radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of cervical intervertebral discs for the treatment of discogenic cervicogenic headache (CEH). |
A total of 44 patients who underwent CT-guided RFA of cervical intervertebral discs were enrolled and 41 of them were analyzed in the present study. The preoperative median (25th, 75th) NRS score was 4 (4, 5), and it was significantly reduced to 1 (0, 4) 6 months after RFA (p < 0.001). The number of patients with =50% of their pain relieved after 6 months was 28 of 41 (68%). No serious treatment-related complications occurred in this study. Compared with single-level RFA, multi-level RFA shows greater effects on pain intensity reduction (p = 0.032) and pain relief rate (p = 0.047) of patients. |
2 |
| 144. Jensen RK, Jensen TS, Gron S, et al. Prevalence of MRI findings in the cervical spine in patients with persistent neck pain based on quantification of narrative MRI reports. Chiropr Man Therap. 27:13, 2019. |
Observational-Dx |
611 patients |
1) to examine inter-rater reliability among a group of chiropractic master students in extracting information about cervical MRI-findings from radiologists´ narrative reports, and 2) to describe the prevalence of MRI findings in the cervical spine among different age groups in patients above age 18 with neck pain. |
In total, narrative MRI reports from 611 patients were included. The patients had a mean age of 52 years (SD 13; range 19-87) and 63% were women. The inter-observer agreement in coding MRI findings ranged from substantial (? = 0.78, CI: 0.33-1.00) to almost perfect (? = 0.98, CI: 0.95-1.00).The most prevalent MRI findings were foraminal stenosis (77%), uncovertebral arthrosis (74%) and disc degeneration (67%) while the least prevalent findings were nerve root compromise (2%) and Modic changes type 2 (6%). Modic type 1 was mentioned in 25% of the radiologists' reports. The prevalence of all findings increased with age, except disc herniation which was most prevalent for patients in their forties. |
2 |
| 145. Lee HJ, Cho HH, Nahm FS, Lee PB, Choi E. Pulsed Radiofrequency Ablation of the C2 Dorsal Root Ganglion Using a Posterior Approach for Treating Cervicogenic Headache: A Retrospective Chart Review. Headache. 60(10):2463-2472, 2020 Nov. |
Observational-Dx |
114 patients |
To evaluate the efficacy and complications of C2 dorsal root ganglion (DRG) pulsed radiofrequency ablation (RFA) for cervicogenic headache (CEH) and to identify factors related to the outcome of the procedure in this retrospective analysis. |
Fluoroscopy-guided C2 DRG block was performed in 114 patients with CEH. Forty-five patients received C2 DRG pulsed RFA and 40.0% among them (18/45, success group) had =50% pain relief after 6 months. There were no post-procedure complications throughout the study period. Significantly more patients in the success group than in the failure group had a definite positive response (=50% pain relief) to a previous C2 DRG block (P < .001). |
2 |
| 146. Togha M, Bahrpeyma F, Jafari M, Nasiri A. A sonographic comparison of the effect of dry needling and ischemic compression on the active trigger point of the sternocleidomastoid muscle associated with cervicogenic headache: A randomized trial. J Back Musculoskeletal Rehabil. 33(5):749-759, 2020. |
Observational-Dx |
29 female subjects |
To compare the effect of dry needling (DN) and ischemic compression (IC) on the headache symptoms as well as MTrP-related features in subjects with CeH originating from MTrPs of the SCM muscle using a sonographic method. |
In both DN and IC groups, a significant improvement was found in the headache intensity, duration, frequency, PPT, and MTrP area (P< 0.05). No significant differences were observed between DN and IC (P> 0.05). Pearson correlation revealed a significant correlation between headache intensity and the MTrP elastic modulus (P< 0.05). |
2 |
| 147. Wang L, Das S, Yang H. DTI of great occipital nerve neuropathy: an initial study in patients with cervicogenic headache. Clin Radiol. 74(11):899.e1-899.e6, 2019 Nov. |
Observational-Dx |
23 patients |
To assess differences in bilateral great occipital nerves (GONs) in patients with unilateral cervicogenic headache (CEH) using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). |
The mean GON FA for the symptomatic side was significantly lower (0.198±0.056) than that on the other side (0.311±0.04; p=0.000). The mean GON ADC for the symptomatic side was significantly higher (0.682±0.174) than that on the other side (0.465±0.138; p=0.000). Among the three defined segments of GON, statistically significant differences of ADC values were not found at segment S3 (0.692±0.257 versus 0.557±0.230; p=0.068). There were statistically significant differences of FA and ADC values in bilateral GON of segments S1 and S2. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) of intra-/interobserver statistical analysis showed excellent inter/intra-observer agreement for FA and ADC. Significant correlation was only found between the duration and ADC. |
2 |
| 148. Huang Z, Bai Z, Yan J, et al. Association Between Muscle Morphology Changes, Cervical Spine Degeneration, and Clinical Features in Patients with Chronic Nonspecific Neck Pain: A Magnetic Resonance Imaging Analysis. World Neurosurg. 159:e273-e284, 2022 Mar. |
Observational-Dx |
55 patients |
To investigate the correlations among cervical paraspinal muscle morphology changes (fatty infiltration [FI] and muscle atrophy), cervical degeneration, and clinical features in patients with chronic nonspecific neck pain (CNSNP). |
Significant correlations between FI% and aCSA and the grade of disc degeneration were observed in specific muscle groups at each level (P < 0.05). Morphological changes in the deep extensors and superficial paraspinal muscles were significantly associated with the cervical balance parameters (P < 0.05). The FI% showed a significant positive correlation, and the aCSA showed a significant negative correlation with the severity of neck pain and related disability (P < 0.05). Correlations between the morphological changes and the frequency of acute neck pain recurrence were also present in specific muscles (P < 0.05). |
2 |
| 149. Makki D, Khazim R, Zaidan AA, Ravi K, Toma T. Single photon emission computerized tomography (SPECT) scan-positive facet joints and other spinal structures in a hospital-wide population with spinal pain. Spine Journal: Official Journal of the North American Spine Society. 10(1):58-62, 2010 Jan. |
Review/Other-Dx |
534 patients |
To evaluate the prevalence of SPECT scan-positive facet joints and other spinal areas in different age groups in a hospital-wide population with spinal pain. |
A total of 486 patients (91.1%) had at least one positive abnormality on SPECT scan; 81.3% had increased uptake in different structures and regions of the spine. This included 42.8% increased uptake in the facet joint 29.8% in the vertebral bodies/end plates, and 5.9% in sacroiliac joints. The prevalence of increased uptake in the lumbosacral and cervical spine was 44% and 37%, respectively. When patients were divided into five age groups (below 40, 40-49, 50-59, 60-69, and 70 years and older), there was a significantly higher increased prevalence in advancing age groups. |
4 |
| 150. Matar HE, Navalkissoor S, Berovic M, et al. Is hybrid imaging (SPECT/CT) a useful adjunct in the management of suspected facet joints arthropathy?. International Orthopaedics. 37(5):865-70, 2013 May. |
Observational-Dx |
72 patients |
To assess the value of single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/CT imaging in patients with chronic spinal pain. |
Seventy-two patients were included (37 females, 35 males, mean age of 53.9 years). There were 25 cervical spine scans and 49 lumbar spine scans. In the cervical spine group, 13 (52 %) patients had scintigraphically active cervical facet joint arthropathy and ten (36 %) had other pathology identified. Two thirds of patients diagnosed with facet joint arthropathy received steroid guided injections following their scans. In the lumbar spine group 34 (69.4 %) patients had scintigraphically active lumbar facet joint arthropathy and eight had other pathology identified. Twenty patients (58.8 %) diagnosed with facet joint arthropathy subsequently received steroid guided injections. |
3 |
| 151. Woods BI, Hilibrand AS. Cervical radiculopathy: epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment. [Review]. J Spinal Disord Tech. 28(5):E251-9, 2015 Jun. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the epidemiology, etiology, diagnosis, and treatment of Cervical radiculopathy. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 152. Chin KR, Eiszner JR, Huang JL, Huang JI, Roh JS, Bohlman HH. Myelographic evaluation of cervical spondylosis: patient tolerance and complications. J Spinal Disord Tech. 21(5):334-7, 2008 Jul. |
Observational-Dx |
637 patients |
To assess documented prevalence of adverse events after diagnostic myelography in cervical spondylotic patients and compared with perceived adverse events and satisfaction in a subset of the same cohort of patients. |
There was a 4.4% (28/637) prevalence of documented abnormal reactions. Group 1 had a 4.9% (25/506) prevalence of adverse reactions compared with 3.4% (3/89) in group 2. Overall 6.6% (42/637) had to have their myelographic procedures converted. Group 1 had 7% (38/544) converted to the lumbar approach group 2 had 4.3% (4/93) converted to the cervical approach. Thirty percent of the 100 patients interviewed felt they had an unexpected reaction (28 group 1 and 2 group 2). When interviewed, 14% of patients had maximum pain scores of 10 during the procedure and 8% (all group 1) felt worse pain after the procedure was completed. Six group 1 and 2 group 2 patients would not have the procedure again even when recommended by the surgeon. There was no statistically significant difference between complication rates, conversion rates, or patient perceived unexpected reactions between the 2 groups (beta=0.90). |
2 |
| 153. Marco B, Evans D, Symonds N, et al. Determining the level of cervical radiculopathy: Agreement between visual inspection of pain drawings and magnetic resonance imaging. Pain pract.. 23(1):32-40, 2023 01. |
Observational-Dx |
98 participants |
To assess (1) the agreement of clinical interpretation of pain drawings and MRI findings in identifying the affected level of cervical radiculopathy, (2) the agreement of these predictions based on the pain drawing among four clinicians from two different professions (i.e., physiotherapy and surgery) and (3) the topographical pain distribution of people presenting with cervical radiculopathy (C4-C7). |
The radiculopathy level determined from the pain drawings showed poor overall agreement with MRI (mean = 35.7%, K = -0.007 to 0.139). The inter-clinician agreement ranged from fair to moderate (K = 0.212-0.446). Topographic frequency maps revealed that pain distributions were widespread and overlapped markedly between patients presenting with different levels cervical radiculopathy. |
1 |
| 154. Kudo H, Yokoyama T, Tsushima E, et al. Interobserver and intraobserver reliability of the classification and diagnosis for ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament of the cervical spine. Eur Spine J. 2013;22(1):205-210. |
Review/Other-Dx |
16 observers |
To investigate the interobserver and intraobserver reliability of the classification and diagnosis for OPLL by radiographs and CT images. |
Interobserver reliability of the classification with radiographs only showed moderate agreement, but interobserver reliability with both radiographs and CT images showed substantial agreement. Intraobserver of reliability the classification was also improved by additional CT images. Interobserver reliability of the diagnosis with both radiographs and CT images was almost similar to with radiographs only. Intraobserver reliability of the diagnosis was improved by additional CT images. |
4 |
| 155. Engel G, Bender YY, Adams LC, et al. Evaluation of osseous cervical foraminal stenosis in spinal radiculopathy using susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Eur Radiol. 29(4):1855-1862, 2019 Apr. |
Observational-Dx |
21 patients |
To evaluate the diagnostic performance of susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (SW-MRI) for the evaluation of osseous foraminal stenosis (FS) of the cervical spine compared to conventional MRI-sequences, using computed tomography (CT) as a reference standard. |
Fifty-six of 58 osseous foraminal stenosis could be correctly identified on SW-MR magnitude images. SW-MRI achieved a sensitivity of 96.6% and specificity of 99.5% for the identification of foraminal stenosis. In comparison, conventional T1-weighted MRI sequences achieved a sensitivity and specificity of 43.1% and 100% respectively. T2-weighted MRI sequences achieved a sensitivity and specificity of 65.5% and 99.1%, respectively. The overall detection rate was significantly (p < 0.05) higher on SW-MRI and there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in severity scoring compared to CT. T1- and T2-weighted MRI underestimated the degree of foraminal stenosis. Intermodality and interobserver agreements were highest for SW-MRI. |
2 |
| 156. Yang X, Arts MP, Bartels RHMA, Vleggeert-Lankamp CLA. The type of cervical disc herniation on MRI does not correlate to clinical outcomes. Bone Joint J. 104-B(11):1242-1248, 2022 Nov. |
Observational-Dx |
46 patients |
To investigate whether the type of cervical disc herniation influences the severity of symptoms at the time of presentation, and the outcome after surgical treatment. |
At baseline, 46 patients had a disc bulge and 62 had a herniation. There was no significant difference in the mean NDI and SF-36 between the two groups at baseline. Those in the disc bulge group had a mean NDI of 44.6 (SD 15.2) compared with 43.8 (SD 16.0) in the herniation group (p = 0.799), and a mean SF-36 of 59.2 (SD 6.9) compared with 59.4 (SD 7.7) (p = 0.895). Likewise, there was no significant difference in the incidence of disabling arm pain in the disc bulge and herniation groups (84% vs 73%; p = 0.163), and no significant difference in the incidence of disabling neck pain in the two groups (70.5% (n = 31) vs 63% (n = 39); p = 0.491). At two years after surgery, no significant difference was found in any of the clinical parameters between the two groups. |
1 |
| 157. Argentieri EC, Koff MF, Breighner RE, Endo Y, Shah PH, Sneag DB. Diagnostic Accuracy of Zero-Echo Time MRI for the Evaluation of Cervical Neural Foraminal Stenosis. Spine. 43(13):928-933, 2018 07 01. |
Observational-Dx |
34 patients |
To evaluate the clinical utility of Zero-Echo-Time (ZTE) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for the assessment of cervical neural foraminal stenosis (CNFS) through the comparison of inter-modality [computed tomography (CT) and ZTE-MRI] CNFS grade severity |
Substantial agreement (? = 0.72) was found between ZTE- and CT-based grades of CNFS. Significant inter-modality differences in cervical spine curvature were found for all motion segments, except C2-3 and C3-4 (P < 0.05). However, no significant relationship was found between inter-modality differences in curvature, and inter-modality differences in CNFS grade for any motion segment (P = 0.28). |
2 |
| 158. Bender YY, Diederichs G, Walter TC, et al. Differentiation of Osteophytes and Disc Herniations in Spinal Radiculopathy Using Susceptibility-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging. Invest Radiol. 52(2):75-80, 2017 02. |
Observational-Dx |
81 patients |
To evaluate the diagnostic performance of susceptibility-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (SW-MRI) for the differentiation of osteophytes and disc herniations of the spine compared with that of conventional spine MR sequences and radiography. |
This study was approved by the local ethics review board; written consent was obtained from all subjects. Eighty-one patients with suspected radiculopathy of the spine were included prospectively. Radiography, T1/T2, and SW-MRI of the cervical/lumbar spine were performed. As reference standard, 93 osteophytes (n = 48 patients) were identified on radiographs in combination with conventional T1/T2 images. One hundred fourteen posterior disc herniations (n = 60 patients) were identified on T1/T2 in combination with radiography excluding osteophytes. For this study, 2 observers independently assessed the presence of osteophytes and disc herniations on T1/T2 and SW-MRI, with radiographs excluded from the analysis. In a subgroup of patients (n = 19), additional computed tomography images were evaluated. Sensitivity, specificity, and interobserver agreement were calculated. |
2 |
| 159. Freund W, Weber F, Hoepner G, Meier R, Klessinger S. Coronal oblique orientation of the neural foramen improves cervical spine MRI: A comparison of the sensitivity of different angulations. Clin Imaging. 53:162-168, 2019 Jan - Feb. |
Observational-Dx |
40 patients |
To discuss the comparison of the sensitivity of different angulations of the coronal oblique orientation of the neural foramen improves cervical spine MRI |
The sensitivity/specificity required to detect the relevant neural foramen pathology was 0.47/0.60 for axial, 0.57/0.90 for sagittal and 0.55/0.70 for coronal oblique scans. The readers felt significantly more confident in attributing the cause of pathology using coronal oblique planes. Interreader reliability was moderate to substantial, with the highest values for the sagittal planes (0.39-0.76) and lower values for the transversal and coronal oblique planes (0.15-0.63). Intrareader reliability was substantial, with values between 0.53 and 0.88. Reading the axial planes was significantly more time consuming than reading the other planes. |
2 |
| 160. Wang Q, Li H, Kong J, Li X, Feng L, Wu Z. Diagnostic agreement between 3.0-T MRI sequences of nerve root and surgery in patients with cervical radiculopathy: A retrospective study. Medicine. 100(4):e24207, 2021 Jan 29. |
Observational-Dx |
45 patients |
To compare the diagnostic values of three 3.0-T MRI sequences used in the imaging of cervical nerve roots.This study included 2 phases. In the first phase (n = 45 patients), the most optimal MRI sequence was determined. |
In the first phase (n = 45 patients), the most optimal MRI sequence was determined. In the second phase, this MRI sequence was compared with surgical results (n = 31 patients). The three-dimensional double-echo steady-state (3D-DESS), multi-echo data image combination (MEDIC), and 3D sampling perfection with application-optimized contrasts using different flip angle evolutions (3D-SPACE) sequences were performed to analyze the image quality. Furthermore, the most optimal MRI sequence was compared with surgical results to determine the agreement rate.The image quality scores of the 3 sequences were significantly different (P < .05). The score for 3D-DESS sequence was superior to that of MEDIC sequence, while the score for 3D-SPACE sequence was the worst. For visualization of compressed nerve roots, 3D-DESS sequence was superior to the other 2 sequences in terms of the total quality score and compressed nerve root score. Therefore, 3D-DESS sequence was used for MRI in 31 patients with cervical spondylosis in the second phase of this study. The diagnostic agreement rate was 93.5%.This study concluded that in patients with cervical radiculopathy, the 3D-DESS sequence is superior to the MEDIC and 3D-SPACE sequences and shows a high agreement rate with the surgical diagnosis. |
2 |
| 161. National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education; Committee on National Statistics; Committee on Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. In: Becker T, Chin M, Bates N, eds. Measuring Sex, Gender Identity, and Sexual Orientation. Washington (DC): National Academies Press (US) Copyright 2022 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.; 2022. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Sex and gender are often conflated under the assumptions that they are mutually determined and do not differ from each other; however, the growing visibility of transgender and intersex populations, as well as efforts to improve the measurement of sex and gender across many scientific fields, has demonstrated the need to reconsider how sex, gender, and the relationship between them are conceptualized. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 162. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction. Available at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Appropriateness-Criteria/RadiationDoseAssessmentIntro.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide evidence-based guidelines on exposure of patients to ionizing radiation. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
