| 1. Cram P, Lu X, Kates SL, Singh JA, Li Y, Wolf BR. Total knee arthroplasty volume, utilization, and outcomes among Medicare beneficiaries, 1991-2010. JAMA 2012;308:1227-36. |
Observational-Tx |
3,271,851 patients |
To examine longitudinal trends in volume, utilization, and outcomes for primary and revision TKA between 1991 and 2010 in the US Medicare population. |
Between 1991 and 2010 annual primary TKA volume increased 161.5% from 93,230 to 243,802 while per capita utilization increased 99.2% (from 31.2 procedures per 10,000 Medicare enrollees in 1991 to 62.1 procedures per 10,000 in 2010). Revision TKA volume increased 105.9% from 9650 to 19,871 while per capita utilization increased 59.4% (from 3.2 procedures per 10,000 Medicare enrollees in 1991 to 5.1 procedures per 10,000 in 2010). For primary TKA, LOS decreased from 7.9 days (95% CI, 7.8-7.9) in 1991-1994 to 3.5 days (95% CI, 3.5-3.5) in 2007-2010 (P < .001). For primary TKA, rates of adverse outcomes resulting in readmission remained stable between 1991-2010, but rates of all-cause 30-day readmission increased from 4.2% (95% CI, 4.1%-4.2%) to 5.0% (95% CI, 4.9%-5.0%) (P < .001). For revision TKA, the decrease in hospital LOS was accompanied by an increase in all-cause 30-day readmission from 6.1% (95% CI, 5.9%-6.4%) to 8.9% (95% CI, 8.7%-9.2%) (P < .001) and an increase in readmission for wound infection from 1.4% (95% CI, 1.3%-1.5%) to 3.0% (95% CI, 2.9%-3.1%) (P < .001). |
2 |
| 2. Daigle ME, Weinstein AM, Katz JN, Losina E. The cost-effectiveness of total joint arthroplasty: a systematic review of published literature. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2012;26:649-58. |
Review/Other-Tx |
7 studies |
To summarise the state of the literature evaluating the cost-effectiveness of elective total hip and knee arthroplasty (THA and TKA). |
Seven studies presenting cost-effectiveness ratios for TKA and six studies for THA were included in our review. All economic evaluations of TKA were published between 2006 and 2012. By contrast, THA studies were published between 1996 and 2008. Out of the 13 studies evaluated in this review, four were from the societal perspective and eight were from the payer perspective. Five studies spanned the lifetime horizon. Of the selected studies, six used probabilistic sensitivity analysis to address uncertainty in data parameters. Both procedures have been shown to be highly cost-effective from the societal perspective over the entire lifespan. |
4 |
| 3. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ). Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). Available at: http://www.ahrq.gov/research/data/hcup/index.html. |
Review/Other-Tx |
N/A |
To provide a comprehensive source of hospital care data, including information on in-patient stays, ambulatory surgery and services visits, and emergency department encounters. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 4. Mulcahy H, Chew FS. Current concepts in knee replacement: features and imaging assessment. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2013;201:W828-42. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review current concepts of knee replacement. |
It is well known that after knee replacement, patients with complications may be asymptomatic, and, for this reason, assessment of postoperative imaging is important. The foundation of radiologic interpretation of knee replacement is knowledge of the physiologic purpose, orthopedic trends, imaging findings, and complications. |
4 |
| 5. Weinstein AM, Rome BN, Reichmann WM, et al. Estimating the burden of total knee replacement in the United States. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2013;95:385-92. |
Review/Other-Tx |
N/A |
To quantify the burden of total knee replacement in the U.S. by estimating the number of adults currently alive with a primary or revision total knee replacement. |
We estimated that 4.0 million (95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.6 million to 4.4 million) adults in the U.S. currently live with a total knee replacement, representing 4.2% (95% CI: 3.7% to 4.6%) of the population fifty years of age or older. The prevalence was higher among females (4.8%) than among males (3.4%) and increased with age. The lifetime risk of primary total knee replacement from the age of twenty-five years was 7.0% (95% CI: 6.1% to 7.8%) for males and 9.5% (95% CI: 8.5% to 10.5%) for females. Over half of adults in the U.S. diagnosed with knee osteoarthritis will undergo a total knee replacement. |
4 |
| 6. Kurtz S, Ong K, Lau E, Mowat F, Halpern M. Projections of primary and revision hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States from 2005 to 2030. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2007;89:780-5. |
Review/Other-Tx |
N/A |
To formulate projections for the number of primary and revision total hip and knee arthroplasties that will be performed in the United States through 2030. |
By 2030, the demand for primary total hip arthroplasties is estimated to grow by 174% to 572,000. The demand for primary total knee arthroplasties is projected to grow by 673% to 3.48 million procedures. The demand for hip revision procedures is projected to double by the year 2026, while the demand for knee revisions is expected to double by 2015. Although hip revisions are currently more frequently performed than knee revisions, the demand for knee revisions is expected to surpass the demand for hip revisions after 2007. Overall, total hip and total knee revisions are projected to grow by 137% and 601%, respectively, between 2005 and 2030. |
4 |
| 7. Losina E, Thornhill TS, Rome BN, Wright J, Katz JN. The dramatic increase in total knee replacement utilization rates in the United States cannot be fully explained by growth in population size and the obesity epidemic. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2012;94:201-7. |
Review/Other-Tx |
N/A |
To investigate whether the rapid increase in total knee replacement use over the past decade can be sufficiently attributed to changes in these two factors. |
In 2008, 615,050 total knee replacements were performed in the United States adult population, 134% more than in 1999. During the same time period, the overall population size increased by 11%. While the population of forty-five to sixty-four-year-olds grew by 29%, the number of total knee replacements in this age group more than tripled. The number of obese and non-obese individuals in the United States increased by 23% and 4%, respectively. Assuming unchanged indications for total knee replacement among obese and non-obese individuals with knee osteoarthritis over the last decade, these changes fail to account for the 134% growth in total knee replacement use. |
4 |
| 8. Seil R, Pape D. Causes of failure and etiology of painful primary total knee arthroplasty. [Review]. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 19(9):1418-32, 2011 Sep.Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 19(9):1418-32, 2011 Sep. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide an overview of the causes of failure and the many different aetiologies of a painful primary total knee arthroplasty (TKA). |
Whereas biological aetiologies like infections have remained stable over time, other causes of failure have changed. In the early times of knee arthroplasty, they were mainly related to technical insufficiencies. A better understanding of knee arthroplasty, patients' increasing functional demands as well as a continuous development of TKA techniques generated newer problems, which are increasingly related to the functioning of the soft-tissue envelope of the knee. From a therapeutic point of view, three situations can be considered: functional problems not needing reoperations, causes of reoperations not needing an exchange of prosthetic components as well as reoperations with exchange of at least one prosthetic component. |
4 |
| 9. Mathis DT, Hirschmann MT. Why do knees after total knee arthroplasty fail in different parts of the world? J Orthop 2021;23:52-59. |
Review/Other-Tx |
N/A |
To provide an overview of failure modes after total knee arthroplasty in different parts of the world based on data from worldwide representative studies and National Joint Registries. |
Current literature report that infection has become the primary acute cause of TKA failure, while aseptic loosening and instability remain the overall most frequent reasons for revisions. Based on national registries certain tendencies can be deducted. The predominant overall failure mode of aseptic loosening is particularly found in Japan, United Kingdom, New Zealand and Switzerland. Leading early TKA failure mode represents infection with percentages of 20-30% in Sweden, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and the United States. Higher numbers could only be found in clinical studies on the Asian continent such as Korea (38%), China (53%), Iran (44%) and India (87%). |
4 |
| 10. Park CN, White PB, Meftah M, Ranawat AS, Ranawat CS. Diagnostic Algorithm for Residual Pain After Total Knee Arthroplasty. [Review]. Orthopedics. 39(2):e246-52, 2016 Mar-Apr.Orthopedics. 39(2):e246-52, 2016 Mar-Apr. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To summarizes the findings on the causes of residual pain and presents a diagnostic algorithm to facilitate an accurate diagnosis for residual pain after total knee arthroplasty. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 11. Kurtz S, Mowat F, Ong K, Chan N, Lau E, Halpern M. Prevalence of primary and revision total hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States from 1990 through 2002. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87:1487-97. |
Review/Other-Tx |
N/A |
To quantify the procedural rate and revision burden of total hip and knee arthroplasty in the United States and to determine if the age or gender-based procedural rates and overall revision burden are changing over time. |
Both the number and the rate of total hip and knee arthroplasties (particularly knee arthroplasties) increased steadily between 1990 and 2002. Over the thirteen years, the rate of primary total hip arthroplasties per 100,000 persons increased by approximately 50%, whereas the corresponding rate of primary total knee arthroplasties almost tripled. The rate of revision total hip arthroplasties increased by 3.7 procedures per 100,000 persons per decade, and that of revision total knee arthroplasties, by 5.4 procedures per 100,000 persons per decade. However, the mean revision burden of 17.5% for total hip arthroplasty was more than twice that for total knee arthroplasty (8.2%), and this did not change substantially over time. |
4 |
| 12. Sharkey PF, Lichstein PM, Shen C, Tokarski AT, Parvizi J. Why are total knee arthroplasties failing today--has anything changed after 10 years? J Arthroplasty 2014;29:1774-8. |
Review/Other-Tx |
781 revision TKAs |
To determine the frequency and cause of failure after total knee arthroplasty and compare the results with those reported by our similar investigation conducted 10 years ago. |
A total of 781 revision TKAs performed at our institution over the past 10 years were identified. The most common failure mechanisms were: loosening (39.9%), infection (27.4%), instability (7.5%), periprosthetic fracture (4.7%), and arthrofibrosis (4.5%). Infection was the most common failure mechanism for early revision (<2 years from primary) and aseptic loosening was the most common reason for late revision. Polyethylene (PE) wear was no longer the major cause of failure. Compared to our previous report, the percentage of revisions performed for polyethylene wear, instability, arthrofibrosis, malalignment and extensor mechanism deficiency has decreased. |
4 |
| 13. Sharkey PF, Hozack WJ, Rothman RH, Shastri S, Jacoby SM. Insall Award paper. Why are total knee arthroplasties failing today? Clin Orthop Relat Res 2002:7-13. |
Review/Other-Tx |
212 surgeries on 203 patients |
To determine current mechanisms of failure of total knee arthroplasties. |
The reasons for failure listed in order of prevalence among the patients in this study include polyethylene wear, aseptic loosening, instability, infection, arthrofibrosis, malalignment or malposition, deficient extensor mechanism, avascular necrosis in the patella, periprosthetic fracture, and isolated patellar resurfacing. The cases reviewed included patients who had revision surgery within 9 days to 28 years (average, 3.7 years) after the previous surgery. More than half of the revisions in this group of patients were done less than 2 years after the index operation. Fifty percent of early revision total knee arthroplasties in this series were related to instability, malalignment or malposition, and failure of fixation. |
4 |
| 14. Dennis DA. Evaluation of painful total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2004;19:35-40. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the various causes of pain after TKA and suggestive methods of evaluation. |
To critically evaluate the painful TKA, the treating physician must perform a thorough history and physical examination, as well as both laboratory and radiographic testing. Laboratory analysis is directed to differentiate septic versus aseptic etiologies of knee pain and commonly includes assessment of white blood cell count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein, and knee aspiration for cell count and cultures. Available radiographic tools include plain radiographs, stress views, arthrography, nuclear scanning, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance imaging. In cases of unexplained pain, reoperation is unwise and frequently associated with suboptimal results. Periodic repeat evaluations are recommended until the etiology of pain is clearly determined. |
4 |
| 15. Sundaram K, Udo-Inyang I, Mont MA, Molloy R, Higuera-Rueda C, Piuzzi NS. Vascular Injuries in Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. JBJS rev.. 8(1):e0051, 2020 01. |
Meta-analysis |
10 studies; 68 case series |
To conduct a meta-analysis of the overall rate of vascular injuries after total knee arthroplasty and to conduct a systematic review of specific major and minor vessel injuries. |
There were 767 major vascular injuries (0.05% [54 per 100,000 total knee arthroplasties]). Amputation or long-term neurological complications occurred in approximately 21% of patients after major vascular injury. Presentation after 24 hours occurred in 36% of cases. The most frequently injured vessels were the geniculate arteries, popliteal artery, superficial femoral artery, and anterior tibial artery. The injuries that were most likely to result in amputation were femoral artery occlusion, popliteal artery transection, and popliteal artery arteriovenous fistula. |
Good |
| 16. Bao B, Liu CS, Masson ECO, Abele JT. Diagnostic accuracy of SPECT/CT arthrography in patients with suspected aseptic joint prostheses loosening. Eur J Hybrid Imaging 2021;5:4. |
Observational-Dx |
63 patients |
To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of SPECT/CT arthrography in patients with suspected aseptic prosthesis loosening following hip and knee arthroplasty. |
The sensitivity and specificity of SPECT/CT for detection of aseptic loosening was 6/7 (86%) and 55/56 (98%), respectively. This gives a positive predictive value (PPV) of 6/7 (86%), a negative predictive value (NPV) of 55/56 (98%), and a diagnostic accuracy of 61/63 (97%). |
3 |
| 17. Barnsley L, Barnsley L, Detection of aseptic loosening in total knee replacements: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Skeletal Radiol. 48(10):1565-1572, 2019 Oct. |
Meta-analysis |
12 studies comprising 401 patients |
To compare the diagnostic accuracy of nuclear imaging modalities in the detection of aseptic loosening of total knee arthroplasty (TKA). |
The most accurate test for diagnosis of aseptic loosening in TKA was SPECT/CT arthrography demonstrated by the summary receiver operating characteristic curve. |
Good |
| 18. Duff GP, Lachiewicz PF, Kelley SS. Aspiration of the knee joint before revision arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996:132-9. |
Observational-Dx |
64 operative procedures on 59 knees |
To analyze the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of preoperative aspiration of the prosthetic knee joint before revision arthroplasty. |
Forty-three knees had a preoperative aspiration. In 19 knees, the aspiration showed growth on solid media, and in 18 of these knees the diagnosis of infection was confirmed by the intraoperative cultures. In 1 knee with an infected total knee replacement, the patient was receiving an intravenous antibiotic at the time of arthroscopic irrigation and debridement and the cultures showed no growth. In 23 of 24 knees with a negative preoperative aspiration, the intraoperative cultures showed no growth on solid media. In 1 knee with a preoperative aspiration that had negative results, a single intraoperative culture grew Staphylococcus epidermidis. However, the presenting symptoms, examination, preoperative radiographs, and intraoperative evaluation were consistent with aseptic loosening of a cemented total knee arthroplasty. Thus, the preoperative aspiration of the prosthetic knee joint had a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 100%, and accuracy of 100%. The Westergren erythrocyte sedimentation rate, peripheral leukocyte count, and presenting symptoms correlated poorly with infection. Radiographs were also not helpful in the diagnosis of infection, with loosening of components, periostitis, focal osteolysis, and radiolucent lines frequently seen in infected and noninfected knees. |
3 |
| 19. Malchau H, Potter HG. How are wear-related problems diagnosed and what forms of surveillance are necessary? J Am Acad Orthop Surg 2008;16 Suppl 1:S14-9. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the diagnosis and surveillance of wear-related problems. |
More complete assessment of wear-induced osteolysis in the general total hip arthroplasty patient population must rely on registries with follow-up of large populations of patients through radiographic evaluation of wear-related factors, such as suboptimal placement of the implant components, osteolytic defects, and aseptic loosening. Follow-up radiographs should be obtained in the early postoperative period and at 1, 5, and 10 years postoperatively, and then every 1 to 5 years, thereafter depending on radiographic findings of osteolysis and its progression. When pathologic findings are present, further examinations, such as oblique Judet views and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with artifact minimization should be considered to provide a better determination of the extent of the osteolysis. Because conventional radiographs underestimate the prevalence and extent of osteolysis in many instances, diagnosis and surveillance should be performed with radiographic edge detection, spiral computed tomography (CT), MRI, radiostereometric analysis, and quantitation of wear and osteolysis, including bone and soft-tissue lesions. Helical CT has demonstrated excellent specificity in identifying and quantifying the extent of osteolysis. MRI can more accurately localize both osseous and soft-tissue particulate disease, and detect granuloma and compression on adjacent nerves and vessels. |
4 |
| 20. Math KR, Zaidi SF, Petchprapa C, Harwin SF. Imaging of total knee arthroplasty. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2006;10:47-63. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review imaging findings of normal TKA, in addition to a variety of complications such as loosening, infection, instability, osteolysis, heterotopic ossification, extensor mechanism disruption, and fracture. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 21. Mulcahy H, Chew FS. Current concepts in knee replacement: complications. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2014;202:W76-86. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review current concepts of knee replacement, including features of traditional and newer prosthetic designs, materials, and surgical techniques; illustrate normal and abnormal postoperative imaging findings; and to relate the complications to current understanding of how and why these failures occur. |
Complications after knee replacement may be asymptomatic. For this reason, assessment with postoperative imaging is important. The foundation of radiologic interpretation of knee replacement is knowledge of the physiologic purpose, orthopedic trends, imaging findings, and complications. |
4 |
| 22. Potter HG, Foo LF. Magnetic resonance imaging of joint arthroplasty. Orthop Clin North Am 2006;37:361-73, vi-vii. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the application of MRI to joint arthroplasty. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 23. Wautier D, Ftaita S, Thienpont E. Radiolucent lines around knee arthroplasty components : a narrative review. Acta Orthop Belg. 86(1):82-94, 2020 Mar. |
Review/Other-Tx |
N/A |
To review and answer questions regarding radiolucent lines around knee arthroplasty components. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 24. Zotti MG, Campbell DG, Woodman R. Detection of periprosthetic osteolysis around total knee arthroplasties an in vitro study. J Arthroplasty 2012;27:317-22. |
Observational-Dx |
3 cadaver knees |
To examine the utility of lesion detection and volume appreciation with APL, paired oblique radiographs, and computed tomography. |
The results suggest that the current practice of APL is inferior for the assessment of periprosthetic osteolysis around TKA. |
2 |
| 25. Novack TA, Patel JN, Koss J, et al. Is There a Need for Recovery Room Radiographs Following Uncomplicated Primary Total Knee Arthroplasty?. Cureus. 13(4):e14544, 2021 Apr 18. |
Observational-Dx |
4,830 consecutive patients |
To examine the utility and cost-effectiveness of immediate, postoperative radiographs in regards to operative decision-making to prevent complications within 90 days after primary TKA. |
There were 195 readmissions (195 patients), of which 17 were due to mechanical complications. There was no evidence of fracture or abnormality appreciated on any of the reviewed PACU radiographs by either the reading radiologist or the senior authors. Assuming all fractures were noted on immediate, postoperative radiographs, the cost associated with identifying a single fracture in 2,415 patients was $1,072,260. |
3 |
| 26. Santaguida PL, Hawker GA, Hudak PL, et al. Patient characteristics affecting the prognosis of total hip and knee joint arthroplasty: a systematic review. Can J Surg 2008;51:428-36. |
Review/Other-Tx |
64 studies |
To address how patient characteristics influence the outcomes of hip and knee arthroplasty in patients with osteoarthritis. |
Younger age (variably defined) and male sex increased the risk of revision 3-fold to 5-fold for hip and knee arthroplasty. The influence of weight on the risk of revision was contradictory. Mortality was greatest in the oldest age group and among men. Function for older patients was worse after hip arthroplasty (particularly in women). Function after knee arthroplasty was worse for obese patients. |
4 |
| 27. Ververeli PA, Masonis JL, Booth RE, Hozack WJ, Rothman RH. Radiographic cost reduction strategy in total joint arthroplasty. A prospective analysis. J Arthroplasty 1996;11:277-80. |
Review/Other-Dx |
222 patients |
To determine if routine radiologic interpretation of postoperative total hip and total knee radiographs is cost effective. Also, the study was designed to determine if routine predischarge radiographs, in conjunction with recovery room radiographs, are worthwhile. |
There were no changes in postoperative patient management based on orthopaedic or radiologic review of either radiograph. No additional information was gained from review of the radiologic evaluations. |
4 |
| 28. Bauer TW, Parvizi J, Kobayashi N, Krebs V. Diagnosis of periprosthetic infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2006;88(4):869-882. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
A review on tests used to diagnose periprosthetic infections. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 29. Miller TT. Imaging of knee arthroplasty. Eur J Radiol 2005;54:164-77. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the appearance of normal knee arthroplasty and the appearances of complications such as infection, polyethylene wear, aseptic loosening and particle-induced osteolysis, patellofemoral abnormalities, axial instability, and periprosthetic and component fracture. |
Knowledge of the potential complications and their imaging appearances will help the radiologist in the diagnostic evaluation of the patient with a painful knee arthroplasty. |
4 |
| 30. Mandalia V, Eyres K, Schranz P, Toms AD. Evaluation of patients with a painful total knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2008;90:265-71. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To act as a guide to the evaluation of patients with painful total knee replacement. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 31. Brown EC, 3rd, Clarke HD, Scuderi GR. The painful total knee arthroplasty: diagnosis and management. Orthopedics 2006;29:129-36; quiz 37-8. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To present a practical approach to the evaluation and treatment of patients with problems after TKA. |
A systematic evaluation of the patient and arthroplasty can lead to a definitive diagnosis of the cause of the patient's symptoms. Problems can be caused by a broad spectrum of possible etiologies. It is helpful to divide the differential diagnosis into two broad categories: extra-articular and intra-articular etiologies. When trying to establish the diagnosis, it is important to approach the task in a systematic fashion. Evaluation must begin with a thorough history and physical examination. Laboratory tests and imaging studies can provide additional evidence supporting a particular diagnosis. Once the etiology has been established, symptomatic relief may be achieved with appropriate treatment including revision TKA. However, revision TKA that is performed for unexplained pain is associated with a low probability of success. |
4 |
| 32. Clarke HD, Math KR, Scuderi GR. Polyethylene post failure in posterior stabilized total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2004;19:652-7. |
Review/Other-Dx |
1 patient |
To present the evaluation and treatment of a 56-year-old woman who presented 63 months after TKA with a PS prosthesis with acute fracture of the polyethylene post, including the previously unreported use of computed tomography arthrography to diagnose this rare problem. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 33. Teeny SM, York SC, Mesko JW, Rea RE. Long-term follow-up care recommendations after total hip and knee arthroplasty: results of the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons' member survey. J Arthroplasty 2003;18:954-62. |
Review/Other-Dx |
682 AAHKS members |
To explicate current practice by identifying the range and diversity of long-term total hip and knee arthroplasty follow-up care recommendations made by membersof the AAKHS to patients. |
We found that 80% of respondents recommended annual or biennial orthopaedic clinical and radiographic examinations, with more frequent follow-up times for clinical or radiologic signs of failure, previous revision arthroplasty, previous joint sepsis, and subnormal periprosthetic bone quality. |
4 |
| 34. Skytta ET, Lohman M, Tallroth K, Remes V. Comparison of standard anteroposterior knee and hip-to-ankle radiographs in determining the lower limb and implant alignment after total knee arthroplasty. Scand J Surg 2009;98:250-3. |
Observational-Dx |
83 patients (103 knees) |
To compare postoperative estimation of alignment and measurement of angles using both hip-to-ankle radiographs and anteroposterior (AP) knee radiographs in standing position. |
The tibiofemoral angle measured from both hip-to-ankle and knee radiographs correlated moderately with the mechanical axis (r = 0.646 and r = 0.540, respectively). The correlation between tibiofemoral angles in the two radiographs was excellent (r = 0.860). Furthermore, measurements of tibial and femoral component alignment between the two radiographs correlated highly (r = 0.718 and r = 0.773, respectively). Intra- and interobserver correlations were high in all analyses. |
3 |
| 35. Kosashvili Y, Alvi M, Mayne IP, Safir O, Gross A, Backstein D. Immediate recovery room radiographs after primary total knee arthroplasty-why do we keep doing them? Int Orthop 2010;34:1167-73. |
Observational-Dx |
24 surgeons (survey); 49 residents (9 radiographs from cadaver study) |
To investigate the utility of recovery room radiographs (RRR) routinely performed after total knee arthroplasty (TKA). |
Surgeons rated the quality of the RRRs to be significantly lower than the radiographs taken in the radiology suite (5.5 +/- 2.5 versus 8.9 +/- 0.9, p < 0.0001). Of an estimated 65,910 TKAs performed by these surgeons, only eight cases (0.01%) required same day revision based on the RRR. Neutral alignment was significantly more accurately (p < 0.0001) interpreted than valgus or varus (69.4% versus 42.9% and 16.3%, respectively). Surprisingly, internal rotation of the limb significantly improved interpretation of both varus (from 16.3% to 40.8%, p = 0.014) and valgus (from 42.9% to 63.3%, p = 0.048). Increased level of orthopaedic training did not significantly affect the accuracy of interpretation (p = 0.46). |
2 |
| 36. Collier MB, Jewett BA, Engh CA, Jr. Clinical assessment of tibial polyethylene thickness: comparison of radiographic measurements with as-implanted and as-retrieved thicknesses. J Arthroplasty 2003;18:860-6. |
Observational-Dx |
66 TKAs |
To determine and compare the accuracy of two methods using standard clinical anteroposterior radiographs made after implantation and before revision of the same arthroplasty |
Sixty-six posterior cruciate-retaining inserts of one fixed-bearing design were revised because of wear or osteolysis. Tibial polyethylene thickness was estimated from standard anteroposterior radiographs and compared with the original or final minimum thicknesses. The most accurate method involved measuring the shortest distance from each femoral condyle to a transverse line through the middle of the baseplate's superior surface. On radiographs acquired 6 weeks after arthroplasty, the mean error was -0.1 mm (underestimate) +/- 0.6 mm (standard deviation), with 72% of the measurements within 0.5 mm of the original minimum thickness and 87% within 1.0 mm. The method was less accurate for radiographs made before revision, for which the mean error was 0.6 mm (overestimate) +/- 1.0 mm. In this study, 41% and 70% of the prerevision measurements were accurate to within 0.5 and 1.0 mm, respectively. |
3 |
| 37. Benjamin J. Component alignment in total knee arthroplasty. Instr Course Lect 2006;55:405-12. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe the complexities of prosthetic component positioning in total knee arthroplasty. |
no results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 38. Parvizi J, Kim KI, Oliashirazi A, Ong A, Sharkey PF. Periprosthetic patellar fractures. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006;446:161-6. |
Review/Other-Tx |
12 patients |
To present the results of peri-prosthetic patellar fractures in 12 patients. |
ll type I non-displaced fractures (7 cases) were treated nonoperatively. Surgical treatment was selected for the remaining 5 cases which included resection arthroplasty combined with open reduction and internal fixation of the fracture (3 knees), partial patellectomy (1 knee), and total patellectomy (1 knee). The outcome was excellent in 1 knee, good in 8 knees, and fair in the remaining 3 knees at the latest follow-up. There were 2 reoperations; 1 for disruption of the extensor mechanism and 1 for refracture. One patient developed a superficial wound infection. |
4 |
| 39. Baldini A, Anderson JA, Zampetti P, Pavlov H, Sculco TP. A new patellofemoral scoring system for total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006;452:150-4. |
Observational-Dx |
69 patients; 100 knees |
To report a new scoring system and weightbearing view that are easy to use and more accurately represent patellofemoral kinematics than do conventional methods of analysis. |
Preoperative Knee Society knee and function scores were 43 +/- 5 points, and 39 +/- 15 points, respectively. Postoperatively, scores increased to 93 +/- 8 and 89 +/- 8 points, respectively. The patella score averaged 89 +/- 8 points and showed satisfactory interobserver variability. |
3 |
| 40. Kanekasu K, Kondo M, Kadoya Y. Axial radiography of the distal femur to assess rotational alignment in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2005:193-7. |
Observational-Dx |
50 knees in 32 patients |
To evaluate if a modified radiography would result in comparable reproducibility and correlate will with results from CT images. |
The interobserver variation in the axial radiography was less than or comparable to the computed tomography method. The mean discrepancy between the two methods (+/- standard deviation) was 0.5 degrees +/- 0.4 degrees (range, 0-1.9 degrees ), and a strong correlation was observed. This plain radiography is acceptable for evaluation of femoral component rotation with comparable reproducibility and correlation to the results with computed tomography. It has several advantages regarding cost, radiation dose, and lack of scatter when used for postoperative assessment. |
3 |
| 41. Leon-Munoz VJ, Lopez-Lopez M, Martinez-Martinez F, Santonja-Medina F. Comparison of weight-bearing full-length radiographs and computed-tomography-scan-based three-dimensional models in the assessment of knee joint coronal alignment. Knee. 27(2):543-551, 2020 Mar. |
Observational-Dx |
183 patients |
To determine any discrepancies among preoperative full-leg standing radiographs (LLR) and supine non-weight-bearing computed tomography (CT)-scan-based three-dimensional (3D) models in the assessment of the lower limb alignment prior to total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and answer the question of whether the LLR study can be obviated in preoperative planning when TKA is performed with patient-specific instrumentation (PSI). |
Alignment on LLR ranged from 153 to 194° versus 161.5 to 190.5° with CT-scan-based 3D models. The mean (standard deviation, SD) difference among techniques was 1.9° (1.15°) with a statistically significant difference (P = 2e-16, namely P < .0001). Supine CT-scan-based 3D models underestimated the deformity in 167 cases (73.6%), exactly matched the value of LLR in 24 cases (10.6%) and overestimated the deformity in 36 cases (15.8%). |
3 |
| 42. Allen AM, Ward WG, Pope TL, Jr. Imaging of the total knee arthroplasty. Radiol Clin North Am 1995;33:289-303. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the essentials of TKA imaging. |
Because the purpose of a knee arthroplasty is to relieve pain and improve function, radiographs should be viewed in the context of these goals. |
4 |
| 43. Rodriguez-Merchan EC. Preoperative Aspiration Culture (PAC) for the Diagnosis of Infection in a Prosthetic Knee Joint. Arch Bone Jt Surg 2018;6:342-45. |
Review/Other-Dx |
14 studies |
To define the current role of PAC in TKA infection. |
PAC has shown an average sensitivity of 67.6% (range, 28% to 100%) and an average specificity of 98.4% (range, 96% to 100%). |
4 |
| 44. Del Pozo JL, Patel R. Clinical practice. Infection associated with prosthetic joints. N Engl J Med 2009;361:787-94. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To present a case vignette highlighting a common clinical problem. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 45. Bach CM, Sturmer R, Nogler M, Wimmer C, Biedermann R, Krismer M. Total knee arthroplasty infection: significance of delayed aspiration. J Arthroplasty 2002;17:615-8. |
Observational-Tx |
35 patients |
To investigate the significance of delayed aspiration and the success of treatment. |
In 13 patients, aspiration was performed within 3 months after the onset of symptoms of infection. The median duration of treatment was 243 days, and infection was arrested in all patients. In 22 patients, aspiration was performed >3 months after the onset of symptoms. The duration of treatment was significantly longer in these patients (P<.001). Persistent infection was recorded in 8 patients, and amputation of the involved leg was done in 3 patients. Aspiration within 3 months after the onset of symptoms of infection significantly reduced the duration of treatment and increased the chances of successfully arresting infection. |
2 |
| 46. Berbari EF, Marculescu C, Sia I, et al. Culture-negative prosthetic joint infection. Clin Infect Dis 2007;45:1113-9. |
Observational-Tx |
897 episodes |
To define the demographic characteristics and determine the outcome of patients with CN PJI. |
Of 897 episodes of PJI during the study period, 60 (7%) occurred in patients for whom this was the initial episode of CN PJI. The median age of the cohort was 69 years (range, 36-87 years). Patients had received a prior course of antimicrobial therapy in 32 (53%) of 60 episodes. Of the 60 episodes, 34 (57%), 12 (20%), and 8 (13%) were treated with 2-stage exchange, debridement and retention, and permanent resection arthroplasty, respectively. The median duration of parenteral antimicrobial therapy was 28 days (range, 0-88 days). Forty-nine (82%) of 60 episodes were treated with a cephalosporin. The 5-year estimate of survival free of treatment failure was 94% (95% confidence interval, 85%-100%) for patients treated with 2-stage exchange and 71% (95% confidence interval, 44%-100%) for patients treated with debridement and retention. |
2 |
| 47. Leone JM, Hanssen AD. Management of infection at the site of a total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87(10):2335-2348. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
No abstract available. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 48. Magnuson JE, Brown ML, Hauser MF, Berquist TH, Fitzgerald RH, Jr., Klee GG. In-111-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy in suspected orthopedic prosthesis infection: comparison with other imaging modalities. Radiology 1988;168:235-9. |
Observational-Dx |
98 patients |
To report our experience with In-111 white blood cell (WBC) scanning in the diagnosis of per-prosthetic infection, in comparison with other imaging tests, clinical signs, and laboratory measurements. |
Positive findings on In-111 WBC scans and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rates were found to be the most predictive variables in the diagnosis of septic prostheses (P less than or equal to .001 and P less than or equal to .002, respectively). Likelihood ratio analysis more clearly demonstrated the superiority of In-111 WBC scanning, with positive and negative scans yielding likelihood ratios of 5.0 and 0.16, respectively. |
3 |
| 49. Virolainen P, Lahteenmaki H, Hiltunen A, Sipola E, Meurman O, Nelimarkka O. The reliability of diagnosis of infection during revision arthroplasties. Scand J Surg 2002;91:178-81. |
Observational-Dx |
68 hip and knee revision arthroplasties |
To evaluate the reliability of clinical, radiological and laboratory examinations in identifying infection of total joint arthroplasties. |
We were not able to characterize the infection by clinical signs. Also no single test was able to show the presence of infection in all cases. The best results were obtained from pre- and perioperative joint aspirations. Joint aspiration showed 1.0 specificity and 0.75 sensitivity. |
3 |
| 50. Bernard L, Lubbeke A, Stern R, et al. Value of preoperative investigations in diagnosing prosthetic joint infection: retrospective cohort study and literature review. Scand J Infect Dis 2004;36:410-6. |
Observational-Dx |
230 patients |
To compare the following different diagnostic tools for diagnosing PJI: clinical assessments including fever, pain, and fistula; CRP; ESR; PNC; radiographic studies; PA; and SRI. |
Our study indicates that C-reactive protein and joint aspiration are the most useful tools to diagnose prosthetic joint infection even in situations of chronic infection (Coventry type II). |
3 |
| 51. Savarino L, Tigani D, Baldini N, Bochicchio V, Giunti A. Pre-operative diagnosis of infection in total knee arthroplasty: an algorithm. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2009;17:667-75. |
Observational-Dx |
31 patients |
To construct an algorithm for the pre-operative diagnosis of infection in total knee arthroplasty. |
The combination of at least two tests with values higher than the cutoffs is reliable for predicting the infection. Scintigraphy, needle-aspirate cell count and culture can integrate the pre-operative evaluation. Doubtful cases can be clarified by microbiological and histological analyses. As a result an algorithm helpful to identify the cause of loosening has been developed. |
3 |
| 52. Di Cesare PE, Chang E, Preston CF, Liu CJ. Serum interleukin-6 as a marker of periprosthetic infection following total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2005;87:1921-7. |
Observational-Dx |
58 patients |
To determine whether assessment of the IL-6 level can be used to detect periprosthetic infection by studying a series of patients who were undergoing a reoperation at the site of a previous total hip or knee arthroplasty. |
The serum interleukin-6 level, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and C-reactive protein level were significantly higher in patients who had an infection than in those who did not, both when all patients were considered together and when the total hip arthroplasty and total knee arthroplasty groups were considered separately. With the numbers available, there was no significant difference with regard to the white blood-cell count between patients with and without infection. With a normal serum interleukin-6 level defined as <10 pg/mL, the serum interleukin-6 test had a sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of 1.0, 0.95, 0.89, 1.0, and 97%, respectively. |
3 |
| 53. Bottner F, Wegner A, Winkelmann W, Becker K, Erren M, Gotze C. Interleukin-6, procalcitonin and TNF-alpha: markers of peri-prosthetic infection following total joint replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2007;89(1):94-99. |
Observational-Dx |
78 patients |
To evaluate the diagnostic value of the WBC count, ESR, CRP, interleukin-6, TNF-a and procalcitonin for the diagnosis of deep infection of implants in patients with failed total joint replacement. |
Intra-operative cultures showed that 21 patients had a septic and 57 an aseptic total joint replacement. The white blood cell count, the erythrocyte sedimentation rate and levels of C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, procalcitonin and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha were measured in blood samples before operation. The diagnostic cut-off values were determined by Received Operating Characteristic curve analysis. C-reactive protein (> 3.2 md/dl) and interleukin-6 (> 12 pg/ml) have the highest sensitivity (0.95). Interleukin-6 is less specific than C-reactive protein (0.87 vs 0.96). Combining C-reactive protein and interleukin-6 identifies all patients with deep infection of the implant. Procalcitonin (> 0.3 ng/ml) and TNF-alpha (> 40 ng/ml) are very specific (0.98 vs 0.94) but have a low sensitivity (0.33 vs 0.43). |
2 |
| 54. American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Diagnosis and Prevention of Periprosthetic Joint Infections. Available at: https://www.aaos.org/globalassets/quality-and-practice-resources/pji/pji-clinical-practice-guideline-final-2-17-21.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide evidence-based recommendations for current orthopaedic diagnostic, treatment, and postoperative procedures. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 55. Deirmengian C, Kardos K, Kilmartin P, Cameron A, Schiller K, Parvizi J. Diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection: has the era of the biomarker arrived? Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2014;472(11):3254-3262. |
Observational-Dx |
95 patients |
To evaluate the diagnostic characteristics of 16 promising synovial fluid biomarkers for the diagnosis of PJI. |
Five biomarkers, including human alpha-defensin 1-3, neutrophil elastase 2, bactericidal/permeability-increasing protein, neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, and lactoferrin, correctly predicted the MSIS classification of all patients in this study, with 100% sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of PJI. An additional eight biomarkers demonstrated excellent diagnostic strength, with an area under the curve of greater than 0.9. |
3 |
| 56. Deirmengian C, Kardos K, Kilmartin P, Cameron A, Schiller K, Parvizi J. Combined measurement of synovial fluid alpha-Defensin and C-reactive protein levels: highly accurate for diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2014;96(17):1439-1445. |
Observational-Dx |
149 patients |
To evaluate the combined measurement of the levels of two synovial fluid biomarkers, alpha-defensin and C-reactive protein (CRP), for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. |
The combination of synovial fluid alpha-defensin and CRP tests demonstrated a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 100% for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. Synovial fluid alpha-defensin tests alone demonstrated a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 96% for the diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection. Synovial fluid CRP tests, with a low threshold of 3 mg/L, reversed all-false positive alpha-defensin results without affecting the sensitivity of the test. The diagnostic characteristics of these assays were achieved in a population of patients demonstrating a 23% rate of systemic inflammatory diseases (in the series as a whole) and a 27% rate of concurrent antibiotic treatment (in the infection group). The synovial fluid levels of alpha-defensin in the setting of periprosthetic joint infection were unchanged during concurrent antibiotic treatment. |
3 |
| 57. Deirmengian C, Kardos K, Kilmartin P, Gulati S, Citrano P, Booth RE, Jr. The Alpha-defensin Test for Periprosthetic Joint Infection Responds to a Wide Spectrum of Organisms. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2015;473(7):2229-2235. |
Observational-Dx |
1937 samples |
To describe the breadth of organisms that can trigger a positive synovial fluid alpha-defensin test result in the setting of PJI and also to assess the magnitude of the alpha-defensin result in terms of various pathogen characteristics. |
The alpha-defensin test for PJI was positive in the setting of a wide spectrum of organisms typically causing PJI. The median alpha-defensin level for all 244 alpha-defensin-positive, culture-positive samples (4.7 [interquartile range {IQR}, 3.7-5.3]) was higher than negative controls (0.26 [IQR, 0.22-0.33]) with a median difference of 4.4 (p < 0.001). There were no differences in the median alpha-defensin levels when performing a multiple comparison test among Gram-positive organisms (4.7 [IQR, 3.6-5.3]), Gram-negative organisms (4.8 [IQR, 4.2-5.3]), yeast (4.1 [IQR, 2.2-5.1]), virulent organisms (4.7 [IQR, 3.8-5.2]), less virulent organisms (4.8 [IQR, 3.6-5.4]), oral pathogens (4.5 [IQR, 3.2-5.2]), knees (4.7 [IQR, 3.7-5.3]), hips (4.9 [IQR, 4.1-5.8]), or shoulders (5.3 [IQR, 4.0-10.7]) with all comparisons having a p > 0.999. |
3 |
| 58. Collins KA. Periprosthetic Joint Infections of the Hip and Knee: A Review of Preoperative Diagnosis and Treatment Options. Physician Assistant Clinics 2021;6:229-38. |
Review/Other-Tx |
N/A |
To discuss the diagnosis and management of periprosthetic joint infections of the hip and knee. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 59. Gemmel F, Van den Wyngaert H, Love C, Welling MM, Gemmel P, Palestro CJ. Prosthetic joint infections: radionuclide state-of-the-art imaging. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012;39:892-909. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the drawbacks and limitations inherent to each modality. |
Bone scintigraphy (BS) is sensitive for identifying the failed joint replacement, but cannot differentiate between infection and aseptic loosening. Combined bone/gallium scintigraphy (BS/GS) offers modest improvement over BS alone for diagnosing PJI. However, due to a number of drawbacks, BS/GS has generally been superseded by other techniques but it still may have a role in neutropenic patients. Radiolabelled leucocyte scintigraphy remains the gold standard technique for diagnosing neutrophil-mediated processes. It seems to be that combined in vitro labelled leucocyte/bone marrow scintigraphy (LS/BMS), with an accuracy of about 90%, is currently the imaging modality of choice for diagnosing PJI. There are, however, significant limitations using in vitro labelled leucocytes and considerable effort has been devoted to developing alternative radiotracers, such as radiolabelled HIGs, liposomes, antigranulocyte antibodies and fragments, as well as more investigational tracers such as radiolabelled antibiotics, antimicrobial peptides, bacteriophages and thymidine kinase. On the other hand, positron emission tomography (PET) is still growing in the field of PJI imaging with radiotracers such as (18)F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), (18)F-FDG white blood cells and (18)F-fluoride. But unfortunately this superb tomographic technique will only receive full acceptance when specific PET uptake patterns can be successfully developed. The emergence of hybrid modality imaging using integrated single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and PET with computed tomography (SPECT/CT and PET/CT) may also have a contributing role for more accurate assessment of joint replacement complications, especially combined with new radiotracers such as (68)Ga and (64)Cu. Finally, in searching for infection-specific tracers, currently there is no such diagnostic agent available. |
4 |
| 60. Smith SL, Wastie ML, Forster I. Radionuclide bone scintigraphy in the detection of significant complications after total knee joint replacement. Clin Radiol 2001;56:221-4. |
Observational-Dx |
75 patients |
To determine the usefulness of(99)Tc(m)-MDP bone scintigraphy. |
Seventy-five patients with painful knee arthroplasties were referred for investigation. A total of 80 bone scintigrams were performed. The average patient age was 66.2 years (42 female and 33 male). The mean time period between surgery and onset of knee pain was 3 years. A final clinical diagnosis based on arthroscopy, open surgery, and extended clinical follow-up was available for all patients. Forty-three (53.8%) of the scintigrams were normal and 37 (46.3%) abnormal. Two patients with a normal bone scintigram has loose prostheses. Thirteen patients with an abnormal study had normal prostheses on follow-up and these tended to be patients scanned less than a year after surgery. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of an unequivocally normal or abnormal bone scintigram was 92.3, 75.9, 64.9 and 95.0%, respectively. The pattern of isotope uptake in the abnormal studies was not specific enough to reliably differentiate aseptic from septic loosening. |
3 |
| 61. Duus BR, Boeckstyns M, Stadeager C. The natural course of radionuclide bone scanning in the evaluation of total knee replacement--a 2 year prospective study. Clin Radiol 1990;41:341-3. |
Observational-Dx |
41 patients |
To establish the natural course of radionuclide bone scanning images after total knee replacement. |
No significant difference between the grades of total scintigraphic uptake at any of the four examinations nor any difference between the first and the last examinations could be demonstrated (P = 0.58, Friedman test and P = 0.20, Wilcoxon test, respectively). Twelve months after surgery one fifth of the knees still demonstrated definitely increased scintigraphic uptake and 24 months after surgery 12.5% of the knees had definitely increased uptake. |
2 |
| 62. Kantor SG, Schneider R, Insall JN, Becker MW. Radionuclide imaging of asymptomatic versus symptomatic total knee arthroplasties. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1990:118-23. |
Observational-Dx |
98 knee prostheses |
To compare symptomatic and asymptomatic knee prostheses as well as those knees that are symptomatic, without abnormal roentgenograms that have not been revised. |
At a mean of 54 months, asymptomatic knee replacements generally showed only mild uptake in one or more zones. Only one knee had uptake equal to surrounding bone. However, symptomatic knee replacements showed significantly greater uptake in the patella, femur, and medial and lateral tibial plateau regions (Mann-Whitney two-sample rank test). Bone scans in the symptomatic group were obtained at a mean of 44 months. Excluding those patients who had revision surgery, the differences remained significant. Furthermore, symptomatic knee replacements with normal roentgenograms also had significantly greater uptake. Radiolucent lines were noted in 30% of asymptomatic patients, whereas 29% of symptomatic knees had radiolucencies. Radiolucencies were not generally associated with significantly greater uptake. Lateral release had no effect on the patellar score. |
3 |
| 63. Reinartz P. FDG-PET in patients with painful hip and knee arthroplasty: technical breakthrough or just more of the same. Q J Nucl Med Mol Imaging. 2009;53(1):41-50. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To evaluate the pooled data of the major publications in the English literature analyzing the accuracy of the TPBS, WBC imaging and PET. |
TPBS yielded the least favorable results with an accuracy of 80% for hip prostheses and 81% for knee arthroplasty. PET finished second with values of 89% (hip) and 83% (knee), respectively. WBC imaging exceeded the results of TPBS and PET, yielding values of 91% (hip) and 84% (knee). Although bested by WBC imaging, PET is still highly attractive since it combines several of the positive aspects of the two other methods. Its accuracy is only slightly lower than that of WBC imaging while at the same time it provides most of the comfort of the bone scan: only one injection, no processing of blood samples and the results are available within 4 h. |
4 |
| 64. Love C, Marwin SE, Palestro CJ. Nuclear medicine and the infected joint replacement. Semin Nucl Med. 2009;39(1):66-78. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review hip and knee arthroplasties and differentiate aseptic loosening, the most common cause of prosthetic joint failure, from infection. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 65. Palestro CJ. Nuclear medicine and the failed joint replacement: Past, present, and future. World J Radiol. 2014;6(7):446-458. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide a comprehensive review of the evolution of nuclear medicine imaging of joint replacements. |
Advances in anatomic imaging, notably cross sectional modalities, have facilitated the diagnosis of many, if not most, causes of prosthetic failure, with the important exception of infection. This has led to a shift in the diagnostic paradigm, in which nuclear medicine investigations increasingly have focused on diagnosing infection. The recognition that bone scintigraphy could not reliably diagnose infection led to the development of combined studies, first bone/gallium and subsequently leukocyte/bone and leukocyte/marrow imaging. Labeled leukocyte imaging, combined with bone marrow imaging is the most accurate (about 90%) imaging test for diagnosing joint arthroplasty infection. Fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) has been extensively investigated for more than a decade but its role in diagnosing the infected prosthesis has yet to be established. Although for many years nuclear medicine has focused on diagnosing prosthetic joint infection, the advent of hybrid imaging with single-photon emission computed tomography(SPECT)/electronic computer X-ray tomography technique (CT) and the availability of fluorine-18 fluoride PET suggests that the diagnostic paradigm may be shifting again. By providing the anatomic information lacking in conventional radionuclide studies, there is renewed interest in bone scintigraphy, performed as a SPECT/CT procedure, for detecting joint instability, mechanical loosening and component malpositioning. Fluoride-PET may provide new insights into periprosthetic bone metabolism. |
4 |
| 66. Jansen JA, Smit F, Pereira Arias-Bouda LM. The role of nuclear medicine techniques indifferentiation between septic and aseptic loosening of total hip and knee arthroplasty. Tijdschr Nucl Geneesk 2012;34:988-94. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To give an overview of nuclear imaging techniques, which can be used to diagnose (a)septic loosening in joint replacements. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 67. Reish TG, Clarke HD, Scuderi GR, Math KR, Scott WN. Use of multi-detector computed tomography for the detection of periprosthetic osteolysis in total knee arthroplasty. J Knee Surg 2006;19:259-64. |
Observational-Dx |
31 patients |
To determine the accuracy of plain radiography in detecting osteolytic lesions around total knee prostheses compared to multi-detector computed tomography (CT). |
The multi-detector CT detected 48 lesions in 31 knees: 40 tibial lesions, 4 femoral lesions, and 4 patellar lesions. Radiographic diagnosis was made in 6 of the 40 tibial lesions, 2 of the 4 femoral lesions, and 0 of the 4 patellar lesions. Plain radiographs are inadequate for evaluating periprosthetic osteolysis in TKA with only 8 (17%) of 48 lesions detected by multi-detector CT visible on the standard radiographs. |
3 |
| 68. Zhuang H, Duarte PS, Pourdehnad M, et al. The promising role of 18F-FDG PET in detecting infected lower limb prosthesis implants. J Nucl Med. 2001;42(1):44-48. |
Observational-Dx |
74 prostheses in 62 patients |
To evaluate the feasibility of using FDG-PET for the detection of infection associated with lower limb arthroplasty. |
The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of PET for detecting infection associated with knee prostheses were 90.9%, 72.0%, and 77.8%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of PET for detecting infection associated with hip prostheses were 90%, 89.3%, and 89.5%, respectively. Overall, the sensitivity was 90.5% and the specificity was 81.1% for detection of lower limb infections. |
3 |
| 69. Love C, Marwin SE, Tomas MB, et al. Diagnosing infection in the failed joint replacement: a comparison of coincidence detection18F-FDG and 111In-labeled leukocyte/99mTc-sulfur colloid marrow imaging. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(11):1864-1871. |
Observational-Dx |
59 patients |
To investigate FDG imaging, using a coincidence detection system, for diagnosing prosthetic joint infection and to compare it with combined In-111-labeled leukocyte/Tc-99m-sulfur colloid marrow imaging in patients with failed lower extremity joint replacements. |
25 (42%) prostheses, 14 hip and 11 knee, were infected. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of FDG, by criterion, were as follows: criterion 1: 100%, 9%, 47%; criterion 2: 96%, 35%, 61%; criterion 3: 52%, 44%, 47%; criterion 4: 36%, 97%, 71%. The sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of labeled leukocyte/marrow imaging were 100%, 91%, and 95%, respectively. WBC/marrow imaging, which was more accurate than any of the FDG criteria for all prostheses, as well as for hips and knees separately, was significantly more sensitive than criterion 3 (P<0.001) and criterion 4 (P<0.001) and was significantly more specific than criterion 1 (P<0.001), criterion 2 (P<0.001), and criterion 3 (P<0.001). |
3 |
| 70. Aksoy SY, Asa S, Ozhan M, et al. FDG and FDG-labelled leucocyte PET/CT in the imaging of prosthetic joint infection. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2014;41:556-64. |
Observational-Dx |
46 patients, 54 prostheses |
To evaluate the role of FDG PET/CT and FDG-labelled leucocyte PET/CT in the diagnosis of periprosthetic infection. |
The final diagnosis showed infection in 15 (28%) and aseptic loosening in 39 (72%) of the 54 prostheses. FDG PET/CT was found to have a positive predictive value of 28% (15/54). Since patients with no FDG uptake on FDG PET/CT were excluded from the study, the sensitivity, specificity, negative predictive value and accuracy could not be calculated. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of FDG-labelled leucocyte PET/CT were 93.3% (14/15), 97.4% (38/39), 93.3% and 97.4%, respectively. |
3 |
| 71. Manthey N, Reinhard P, Moog F, Knesewitsch P, Hahn K, Tatsch K. The use of [18 F]fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography to differentiate between synovitis, loosening and infection of hip and knee prostheses. Nucl Med Commun. 2002;23(7):645-653. |
Observational-Dx |
23 patients with 28 prostheses, 14 hip and 14 knee prostheses |
To describe FDG-PET findings in patients referred for evaluation of painful hip or knee prostheses. |
PET correctly identified 3 hip and 1 knee prostheses as infected, 2 hip and 2 knee prostheses as loosening, 3 hip and 9 knee prostheses as synovitis, and 2 hip and 1 knee prostheses as unsuspected for loosening or infection. In 3 patients covered with an expander after explanation of an infected prosthesis PET revealed no further evidence of infection in concordance with the clinical follow-up. PET was false negative for loosening in 1 case. |
3 |
| 72. Kwee RM, Kwee TC. (18)F-FDG PET for Diagnosing Infections in Prosthetic Joints. PET Clin 2020;15:197-205. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss the role of FDG PET in detecting periprosthetic joint infection. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 73. Kwee TC, Kwee RM, Alavi A. FDG-PET for diagnosing prosthetic joint infection: systematic review and metaanalysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2008;35:2122-32. |
Meta-analysis |
11 studies; 635 prostheses |
To systematically review and metaanalyze published data on the diagnostic performance of (18)F-fluoro-2-deoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG-PET) in detecting prosthetic hip or knee joint infection. |
The inclusion criteria were met by 11 studies; there was a total sample size of 635 prostheses. Overall, the studies had good methodological quality. Pooled sensitivity and specificity of FDG-PET for the detection of prosthetic hip or knee joint infection were 82.1% (95%CI = 68.0-90.8%) and 86.6% (95%CI = 79.7-91.4%), respectively. Heterogeneity among the results of individual studies was present (I (2) = 68.8%). Diagnostic performance was influenced by type of joint prostheses (hip prostheses vs. knee prostheses) and type of reconstruction method used (filtered back vs. iterative) (p = 0.0164 and p = 0.0235, respectively). |
M |
| 74. Delank KS, Schmidt M, Michael JW, Dietlein M, Schicha H, Eysel P. The implications of 18F-FDG PET for the diagnosis of endoprosthetic loosening and infection in hip and knee arthroplasty: results from a prospective, blinded study. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2006;7:20. |
Observational-Dx |
27 patients |
To evaluate the clinical value of FDG PET as a diagnostic modality for inflammation and loosening in hip and knee joint prostheses. |
Evidence of loosening was correctly determined in 76.4% of cases using FDG-PET, and in 75% of cases using bone scan. The detection of periprosthetic inflammation using FDG-PET had a sensitivity of 100% for septic cases and of 45.5% in cases of increased abrasion and aseptic foreign-body reactions. However, reliable differentiation between abrasion-induced and bacterial-caused inflammation was not possible using FDG-PET. |
3 |
| 75. Prandini N, Lazzeri E, Rossi B, Erba P, Parisella MG, Signore A. Nuclear medicine imaging of bone infections. Nucl Med Commun 2006;27:633-44. |
Meta-analysis |
89 studies - Peripheric post-traumatic and prosthetic joint infection |
To conduct a meta-analysis of the use of nuclear medicine imaging for the study of the most frequent causes of bone infections, including prosthetic joint, peripheric post-traumatic bone infections, vertebral and sternal infections. |
Results not stated in abstract. |
M |
| 76. Chacko TK, Zhuang H, Nakhoda KZ, Moussavian B, Alavi A. Applications of fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography in the diagnosis of infection. Nucl Med Commun. 2003;24(6):615-624. |
Observational-Dx |
167 scans to evaluate 175 potential sites of infection |
To assess the accuracy of FDG-PET in diagnosing infection in a large population of patients and in a variety of clinical circumstances where the performance of conventional imaging modalities has been questioned. |
The overall accuracy of FDG-PET in evaluating orthopedic hardware was 96.2% for hip prosthesis, 81% for knee prosthesis, and 100% in 15 patients with other orthopedic devices. Among the patients in the sample suspected of having chronic osteomyelitis, the accuracy was 91.2%. FDG-PET was inaccurate in 3 cases of fever of unknown origin and accurate in all vascular graft and soft tissue infections. In 49 patients with a clinically apparent soft-tissue infection, FDG-PET was able to detect or exclude underlying osteomyelitis with an accuracy of 92.3%. Among the 23 patients who had recent orthopedic procedures, FDG-PET imaging was accurate in 87% of cases. |
3 |
| 77. Mansi L, Boemio A. Otmar Schober and Walter Heindel: PET-CT hybrid imaging. European Journal of Nuclear Medicine and Molecular Imaging 2011;38:1582-83. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide useful information for understanding PET/CT and for defining its correct clinical application. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 78. Sterner T, Pink R, Freudenberg L, et al. The role of [18F]fluoride positron emission tomography in the early detection of aseptic loosening of total knee arthroplasty. Int J Surg 2007;5:99-104. |
Observational-Dx |
14 arthroplasties |
To evaluate the usefulness of [18F]fluoride PET in symptomatic TKA to detect early aseptic loosening. |
We found a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 56% and an accuracy of 71%. No false negative results were detected, in 4 patients one component as false positive. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the plain radiograph of the same patients were 43%, 86% and 64%, respectively. |
3 |
| 79. Stumpe KD, Romero J, Ziegler O, et al. The value of FDG-PET in patients with painful total knee arthroplasty. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2006;33:1218-25. |
Review/Other-Dx |
28 patients |
To evaluate 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) uptake in patients with painful total knee arthroplasty and to relate FDG uptake to the location of soft tissue pain. |
Twenty-seven of 28 patients presented with diffuse synovial FDG uptake. Additional focal extrasynovial FDG uptake was observed in 19 knees. Twenty-four of the 28 patients had a diagnosis of internal femoral malrotation. The remaining four patients showed no rotation (0 degrees) and 3 degrees, 4 degrees and 7 degrees of external rotation, respectively. Three patients presented with the additional diagnosis of an infected total knee replacement. Pain was described as diffuse (n=10) or focal (n=18). In two knees a relationship between pain location and FDG uptake was observed. Of ten patients with a severe internal femoral component rotation (>6 degrees), seven had focal uptake, four in the femoral periosteum and three in the tibial periosteum. The difference between knees with severe malrotation and the remaining knees was not significant (p=1.000, Fisher's Exact Test). |
4 |
| 80. Zhuang H, Chacko TK, Hickeson M, et al. Persistent non-specific FDG uptake on PET imaging following hip arthroplasty. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2002;29:1328-33. |
Observational-Dx |
9 prospective patients; 18 retrospective asymptomatic patients |
To assess the patterns and time course of FDG accumulation following total hip replacement over an extended period of time. |
During the entire study period, all nine patients enrolled in the prospective study were demonstrated to have increased FDG uptake around the femoral head or neck portion of the prosthesis that extended to the soft tissues surrounding the femur. Among the patients reviewed in the retrospective study, 18 patients with a history of 21 hip arthroplasties who were asymptomatic at the time of FDG-PET scan met the criteria for inclusion. The time interval between the hip arthroplasty and the FDG-PET study ranged from 3 months to 288 months (mean+/-SD: 80.4+/-86.2 months). In 81% (17 of 21) of these prostheses, increased FDG uptake could be noted around the femoral head or neck portion of the prosthesis. The average time interval between arthroplasty and FDG-PET scan in these patients was 71.3 months. In only four prostheses (19%, 4 of 21) was no abnormally increased FDG uptake seen around the prostheses or adjacent sites. The average time interval in these patients was 114.8 months |
3 |
| 81. Basu S, Kwee TC, Saboury B, et al. FDG PET for diagnosing infection in hip and knee prostheses: prospective study in 221 prostheses and subgroup comparison with combined (111)In-labeled leukocyte/(99m)Tc-sulfur colloid bone marrow imaging in 88 prostheses. Clin Nucl Med. 39(7):609-15, 2014 Jul. |
Observational-Dx |
134 hip and 87 knee prostheses |
To assess and compare the value of FDG PET with combined In-labeled leukocyte/Tc-sulfur colloid bone marrow (WBC/BM) imaging for diagnosing infection in hip and knee prostheses. |
The initial analysis of data from the WBC/BM images demonstrated somewhat suboptimal results compared with those of FDG PET scans on 88 patients. In addition, some patients were not willing to undergo both procedures and therefore participate in this study. Therefore, a decision was made to eliminate WBC/BM imaging from the procedures for the remainder of this research study. This decision was reached partly because of the significant radiation dose delivered from labeled WBC and safety issues related to preparing these labeled cells. Final diagnosis was based on microbiological examinations of the surgical specimens in 125 prostheses and joint aspirations combined with the clinical follow-up of 6 months or more in 86 prostheses. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of FDG PET in hip prostheses were 81.8%, 93.1%, 79.4%, and 94.0%, respectively, and in knee prostheses were 94.7%, 88.2%, 69.2%, and 98.4%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of WBC/BM imaging in hip prostheses were 38.5%, 95.7%, 71.4%, and 84.6%, respectively, and in knee prostheses were 33.3%, 88.5%, 25.0%, and 92.0%, respectively. In those cases that underwent both FDG PET and WBC/BM imaging, there was a trend (P = 0.0625) toward a higher sensitivity for FDG PET in hip prostheses, whereas other comparisons did not show any significant differences between the 2 imaging modalities. |
2 |
| 82. Van Acker F, Nuyts J, Maes A, et al. FDG-PET, 99mtc-HMPAO white blood cell SPET and bone scintigraphy in the evaluation of painful total knee arthroplasties. Eur J Nucl Med 2001;28:1496-504. |
Observational-Dx |
21 symptomatic patients, 17 unsymptomatic patients |
To establish the clinical value of FDG-PET in comparison to WBC scintigraphy, in combination with the three-phase bone scan, in patientswith a painful TKA. |
In the infected TKAs, the WBC scan showed focal activity of grade 2 (n=2), 3 (n=l) or 4 (n=2). PET scan revealed focal activity of grade 4 (n=5) or 3 (n=1). WBC scan alone had a specificity for infection of 53% [positive predictive value (PPV) 42%, sensitivity 100%], compared with 73% for PET scan (PPV 60%, sensitivity 100%). Considering only lesions at the bone-prosthesis interface that were also present on the third phase of the bone scan, we found a specificity of 93% (PPV 83%) for WBC scan. Using these criteria, a specificity of 80% (PPV 67%) was obtained for PET scan. Two out of three false-positive PET scans were due to loosening of the TKA. I |
2 |
| 83. Squire MW, Della Valle CJ, Parvizi J. Preoperative diagnosis of periprosthetic joint infection: role of aspiration. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2011;196:875-9. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To illustrate how total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) aspiration by the radiologist can assist the health care team in determining the presence or absence of periprosthetic joint infection. |
The increasing incidence of periprosthetic TKA and THA infection, as well as the changing role of aspiration for diagnosing periprosthetic joint infection, will likely increase demand for this important procedure in the future. |
4 |
| 84. Chimento GF, Finger S, Barrack RL. Gram stain detection of infection during revision arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1996;78:838-9. |
Observational-Dx |
194 revision arthroplasties of the hip and knee |
To correlate the results of Gram staining performed on swabs taken during revision hip and knee arthroplasty on patients with known clinical infection to determine the accuracy of the prediction of infection. |
The results of intraoperative Gram staining were available in 169 (87%). Thirty-two were found to be infected (11 hips and 21 knees) and 137 had no evidence of infection. Intraoperative Gram staining was negative in all 169 cases. The method therefore had a sensitivity of 0% for detecting infection. We conclude that the absence of organisms on intraoperative Gram staining during revision arthroplasty does not confirm the absence of infection. |
3 |
| 85. Mason JB, Fehring TK, Odum SM, Griffin WL, Nussman DS. The value of white blood cell counts before revision total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2003;18:1038-43. |
Observational-Dx |
86 patients |
To define the diagnostic value of preoperative aspiration with respect to WBC count and differentials. |
Of 440 revision total knee arthroplasties, 86 patients had preoperative aspirations of the knee before revision. Fifty-five aspirates were from aseptic failures; 31 aspirates were from patients determined to have septic failure. The mean white blood cell (WBC) count in aspirates from the aseptic group was 645 cells/mm(3) (SD = 878). The mean WBC count in the septic group was 25951 cells/mm(3) (SD = 34994; P=<.001). The mean percentage of PMNCs was statistically higher in the septic group compared with the aseptic group (72.8% vs 27.3%; P=<.001). The synovial fluid WBC count differential analysis is a statistically relevant indicator of the presence or absence of infection in revision knee arthroplasty. Aspirates with a WBC count of 2500 per milliliter and 60% PMNCs are highly suggestive of infection. |
3 |
| 86. Trampuz A, Hanssen AD, Osmon DR, Mandrekar J, Steckelberg JM, Patel R. Synovial fluid leukocyte count and differential for the diagnosis of prosthetic knee infection. Am J Med 2004;117:556-62. |
Observational-Dx |
133 patients |
To define cutoff values for synovial fluid leukocyte count and neutrophil percentage for differentiating aseptic failure and prosthetic joint infection. |
Aseptic failure was diagnosed in 99 patients and prosthetic joint infection was diagnosed in 34 patients. The synovial fluid leukocyte count was significantly higher in patients with prosthetic joint infection (median, 18.9 x 10(3)/microL; range, 0.3 to 178 x 10(3)/microL) than in those with aseptic failure (median, 0.3 x 10(3)/microL; range, 0.1 to 16 x 10(3)/microL; P <0.0001); the neutrophil percentage was also significantly higher in patients with prosthetic joint infection (median [range], 92% [55% to 100%] vs. 7% [0% to 79%], P <0.0001). A leukocyte count of >1.7 x 10(3)/microL had a sensitivity of 94% and a specificity of 88% for diagnosing prosthetic joint infection; a differential of >65% neutrophils had a sensitivity of 97% and a specificity of 98%. Staphylococcus aureus was the only pathogen associated with leukocyte counts >100 x 10(3)/microL. |
3 |
| 87. Toms AD, Davidson D, Masri BA, Duncan CP. The management of peri-prosthetic infection in total joint arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2006;88:149-55. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To update and summarise the recent refinements in diagnosis and the subsequent results of treatment. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 88. Ali F, Wilkinson JM, Cooper JR, et al. Accuracy of joint aspiration for the preoperative diagnosis of infection in total hip arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2006;21:221-6. |
Observational-Dx |
73 patients |
To assess the diagnostic accuracy of radiology department-based hip aspiration for the diagnosis of infection after total hip arthroplasty. |
Seventeen patients (23%) had infected hip joints at operative culture. The sensitivity and specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of the hip aspiration were 0.82 and 0.91, 0.74 and 0.94, and 0.89, respectively. |
3 |
| 89. Barrack RL, Jennings RW, Wolfe MW, Bertot AJ. The Coventry Award. The value of preoperative aspiration before total knee revision. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1997:8-16. |
Observational-Dx |
69 knees in 67 patients |
To evaluate the value of routine aspiration of a symptomatic total knee replacement before reoperation. |
Twenty knees were determined to be infected and 49 knees were not infected. Preoperative aspiration had an overall sensitivity of 55%, specificity of 96%, accuracy of 84%, positive predictive value of 85%, and negative predictive value of 84%. Sixteen patients were taking antibiotics at the time of referral including 12 of 20 (60%) who had infected knees. Seven of these 12 (58%) had no growth on their initial knee aspiration. Four of these had their knees reaspirated at a later date because of a high index of suspicion for infection and the subsequent aspiration revealed the infecting organism in all four cases. Two of the remaining three patients had signs of sepsis develop and reaspiration was not performed because immediate reoperation was indicated clinically. The initial aspiration on the third patient was performed after antibiotic therapy was discontinued for 4 weeks and a repeat aspiration was not deemed necessary. When the results of the reaspirations are included, the overall aspiration results improved to a sensitivity of 75%, specificity of 96%, and accuracy of 90%. |
3 |
| 90. Della Valle CJ, Sporer SM, Jacobs JJ, Berger RA, Rosenberg AG, Paprosky WG. Preoperative testing for sepsis before revision total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2007;22:90-3. |
Observational-Dx |
105 arthroplasties |
To report on the utility of commonly available tests for determining periprosthetic infection of the knee in a consecutive series of revision total kneearthroplasties that all underwent a consistent protocol for evaluating infection with a specific focus on the use of the synovial fluid WBC count. |
A synovial fluid WBC count of greater than 3000 was the most precise test with a sensitivity of 100%, specificity of 98%, and accuracy of 99%. The preoperative use of an ESR and CRP proved to be an excellent screening modality with only one infection identified with both values being normal. |
3 |
| 91. Li H, Xu C, Hao L, Chai W, Jun F, Chen J. The concordance between preoperative aspiration and intraoperative synovial fluid culture results: intraoperative synovial fluid re-cultures are necessary whether the preoperative aspiration culture is positive or not. BMC Infect Dis 2021;21:1018. |
Observational-Dx |
187 PJI patients |
To determine the discordance between preoperative and intraoperative synovial fluid (SF) culture and compared to intraoperative synovial fluid cultures, the sensitivity of preoperative aspiration fluid culture. |
The sensitivity of preoperative aspiration culture was 81.29% compared to intraoperative synovial fluid cultures. Concordance was identified in 147 PJI (78.61%) patients and culture discordance occurred in 40 patients (21.39%). In these discordant PJI patients, 24 patients (60%) were polymicrobial and no intraoperative synovial fluid culture growth was found in 16 PJI cases (40%). Preoperative monomicrobial staphylococcus results had a sensitivity of and a specificity of 80.43% and 83.16%, respectively. |
3 |
| 92. Garvin KL, Konigsberg BS. Infection following total knee arthroplasty: prevention and management. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2011;93:1167-75. |
Review/Other-Tx |
N/A |
No abstract available. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 93. Fritz J, Lurie B, Potter HG. MR Imaging of Knee Arthroplasty Implants. [Review]. Radiographics. 35(5):1483-501, 2015 Sep-Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss strategies for MR imaging of knee arthroplasty, discuss common knee arthroplasty–associated complications, and illustrate their MR imaging manifestations. |
MR imaging with optimized conventional pulse sequences and advanced metal artifact reduction techniques can contribute important information for diagnosis, prognosis, risk stratification, and surgical planning. |
4 |
| 94. Plodkowski AJ, Hayter CL, Miller TT, Nguyen JT, Potter HG. Lamellated hyperintense synovitis: potential MR imaging sign of an infected knee arthroplasty. Radiology. 2013;266(1):256-260. |
Observational-Dx |
28 patients with proved infected total knee arthroplasty and 28 patients with noninfected arthroplasty |
To determine the sensitivity and specificity of lamellated hyperintense synovitis for infection following knee arthroplasty and to determine the inter- and intraobserver variability of this sign at MRI. |
The sensitivity of lamellated hyperintense synovitis for infection was 0.86–0.92 (95% CI: 0.75, 0.97) and the specificity was 0.85–0.87 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.94). There was almost perfect interobserver agreement (kappa = 0.82; 95% CI: 0.72, 0.93; P<0.001) and intraobserver agreement (for reader 1, kappa = 0.89 [95% CI: 0.78, 1.00; P<0.001] and for reader 2, kappa = 0.89 [95% CI: 0.77, 1.00; P<0.001]) in the classification of the synovial pattern. |
2 |
| 95. Li AE, Sneag DB, Greditzer HGt, Johnson CC, Miller TT, Potter HG. Total Knee Arthroplasty: Diagnostic Accuracy of Patterns of Synovitis at MR Imaging. Radiology. 2016;281(2):499-506. |
Observational-Dx |
108 patients |
To determine the diagnostic accuracy of magnetic resonance (MR) imaging for differentiating synovial patterns in patients with total knee arthroplasty (TKA), whether diagnostic accuracy differs in index versus revision TKA, and interobserver and intraobserver reliability for assessment of synovial patterns at MR imaging. |
Results For all patients combined, MR imaging had 0.907-0.930 sensitivity and 0.723-0.738 specificity for a surgical diagnosis of complications related to polyethylene wear (including osteolysis and loosening); 0.652-0.783 sensitivity and 0.976-0.988 specificity for infection; and 0.643-0.667 sensitivity and 0.894-0.939 specificity for stiffness, instability, and nonspecific pain. Diagnostic accuracy was higher in the index TKA cohort than in the revision TKA cohort. Interobserver and intraobserver reliabilities were almost perfect (kappa = 0.82 and kappa = 0.83, respectively). |
2 |
| 96. Mosher TJ, Davis CM, 3rd. Magnetic resonance imaging to evaluate osteolysis around total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2006;21:460-3. |
Review/Other-Dx |
2 cases |
To describe the use of magnetic resonance imaging to identify particulate-induced osteolysis around the distal femur and proximal tibia in 2 patients with total knee arthroplasties. |
The extent of the osteolysis was not apparent from standard x-rays, and the information provided by the magnetic resonance imaging facilitated preoperative discussion with the patient as well as preoperative planning for the surgery. |
4 |
| 97. Vessely MB, Frick MA, Oakes D, Wenger DE, Berry DJ. Magnetic resonance imaging with metal suppression for evaluation of periprosthetic osteolysis after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2006;21:826-31. |
Observational-Dx |
11 patients |
To report on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with metal suppression for the evaluation of suspected periprosthetic osteolysis around TKA. |
The presence of osteolysis was identified or suspected radiographically in all of the 11 patients. Osteolysis was confirmed in 10 patients by MRI. In 9 of 11 patients, the extent of osteolysis was greater on MRI than estimated radiographically. In 5 of 11 patients, MRI demonstrated additional osteolytic lesions which were radiographically occult. In one case, the amount of osteolysis on MRI was less than on initial radiographs, and in one case, osteolysis was felt to be present radiographically but was not confirmed on MRI. In all 7 of 11 patients subsequently treated with revision TKA, MRI findings were confirmed at revision. |
3 |
| 98. Pring DJ, Henderson RG, Rivett AG, Krausz T, Coombs RR, Lavender JP. Autologous granulocyte scanning of painful prosthetic joints. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1986;68:647-52. |
Observational-Dx |
60 patients with 74 prosthetic joints |
To describe the technique of indium-111 granulocyte scanning in assessing painful prosthetic joints and give our results. |
All 18 patients with confirmed sepsis had positive scans, that is, migration of granulocytes into the region of the prosthesis. Of the 22 sterile arthroplasties 20 had negative scans. In 34 cases there was good correlation between the clinical impression and the result of the scan. |
4 |
| 99. Pelosi E, Baiocco C, Pennone M, et al. 99mTc-HMPAO-leukocyte scintigraphy in patients with symptomatic total hip or knee arthroplasty: improved diagnostic accuracy by means of semiquantitative evaluation. J Nucl Med. 2004;45(3):438-444. |
Observational-Dx |
78 patients |
To evaluate the diagnostic value, in suspected infectious prostheses, of Tc99m-HMPAO leukocyte scintigraphy interpreted with the addition of a semiquantitative analysis. |
On qualitative analysis, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 80.4%-87%, 65.3%-71.4%, and 75.8%-77.9%, respectively. On semiquantitative analysis, sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy were 95.6%, 95.8%, and 95.8%, respectively. The analysis of 95% confidence intervals showed statistically significant differences in specificity and accuracy between semiquantitative and qualitative analyses. |
2 |
| 100. Scher DM, Pak K, Lonner JH, Finkel JE, Zuckerman JD, Di Cesare PE. The predictive value of indium-111 leukocyte scans in the diagnosis of infected total hip, knee, or resection arthroplasties. J Arthroplasty 2000;15:295-300. |
Observational-Dx |
153 scans on 143 patients |
To determine the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value, and accuracy of indium scanning in the diagnosis of infected total hip, total knee, and resection arthroplasties. |
Indium scans were found to have a 77% sensitivity, 86% specificity, 54% and 95% positive and negative predictive values, and 84% accuracy for the prediction of infection. Of 6 equivocal scans, none were infected. |
3 |
| 101. Glithero PR, Grigoris P, Harding LK, Hesslewood SR, McMinn DJ. White cell scans and infected joint replacements. Failure to detect chronic infection. J Bone Joint Surg Br 1993;75:371-4. |
Observational-Dx |
52 patients with 54 prostheses |
To present our experience of using both In-oxine and Tc-HMPAO-labelled white-cell scans in the detection of infection in failed joint prostheses. |
13 hips and five knees proved to be infected. The scans taken together had an accuracy of 82%, a sensitivity of 44% and a specificity of 100%. Indium scans gave 37% sensitivity, 99mTc labelling 50% sensitivity. Infected arthroplasties with positive scans had presented significantly earlier than those with negative scans, the time after the original insertion being 1.1 years for the true-positive scans and 6.1 years for the false-negative scans. |
3 |
| 102. Rand JA, Brown ML. The value of indium 111 leukocyte scanning in the evaluation of painful or infected total knee arthroplasties. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1990:179-82. |
Observational-Dx |
38 patients |
To determine the value of indium 111 leukocyte scanning for determining deep infection in the patient with a painful TKA. |
The scan had an accuracy of 84%, a sensitivity of 83%, and a specificity of 85%. |
3 |
| 103. Rosas MH, Leclercq S, Pegoix M, et al. Contribution of laboratory tests, scintigraphy, and histology to the diagnosis of lower limb joint replacement infection. Revue du Rhumatisme (English Edition). 65(7-9):477-82, 1998 Jul-Sep. |
Observational-Dx |
37 lower limb arthroplasties |
To evaluate the contribution of laboratory tests, histology and scintigraphy for diagnosing and monitoring the treatment of lower limb arthroplasty infection. |
Acute phase reactants were more sensitive and more specific than the erythrocyte sedimentation rate. The full scintigraphy protocol had 100% sensitivity and 87% specificity. Recovery of neutrophils by aspiration or during surgery was 100% specific in the absence of hematomas or rheumatoid arthritis. Sensitivity of the presence of neutrophils varied with the collection technique. |
4 |
| 104. Teller RE, Christie MJ, Martin W, Nance EP, Haas DW. Sequential indium-labeled leukocyte and bone scans to diagnose prosthetic joint infection. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2000:241-7. |
Observational-Dx |
166 cases |
To compare sequential 99Tc hydroxymethyl diphosphonate and 111 In leukocyte scintigraphy with other clinical predictors of infection and to validate the previous analysis in a much larger study population. |
Sequential technetium-99-hydroxymethyl diphosphonate and indium-111 leukocyte imaging was 64% sensitive and 78% specific. Fever, physical findings, or sedimentation rate did not identify infection reliably, and preoperative aspirate culture was only 28% sensitive. Positive scintigraphy increased the likelihood of finding infection intraoperatively from 14% to 30%, although negative scintigraphy decreased this likelihood to 7%. |
3 |
| 105. Filippi L, Schillaci O. Usefulness of hybrid SPECT/CT in 99mTc-HMPAO-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy for bone and joint infections. J Nucl Med. 2006;47(12):1908-1913. |
Observational-Dx |
28 patients |
To evaluate the usefulness of SPECT and transmission CT performed simultaneously using a hybrid imaging device for the functional anatomic mapping of bone and joint infections. |
(99m)Tc-HMPAO scintigraphy was true-positive for infection in 18/28 patients (for a total of 21 sites of uptake) and true-negative in 10/28 subjects. SPECT/CT provided an accurate anatomic localization of all positive foci. With regard to the final diagnosis, SPECT/CT added a significant clinical contribution in 10/28 patients (35.7%). In fact, SPECT/CT differentiated soft-tissue from bone involvement both in patients with osteomyelitis and in patients with orthopedic implants, allowed correct diagnosis of osteomyelitis in patients with structural alterations after trauma, and identified synovial infection without prosthesis involvement in patients with a knee implant. |
2 |
| 106. Joseph TN, Mujtaba M, Chen AL, et al. Efficacy of combined technetium-99m sulfur colloid/indium-111 leukocyte scans to detect infected total hip and knee arthroplasties. J Arthroplasty. 2001;16(6):753-758. |
Observational-Dx |
58 patients |
To investigate the reliability of combined In-111 leukocyte/Tc-99m sulfur colloid scans, with and without the addition of blood pooling and blood flow studies, in the diagnosis of infected total joint arthroplasty. |
Results for imaging alone included 100% specificity, 46% sensitivity, 100% PPV, 84% NPV, and 88% accuracy. Inclusion of blood pooling and flow phase data improved results to 66% sensitivity, 89% NPV, and 90% accuracy, with reductions in specificity (98%) and PPV (91%). Routine use of these radionuclide scans is not supported by these data. |
3 |
| 107. Palestro CJ, Swyer AJ, Kim CK, Goldsmith SJ. Infected knee prosthesis: diagnosis with In-111 leukocyte, Tc-99m sulfur colloid, and Tc-99m MDP imaging. Radiology 1991;179:645-8. |
Observational-Dx |
28 patients with 41 knee prostheses |
To review the utility of indium-111-labeled leukocyte scintigraphy and technetium-99m methylene diphosphonate (MDP) bone scintigraphy, alone and in combination, as well as in In-111-labeled leukocyte scinitgraphy combined with Tc-99m sulfur colloid marrow scinitegraphy in the diagnosis of infected total knee prostheses. |
Nine prostheses were infected, and 32 were uninfected. The accuracy of combined labeled leukocyte and sulfur colloid marrow imaging (95%) was higher than that of labeled leukocyte scintigraphy alone (78%), bone scintigraphy alone (74%), or combined labeled leukocyte and bone scintigraphy (75%). |
3 |
| 108. Blanc P, Bonnet E, Giordano G, Monteil J, Salabert AS, Payoux P. The use of labelled leucocyte scintigraphy to evaluate chronic periprosthetic joint infections: a retrospective multicentre study on 168 patients. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis. 38(9):1625-1631, 2019 Sep. |
Observational-Dx |
168 patients |
To evaluate the usefulness of leucocyte scintigraphy ([LS], meaning LLS and AGS) in relation with the pathogens involved in PJI. |
The sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive value of LLS were 72%, 60%, and 80%, respectively. LLS performed better than did AGS. SPECT-CT revealed the accurate locations of infections. The sensitivity of LS was not significantly affected by the causative pathogen or the injected activity. No correlation was evident between the current antibiotic treatment and the LS value. The test was more sensitive for knee (84%) than hip arthroplasty (57%) but was less specific for knee (52% vs. 75%). |
3 |
| 109. Love C, Tronco G, Yu A, Marwin S, Nichols K, Palestro C. Diagnosing lower extremity (LE) prosthetic joint infection: Bone, gallium & labeled leukocyte imaging. Journal of Nuclear Medicine 2008;49:133P. |
Observational-Dx |
150 failed LE prosthetic joints |
To compare 3-phase bone (3PBo), bone (Bo), gallium (Ga), bone/gallium (Bo/Ga), leukocyte (WBC), leukocyte/bone (WBC/Bo), & leukocyte/marrow (WBC/Ma) for diagnosing LE prosthetic joint infection. |
67 (45%) prostheses were infected, 67 (45%) aseptically loosened, 16 (10%) miscellaneous. 3PBo, Bo, & Bo/Ga were moderately sensitive; Ga, WBC, WBC/Bo, & WBC/Ma were highly sensitive. WBC/Ma was significantly more specific (p=<0.0001) than all other tests. |
3 |
| 110. Dalury DF, Pomeroy DL, Gorab RS, Adams MJ. Why are total knee arthroplasties being revised? J Arthroplasty 2013;28:120-1. |
Review/Other-Tx |
820 revision TKAs, 693 patients |
To report the reason(s) for revision TKA in a large, current, multicenter series and compare those reasons with previously published reasons. |
The top seven reasons for the revision were aseptic loosening (23.1%), infection (18.4%), polyethylene wear (18.1%), instability (17.7%), pain/stiffness (9.3%), osteolysis (4.5%), and malposition/malalignment (2.9%). Comparison with previously published reasons showed fewer TKA revisions for polyethylene wear, osteolysis, instability, and malalignment. |
4 |
| 111. Lombardi AV, Jr., Berend KR, Adams JB. Why knee replacements fail in 2013: patient, surgeon, or implant? Bone Joint J 2014;96-B:101-4. |
Review/Other-Tx |
844 revision TKRs |
To report a detailed analysis of failure mechanisms over time and to see if failure modes have changed over the past 10 to 15 years. |
Aseptic loosening was the predominant mechanism of failure (31.2%), followed by instability (18.7%), infection (16.2%), polyethylene wear (10.0%), arthrofibrosis (6.9%) and malalignment (6.6%). The mean time to failure was 5.9 years (ten days to 31 years), 35.3% of all revisions occurred at less than two years, and 60.2% in the first five years. With improvements in implant and polyethylene manufacture, polyethylene wear is no longer a leading cause of failure. Early mechanisms of failure are primarily technical errors. |
4 |
| 112. Thiele K, Perka C, Matziolis G, Mayr HO, Sostheim M, Hube R. Current failure mechanisms after knee arthroplasty have changed: polyethylene wear is less common in revision surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2015;97:715-20. |
Review/Other-Tx |
358 TKA revisions |
To clarify which underlying indications can be currently considered the main reasons for failure after total knee arthroplasty as a function of time. |
Three hundred and fifty-eight revision total knee arthroplasties were included. Of those revisions, 19.8% were performed within the first year after the index arthroplasty. The most common indications for revision, besides aseptic loosening (21.8%), were instability (21.8%), malalignment (20.7%), and periprosthetic infection (14.5%). Revisions due to polyethylene wear (7%) rarely occurred. In the early failure group, the primary causes of revision were periprosthetic infection (26.8%) and instability (23.9%). In the intermediate group, instability (23.3%) and malalignment (29.4%) required revision surgery, whereas late failure mechanisms were aseptic loosening (34.7%), instability (18.5%), and polyethylene wear (18.5%). |
4 |
| 113. Archibeck MJ, Jacobs JJ, Roebuck KA, Glant TT. The basic science of periprosthetic osteolysis. Instr Course Lect 2001;50:185-95. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the basic science of periprosthetic osteolysis. |
Recent and ongoing work in the field of signaling pathways will continue to advance our understanding of the mechanisms of periprosthetic bone loss. Although initial animal studies are promising for the development of possible pharmacologic agents for the treatment and prevention of osteolysis, well controlled human trials are required. |
4 |
| 114. Gupta SK, Chu A, Ranawat AS, Slamin J, Ranawat CS. Osteolysis after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty 2007;22:787-99. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss osteolysis as it relates to TKAs. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 115. Gonzalez MH, Mekhail AO. The failed total knee arthroplasty: evaluation and etiology. [Review] [88 refs]. J Am Acad Orthop Surg. 12(6):436-46, 2004 Nov-Dec. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the evaluation and etiology of failed total knee arthroplasties. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 116. Sneag DB, Bogner EA, Potter HG. Magnetic resonance imaging evaluation of the painful total knee arthroplasty. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2015;19:40-8. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review the use of MRI evaluation of the painful total knee arthroplasty. |
MRI can reliably predict the presence and extent of infection, component loosening and polyethylene wear, and component malrotation, and it can evaluate the integrity of surrounding soft tissue structures. Using dynamic contrast-enhanced angiographic techniques, vascular pathology such as pseudoaneurysm formation and recurrent hemarthrosis can also be assessed. |
4 |
| 117. Moreland JR. Mechanisms of failure in total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1988:49-64. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To describe the major mechanisms of failure in total knee arthroplasty. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 118. Parratte S, Pagnano MW. Instability after total knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2008;90(1):184-194. |
Review/Other-Tx |
N/A |
To review the causes and recommended treatments of each type of instability. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 119. Hofmann AA, Wyatt RW, Daniels AU, Armstrong L, Alazraki N, Taylor A, Jr. Bone scans after total knee arthroplasty in asymptomatic patients. Cemented versus cementless. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1990:183-8. |
Observational-Dx |
55 patients |
To determine the natural history of bone scans after cemented and cementless total knee arthroplasty. |
Bone scans immediately postoperative and at three months demonstrated increased uptake, which gradually decreased to baseline levels at ten to 12 months. Radioisotope uptake was comparable in the cemented and cementless groups, but was highly variable in individual patients and in each of the follow-up periods. |
3 |
| 120. Klett R, Kordelle J, Stahl U, et al. Immunoscintigraphy of septic loosening of knee endoprosthesis: a retrospective evaluation of the antigranulocyte antibody BW 250/183. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2003;30:1463-6. |
Observational-Dx |
26 patients |
To apply a quantitative time-activity course interpretation of antigranulocyte scintigraphy to the situation of septic loosening of knee prostheses. |
We found a sensitivity and a negative predictive value of 100%, a specificity of 80%, a positive predictive value of 81% and an accuracy of 89%. Specificity and accuracy are lower than in the evaluation of hip prostheses; however, in comparison to other scintigraphic modalities, scintigraphy with the antigranulocyte antibody BW 250/183 is superior in excluding infection and has better specificity and accuracy. |
3 |
| 121. Love C, Tomas MB, Marwin SE, Pugliese PV, Palestro CJ. Role of nuclear medicine in diagnosis of the infected joint replacement. Radiographics 2001;21:1229-38. |
Experimental-Dx |
N/A |
To review the complications of prosthetic joint surgery and the role of radionuclide imaging in diagnosis of the infected jointreplacement. |
Radionuclide imaging is not affected by the presence of metallic hardware and is therefore useful for evaluating the painful prosthesis. Bone scintigraphy is useful as a screening test, despite an accuracy of only 50%-70%, because normal results essentially exclude a prosthetic complication. The addition of gallium-67, a nonspecific inflammation-imaging agent, improves the accuracy of bone scintigraphy to 70%-80%. The accuracy of combined leukocyte-marrow imaging, 90%, is the highest among available radionuclide studies. Its success is due to the fact that leukocyte imaging is most sensitive for detection of neutrophil-mediated inflammation (ie, infection). |
4 |
| 122. Murer AM, Hirschmann MT, Amsler F, Rasch H, Huegli RW. Bone SPECT/CT has excellent sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of loosening and patellofemoral problems after total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 28(4):1029-1035, 2020 Apr.Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 28(4):1029-1035, 2020 Apr. |
Observational-Dx |
202 consecutive patients |
To determine the sensitivity and the specificity of SPECT/CT for different pathologies such as loosening and patellofemoral overloading. |
SPECT/CT changed the clinical diagnosis and final treatment in 139/214 (65%) knees. In 117 (54.7%) out of 214 patients, revision surgery was proposed following SPECT/CT. Early onset of pain was significantly (p = 0.011) correlated with tibiofemoral stress pattern in SPECT/CT. A total of 86 knees (40.2%) were surgically revised using semi-constrained or fully constrained TKA. In 35 patients, a secondary patellar resurfacing was performed. SPECT/CT showed the clinical diagnosis to be incorrect for suspicion of tibial component loosening in 56 patients (26.2%), femoral component loosening in 53 patients (24.8%), and patellofemoral overloading/progressive patellofemoral osteoarthritis in 26 patients (12.1%) and provided different underlying causes of persistent knee pain after TKA. Likewise, SPECT/CT identified tibial component loosening in 8 patients (3.7%), femoral component loosening in 4 patients (1.9%), and patellofemoral OA in 71 patients (33.2%) without prior clinical suspected diagnosis. The sensitivity and specificity of SPECT/CT for detection of patellofemoral OA was 96.5% and 96.2%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for detection of tibial component loosening was 96.0% and 100%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity for detection of femoral component loosening was 95.0% and 100%, respectively. |
3 |
| 123. Rosenthall L, Lepanto L, Raymond F. Radiophosphate uptake in asymptomatic knee arthroplasty. J Nucl Med 1987;28:1546-9. |
Observational-Dx |
30 patients with 37 knee prostheses |
To determine the natural evolution of bone scans following total knee replacement (TKR) and clarify the significance of increased radiophosphate uptake in asymptomatic knee arthnoplasty. |
In order to better characterize the time course of radiophosphate uptake, bone scans obtained 1 mo-12 yr after surgery were analyzed in 30 asymptomatic patients with 37 TKR. Uptake was graded 0-4+ in the femoral and tibial components. Scans of 18 implants were obtained 1 yr or less after surgery (Group 1), and 19 were obtained greater than 1 yr after surgery (Group 2). Mean uptake scores were as follows: femoral component Group 1 = 3.0 +/- 1.1; Group 2 = 1.8 +/- 0.9 (p less than 0.05); tibial component Group 1 = 3.2 +/- 0.8; Group 2 = 2.6 +/- 1.1 (not significant). Persistent increased uptake, particularly in the tibial component, reflects mechanical stresses peculiar to knee prostheses, and tends to undermine confidence in diagnosing loosening on the basis of a single study. |
3 |
| 124. Buckwalter KA, Parr JA, Choplin RH, Capello WN. Multichannel CT Imaging of Orthopedic Hardware and Implants. Semin Musculoskelet Radiol 2006;10:86-97. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss CT scan parameters and image postprocessing used at our institution and illustrates common clinical problems encountered when imaging implanted orthopedic devices. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 125. Yercan HS, Ait Si Selmi T, Sugun TS, Neyret P. Tibiofemoral instability in primary total knee replacement: a review, Part 1: Basic principles and classification. Knee 2005;12:257-66. |
Review/Other-Tx |
N/A |
To discuss the basic principles and classification of tibiofemoral instability in primary total knee replacement. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 126. Kandahari AM, Yang X, Laroche KA, Dighe AS, Pan D, Cui Q. A review of UHMWPE wear-induced osteolysis: the role for early detection of the immune response. Bone Res. 2016;4:16014. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To explore an immune response dominated by cells of monocytic or osteoclastogenic lineage when challenged with Ultra-high molecularweight polyethylene (UHMWPE) wear particles. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 127. Segura AB, Munoz A, Brulles YR, et al. What is the role of bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of infected joint prostheses? Nucl Med Commun. 2004;25(5):527-532. |
Observational-Dx |
77 patients |
To analyse the role played by bone scintigraphy in the diagnosis of infected joint prostheses. |
The bone scan was positive in all patients and 28 of them had an infection (sensitivity 100%, specificity 0%). The WBC scan was positive in 61 patients but only 27 had an infection. The WBC scan was negative in 16 patients, and the possibility of infection was discarded in 15 of these cases (sensitivity 96%, specificity 30%). The results of the bone marrow scan were not compatible with those of the WBC scan (suggestive of infection) in 27 patients: 26 of them had prosthesis infection. The results of both examinations were compatible in the other 34 patients and the possibility of infection was discarded in 33 of these patients (sensitivity 92.8%, specificity 98%). The addition of a BM scan to a WBC scan decreased the sensitivity from 96% to 92.8% but increased specificity from 30% to 98%. The addition of a bone scan to this dual combination did not alter the results. |
2 |
| 128. Koob S, Gaertner FC, Jansen TR, et al. Diagnosis of peri-prosthetic loosening of total hip and knee arthroplasty using (18)F-Fluoride PET/CT. Oncotarget 2019;10:2203-11. |
Observational-Dx |
26 patients |
To assess 18F-Fluoride PET/CT´s sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing periprosthetic loosening in total hip and knee arthroplasty. |
On the basis of our data we found a sensitivity of 95.00 %, a specificity of 87.04 % and an accuracy of 89.19 % for 18F-Fluoride PET/CT. |
3 |
| 129. Fehring TK, McAvoy G. Fluoroscopic evaluation of the painful total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1996:226-33. |
Review/Other-Dx |
20 patients |
To review patients referred for pain and disability after total knee arthroplasty with normal appearing office radiographs. |
In 14 of the 20 patients, the diagnosis of aseptic loosening was made with fluoroscopically guided radiographs. Each patient thought to have a loose component at fluoroscopy did, in fact, have a loose component at revision. Each patient improved after revision with an average increase in the Hospital for Special Surgery score of 26 points. |
4 |
| 130. Mintz AD, Pilkington CA, Howie DW. A comparison of plain and fluoroscopically guided radiographs in the assessment of arthroplasty of the knee. J Bone Joint Surg Am 1989;71:1343-7. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To compare the sensitivity of fluoroscopically guided radiographs with that of plain radiographs in revealing lucent lines beneath the tibial component of an uncemented total knee arthroplasty and subsidence of the component. |
Fluoroscopically guided radiographs allowed accurate measurement of a lucent line that was one millimeter wide. Plain radiographs were inadequate for the detection and measurement of these lucent lines, leading to inaccuracy. Fluoroscopically guided radiographs also allowed measurement of the distance between the tibial component and radiopaque markers in the proximal part of the tibial metaphysis that was reproducible to within one-half millimeter. Plain radiographs did not provide a reproducible measurement of this distance. |
4 |
| 131. Endo Y, Burge AJ, Koff MF, et al. Diagnostic Performance of MRI for Component Loosening in Total Knee Arthroplasty Compared with Radiography. Radiology. 204458, 2022 Mar 22. |
Observational-Dx |
116 knees |
To determine interreader reproducibility for characterizing component interfaces and diagnosing loosening and to evaluate the diagnostic performance of MRI for diagnosing loosening after TKA compared with radiography. |
Gwet agreement coefficient evaluated interreader reproducibility between two readers and multivariable logistic regression assessed risk factors for loosening. Results Among 116 knees in 114 patients (mean age, 63 years ± 10 [SD]; 59 women), 61 of 116 knees (52.6%) had at least one loose component. Interreader reproducibility of MRI was substantial to excellent (Gwet agreement coefficient, 0.67-0.96). Loosening was associated with fluid interface (odds ratio [OR], 20.1; 95% CI: 5.7, 70.9) or osteolysis (OR, 3.1; 95% CI: 1.8, 5.3), absence of any normal interface (OR, 11.8; 95% CI: 6.3, 22.2), poor (<33%) osseous integration (OR, 20.4; 95% CI: 9.7, 42.6), and bone marrow edema pattern (OR, 4.7; 95% CI: 2.8, 7.8). Sensitivity and specificity of MRI for loosening were 84% (27 of 32; 95% CI: 72, 97) and 85% (71 of 84; 95% CI: 77, 92) for the patellar, 31% (eight of 26; 95% CI: 13, 49) and 100% (90 of 90; 95% CI: 100, 100) for the femoral, and 81% (22 of 27; 95% CI: 66, 96) and 98% (87 of 89; 95% CI: 95, 100) for the tibial component, respectively. MRI had higher sensitivity (84% vs 31%; P < .001) but lower specificity (85% vs 96%; P = .003) for patellar component loosening than did radiography, respectively, whereas no evidence of a difference was found for femoral (sensitivity and specificity, MRI vs radiography: 31% vs 46% [P = .20] and 100% vs 99% [P > .99], respectively) or tibial (sensitivity and specificity, MRI vs radiography: 81% vs 70% [P = .16] and 98% vs 97% [P = .32], respectively) component loosening. |
2 |
| 132. Sofka CM, Potter HG, Adler RS, Pavlov H. Musculoskeletal imaging update: current applications of advanced imaging techniques to evaluate the early and long-term complications of patients with orthopedic implants. HSS J 2006;2:73-7. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To discuss some of the current applications of CT, MRI, ultrasound, and nuclear medicine in evaluating the postoperative orthopedic patient, concentrating on the appropriate imaging evaluation for the painful arthroplasty patient. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 133. Alves TI, Girish G, Kalume Brigido M, Jacobson JA. US of the Knee: Scanning Techniques, Pitfalls, and Pathologic Conditions. [Review]. Radiographics. 36(6):1759-1775, 2016 Oct. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review US scanning technique with relevant sonographic anatomy, US appearances of common pathologic conditions, and key pitfalls to avoid while evaluating the knee. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 134. Palestro CJ, Kim CK, Swyer AJ, Capozzi JD, Solomon RW, Goldsmith SJ. Total-hip arthroplasty: periprosthetic indium-111-labeled leukocyte activity and complementary technetium-99m-sulfur colloid imaging in suspected infection. J Nucl Med. 1990;31:1950-5. |
Observational-Dx |
72 patients with 92 (68 primary, 24 revision) cemented THAs |
To report the patterns of periprosthetic labeled leukocyte activity in 92 cemented total-hip arthroplasties, as well as the results of combined In-111-labeled leukocyte and Tc-99m sulfur colloid imaging of 50 of these arthroplasties. |
Though present in all 23 infected arthroplasties, periprosthetic activity was also present in 77% of uninfected arthroplasties, and was greater than the contralateral zone 51% of the time. When analyzed by zone, head zone activity was the best criterion for infection (87% sensitivity, 94% specificity, 92% accuracy). 50 of the arthroplasties were studied with combined labeled leukocyte/sulfur colloid imaging. Using incongruence of images as the criterion for infection, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the study were 100%, 97%, and 98%, respectively. While variable periprosthetic activity makes labeled leukocyte imaging alone unreliable for diagnosing hip arthroplasty infection, the addition of sulfur colloid imaging results in a highly accurate diagnostic procedure. |
3 |
| 135. Dennis D, Komistek R, Scuderi G, et al. In vivo three-dimensional determination of kinematics for subjects with a normal knee or a unicompartmental or total knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2001;83-A Suppl 2 Pt 2:104-15. |
Observational-Dx |
25 patients |
To determine the presence of condylar lift-off in a group of patients who had a conforming posterior stabilized total knee prosthesis, which was implanted with attention to positioning of the femoral component along the epicondylar axis. |
The results of this study suggest that there is a correlation between condylar lift-off and rotational alignment of the femoral component. Reducing lift-off with a conforming articulation reduces edge-loading and in turn should reduce polyethylene damage. |
4 |
| 136. Yoo JD, Kim NK. Periprosthetic fractures following total knee arthroplasty. Knee Surg Relat Res 2015;27:1-9. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review periprosthetic fractures following TKA. |
Satisfactory clinical outcomes can be obtained with proper selection of fixation devices and surgical techniques. Accurate diagnosis and appropriate intervention are of utmost importance in the treatment of periprosthetic fractures. |
4 |
| 137. Cross MB, Nam D, van der Meulen MC, Bostrom MP. A rare case of a bisphosphonate-induced peri-prosthetic femoral fracture. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2012;94:994-7. |
Review/Other-Dx |
1 case |
To review a rare case of bisphosphonate-induced peri-prosthetic femoral fracture. |
While the current definition of an atypical fracture of the femur excludes peri-prosthetic fractures, this case suggests that they do occur and should be considered in patients with severe osteopenia. Union of the fracture followed cessation of bisphosphonates and treatment with teriparatide. Thus, this case calls into question whether prophylactic intramedullary nailing is sufficient alone to treat early or completed atypical femoral fractures. |
4 |
| 138. Nam D, Abdel MP, Cross MB, et al. The management of extensor mechanism complications in total knee arthroplasty. AAOS exhibit selection. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2014;96:e47. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To (1) review the relevant anatomy of the knee extensor mechanism, (2) present risk factors that may lead to extensor mechanism complications, (3) provide a diagnostic and treatment algorithm for each of the aforementioned problems, and (4) review the specific surgical techniques of Achilles tendon allograft reconstruction and synthetic mesh augmentation. |
Extensor mechanism disorders following total knee arthroplasty remain difficult to manage effectively. Although various surgical techniques have been used, the results in patients with a prior total knee arthroplasty are inferior to the results in the young adult without such a prior procedure. Surgical attempts at restoration of the knee extensor mechanism are usually warranted; however, the outcomes of treatment of these complications are often poor, and management of patient expectations is important. |
4 |
| 139. Berger RA, Crossett LS, Jacobs JJ, Rubash HE. Malrotation causing patellofemoral complications after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1998:144-53. |
Observational-Dx |
50 patients |
To compare patients with isolated patellofemoral complications after TKA with patients with well functioning knee replacements with patellofemoral complications. |
The group with patellofemoral complications had excessive combined (tibial plus femoral) internal component rotation. This excessive combined internal rotation was directly proportional to the severity of the patellofemoral complication. Small amounts of combined internal rotation (1 degree-4 degrees) correlated with lateral tracking and patellar tilting. Moderate combined internal rotation (3 degrees-8 degrees) correlated with patellar subluxation. Large amounts of combined internal rotational (7 degrees-17 degrees) correlated with early patellar dislocation or late patellar prosthesis failure. The control group was in combined external rotation (10 degrees-0 degree). |
3 |
| 140. Berger RA, Rubash HE. Rotational instability and malrotation after total knee arthroplasty. Orthop Clin North Am 2001;32:639-47, ix. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To review rotational instability and malrotation after total knee arthroplasty. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 141. Abdelnasser MK, Adi MM, Elnaggar AA, Tarabichi S. Internal rotation of the tibial component in total knee arthroplasty can lead to extension deficit. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc. 28(9):2948-2952, 2020 Sep. |
Observational-Tx |
31 patients |
The aim of this in vivo study was to investigate whether induced internal rotation of the tibial component intraoperatively would change in vivo knee kinematics. |
For normal tibial component rotation, the median (interquartile range) extension deficit was 0° (4). The mean tibial trial intentional internal rotation was 21.2° (± 4.5). The median (interquartile range) extension deficit significantly increased to 6° (4) after tibial component internal rotation (p = 0.001). The use of PS spacers resulted in a significantly greater extension deficit after intentional internal rotation 9° (5) compared to that of the CR implant 1° (4) (p = 0.001). |
2 |
| 142. Jazrawi LM, Birdzell L, Kummer FJ, Di Cesare PE. The accuracy of computed tomography for determining femoral and tibial total knee arthroplasty component rotation. J Arthroplasty 2000;15:761-6. |
Observational-Dx |
6 cadavers |
To ascertain the accuracy of computed tomography (CT) scan for determining rotational alignment of femoral and tibial components in TKA. |
The correlation coefficient between these two values averaged 0.87, which was significant at P < .05. |
3 |
| 143. Whiteside LA, Arima J. The anteroposterior axis for femoral rotational alignment in valgus total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 1995:168-72. |
Observational-Tx |
46 TKS using posterior femoral condyles; 107 TKAs using anteroposterior axis |
To evaluate a technique using the anteroposterior axis of the distal femur, rather than the transepicondylar or posterior femoral condylar axis, to establish rotational alignment of the femoral component in valgus knees. |
In the group of knees using the posterior condylar axis, medial tibial tubercle transfer was needed intra-operatively in 8 knees to prevent lateral dislocation of the patella. In the first 2 postoperative years, 4 knees had recurrent patellar dislocation or subluxation that required surgical correction. In the group of knees using the anteroposterior axis, patellar tracking problems that required realignment were significantly reduced. One knee required medial tibial tubercle transfer to correct a Q angle > 20 degrees. In the remaining knees, the Q angle was < 10 degrees, and patellar tracking was acceptable. Two years after surgery, no knees had patellar instability. |
2 |
| 144. Roper GE, Bloemke AD, Roberts CC, Spangehl MJ, Clarke HD. Analysis of tibial component rotation following total knee arthroplasty using 3D high definition computed tomography. J Arthroplasty. 2013;28(8 Suppl):106-111. |
Observational-Dx |
60 knees |
To define a technique for measuring tibial rotation using this single CT image; 2) to validate the intra-observer and inter-observer reliability of this measurement technique (It is important to emphasize that we were not attempting to define an acceptable range for tibial rotation, simply to provide a tool to accurately and reproducibly make these measurements that could be used in future studies); and 3) to compare the intra-observerand inter-observer reliability of the measurement technique for tibial components made of different materials. |
The intra-reliability and inter-reliability both exceeded 0.9 whether the tibial component was made of titanium, cobalt-chrome or all-polyethylene. |
2 |
| 145. Saffi M, Spangehl MJ, Clarke HD, Young SW. Measuring Tibial Component Rotation Following Total Knee Arthroplasty: What Is the Best Method?. J Arthroplasty. 34(7S):S355-S360, 2019 07. |
Observational-Dx |
65 patients |
To compare the reproducibility of the Berger (two-dimensional CT) and Mayo (three-dimensional CT) protocols and (2) validate a simple measurement technique using an anatomical distance on two-dimensional axial CT-the Center of the Tibial tray to the tip of the Tibial Tubercle (CTTT). |
The intra-rater reliability for all 3 protocols was rated as "very good" (Mayo 0.96, Berger 0.85, and CTTT 0.85). The inter-rater reliability for the Mayo and the Berger method was rated as "very good" (0.87 and 0.83, respectively), and the CTTT was rated as "good" (0.79). Comparing the CTTT to the Mayo method produced an r2 value of 0.73 with 92% of CTTT measurements =6 mm having <9° of tibial component internal rotation and 93% of patients with a CTTT =10 mm having =9° internal rotation. |
3 |
| 146. Griffin FM, Math K, Scuderi GR, Insall JN, Poilvache PL. Anatomy of the epicondyles of the distal femur: MRI analysis of normal knees. J Arthroplasty 2000;15:354-9. |
Review/Other-Dx |
104 knee MRIs |
To define useful landmarks and relationships using MRI studies. |
The epicondyles are described, and the relationship of the epicondyles to the joint line is defined in multiple planes. Some significant gender differences were noted. The distance from the epicondyles to the joint line correlates with the transepicondylar width of the distal femur. This information can be helpful in determining appropriate joint line position intraoperatively. The posterior condylar angle averaged 3.11 degrees for all patients, and a tendency for the posterior condylar angle to increase with age was noted, but further study of this tendency is needed. |
4 |
| 147. Heyse TJ, Chong le R, Davis J, Boettner F, Haas SB, Potter HG. MRI analysis of the component-bone interface after TKA. Knee 2012;19:290-4. |
Observational-Dx |
55 patients |
To describe and characterize the implant-bone interface of femoral, tibial and patellar components after TKA using magnet resonance imaging (MRI). |
Excellent visibility, interobserver agreement and reliability was found for the interface of the tibial components, patellar buttons, and for femoral components made of zirconium. Conventional CoCrMo components caused significant artifact that interfered with the evaluation of the interface of femoral components. |
4 |
| 148. Murakami AM, Hash TW, Hepinstall MS, Lyman S, Nestor BJ, Potter HG. MRI evaluation of rotational alignment and synovitis in patients with pain after total knee replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br 2012;94:1209-15. |
Observational-Dx |
50 patients with TKRs and 16 controls |
To determine the feasibility of using MRI in evaluating the rotational alignment of the components. |
Between two observers, there was very high interobserver agreement in the measurements of all values. Patients with painful TKRs demonstrated statistically significant relative internal rotation of the femoral component (p = 0.030). There was relative internal rotation of the tibial to femoral component and combined excessive internal rotation of the components in symptomatic knees, although these results were significant only with one of the observers (p = 0.031). There was a statistically significant association between the presence and severity of synovitis and painful TKR (p < 0.001). |
3 |
| 149. Schoderbek RJ, Jr., Brown TE, Mulhall KJ, et al. Extensor mechanism disruption after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2006;446:176-85. |
Observational-Tx |
290 patients |
To identify all relevant literature pertaining to extensor mechanism disruptions associated with total knee arthroplasty focusing on different treatment options and relevant postoperative outcomes. The second objective was to ascertain through a prospective study, the functional outcomes of extensor mechanism reconstructions using validated health related quality of life measures with a hypothesis that patients who disrupt their extensor mechanism have lower functional outcomes after total knee arthroplasty revision. |
Six out of 290 patients in the study had extensor mechanism disruption and this group of patients had overall worse functional outcomes. The results of the study have solidified our knowledge that patients with extensor mechanism disruptions have worse functional outcomes and will need intensive management and rehabilitation. |
2 |
| 150. Flick TR, Wang CX, Patel AH, Hodo TW, Sherman WF, Sanchez FL. Arthrofibrosis after total knee arthroplasty: patients with keloids at risk. J Orthop Traumatol 2021;22:1. |
Review/Other-Tx |
545,875 primary TKAs |
To utilize a large nationwide database to identify and compare the rates of postoperative complications related to arthrofibrosis after primary TKA in patients with history of hypertrophic scar and keloid disorders versus those without. |
Of 545,875 primary TKAs, 11,461 (2.1%) had a keloid diagnosis at any time point in their record, while 534,414 (97.9%) had not. Patients in the keloid cohort had a significantly higher association with ankylosis within 30 days (OR, 1.7), 90 days (OR, 1.2), 6 months (OR, 1.2), and 1 year (OR, 1.3) following primary TKA. The keloid cohort also had a significantly greater risk of MUA (90-day OR, 1.1; 6-month OR, 1.1; 1-year OR, 1.2) and LOA (90-day OR, 2.2; 6-month OR, 2.0; 1-year OR, 1.9). |
4 |
| 151. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria®: Soft Tissue Masses. Available at: https://acsearch.acr.org/docs/69434/Narrative/. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
Evidence-based guidelines to assist referring physicians and other providers in making the most appropriate imaging or treatment decision for a specific clinical condition. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
| 152. Sofka CM, Potter HG, Figgie M, Laskin R. Magnetic resonance imaging of total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop Relat Res 2003:129-35. |
Review/Other-Dx |
41 patients; 46 knees |
To review their experience with MRI of total knee arthroplasty, evaluate the conspicuity of the periprosthetic soft tissue and osseous components, and correlatefindings with their influence on clinical treatment. |
Forty-one patients (46 knees) had magnetic resonance imaging, tailored to reduce metallic susceptibility artifact, after total knee arthroplasty, and the findings and clinical and surgical followup were reviewed. All studies consistently showed the integrity of the periprosthetic soft tissues. Magnetic resonance imaging findings led to surgical or other therapeutic interventional procedures in 20 patients, and influenced clinical treatment in all patients. |
4 |
| 153. Attard V, Li CY, Self A, et al. Quantification of intra-articular fibrosis in patients with stiff knee arthroplasties using metal-reduction MRI. Bone Joint J. 102-B(10):1331-1340, 2020 Oct. |
Observational-Dx |
24 patients |
To investigate if MRI can be used to visualize intra-articular scarring in patients with stiff, painful knee arthroplasties. |
Fibrotic tissue was identified in all patients studied. However, tissue was significantly thicker in fibrotic patients (4.4 mm ± 0.2 mm) versus non-fibrotic (2.5 mm ± 0.4 mm) and normal TKAs (1.9 mm ± 0.2 mm, p = < 0.05). Significant (> 4 mm thick) tissue was seen in 26/48 (54%) of compartments examined in the fibrotic group, compared with 17/30 (57%) non-fibrotic, and 10/66 (15%) normal TKAs. |
3 |
| 154. Kenan S, Kahn L, Haramati N. A rare case of pseudotumor formation associated with methyl methacrylate hypersensitivity in a patient following cemented total knee arthroplasty. Skeletal Radiol. 2016;45(8):1115-1122. |
Review/Other-Dx |
1 patient |
To discuss a case report of a 68-year-old female who, after undergoing a routine cemented right total knee arthroplasty, developed a painless, enlarging mass during a 13-year period. |
This mass was found to be a pseudotumor in association with methyl methacrylate hypersensitivity |
4 |
| 155. Chhapan J, Sankineani SR, Chiranjeevi T, Reddy MV, Reddy D, Gurava Reddy AV. Early quadriceps tendon rupture after primary total knee arthroplasty. Knee. 25(1):192-194, 2018 Jan. |
Observational-Tx |
2404 patients |
To identify the incidence and risk factors of quadriceps tendon rupture in the early postoperative period (within 3 months) following primary TKA in a high-volume arthroplasty center and to assess the functional outcomes following primary end-to-end repair in these patients. |
In our study, incidence of quadriceps tendon tear in the early postoperative period (within 3 months) after TKA is 0.29% (seven of 2404). All patients had rupture within 90days of primary TKA; early primary repair was performed in all cases. All patients achieved preoperative range of motion without extension lag or restriction in range of movement within 6 months of repair of the quadriceps tendon. |
2 |
| 156. Creteur V, De Angelis R, Absil J, Kyriakidis T, Madani A. Sonographic and radiographic evaluation of the extensor tendons in early postoperative period after total knee arthroplasty. Skeletal Radiol. 50(3):485-494, 2021 Mar. |
Review/Other-Dx |
23 patients |
To prospectively assess the early changes in the quadriceps and patellar tendons before and after total knee arthroplasty using ultrasound, shear wave elastography, and X-rays. |
In the early postoperative period, 87% of the patients had joint effusion, and 43% had signs of synovitis. There was a significant thickening of the quadriceps tendon in 51.5% (p < .0001) and of the patellar tendon in 93.8% (p < .0001) of patients with a significant shortening of the patellar tendon in 7.8% (p < .0001). A hypoechoic defect on the medial aspect of the quadriceps tendon was found in 87% of the patients. There was a significant increase in Young's modulus in the quadriceps tendon (p = .0006) but not in the patellar tendon. |
4 |
| 157. Melloni P, Valls R, Veintemillas M. Imaging patellar complications after knee arthroplasty. Eur J Radiol 2008;65:478-82. |
Review/Other-Tx |
1,272 patients |
To describe complications affecting the patella in patients with total or partial knee arthroplasty. |
The mean interval from knee replacement to patellar complications was 5 years and 7 months (range, 5 months to 14 years). The complications described include fracture, instability, dislocation or luxation, necrosis of the patella, infection of the patella, erosion of the patella, patellar impingement on the prosthesis and patellar or quadricipital tendon tear. We discuss the pathological imaging findings in the patella and their differential diagnosis after knee arthroplasty. |
4 |
| 158. Boldt JG, Munzinger UK, Zanetti M, Hodler J. Arthrofibrosis associated with total knee arthroplasty: gray-scale and power Doppler sonographic findings. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2004;182:337-40. |
Observational-Dx |
38 cases with arthrofibrosis and 38 controls |
To determine gray-scale and power Doppler sonographic findings in patients with arthrofibrosis associated with total knee arthroplasty. |
Synovial membrane thickness was significantly (p < 0.001) increased in the arthrofibrosis group (medial, 3.4 mm; lateral, 3.0 mm; suprapatellar, 3.1 mm) when compared with the control group (medial, 2.0 mm; lateral, 2.0 mm; suprapatellar, 1.9 mm). When a cutoff of 3.0 mm was used, sonography had a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 82% for detecting arthrofibrosis. Neovascularity (rated as grades 0-3) of the synovial membrane and Hoffa's fat pad was significantly (p <or= 0.003) more pronounced in the arthrofibrosis group (medial, 1.1; lateral, 1.2; suprapatellar, 1.0; Hoffa's fat pad, 1.1) than in the control group (medial, 0.1; lateral, 0.3; suprapatellar, 0.2; Hoffa's fat pad, 0.1). No significant difference was seen between study groups with regard to the amount of joint effusion at three locations and with regard to patellar tendon thickness. |
3 |
| 159. Morens DM, Halstead SB. Measurement of antibody-dependent infection enhancement of four dengue virus serotypes by monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies. J Gen Virol 1990;71 ( Pt 12):2909-14. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To propose criteria for the detection and quantification of in vitro antibody-dependent enhancement of flavivirus infection based on observations using all four dengue virus serotypes, macrophage-like cell lines and human peripheral blood monocytes, and various immune sera and monoclonal antibodies. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 160. Geannette C, Miller T, Saboeiro G, Parks M. Sonographic evaluation of patellar clunk syndrome following total knee arthroplasty. J Clin Ultrasound. 45(2):105-107, 2017 Feb. |
Review/Other-Dx |
3 patients |
To report the sonographic (US) appearances of three cases of PCS in patients following TKA. |
No results stated in abstract. |
4 |
| 161. American College of Radiology. ACR Appropriateness Criteria® Radiation Dose Assessment Introduction. Available at: https://www.acr.org/-/media/ACR/Files/Appropriateness-Criteria/RadiationDoseAssessmentIntro.pdf. |
Review/Other-Dx |
N/A |
To provide evidence-based guidelines on exposure of patients to ionizing radiation. |
No abstract available. |
4 |
